Essentials of Lifespan Development Ch 2
Gene linked abnormality: Diabetes stat
1 in 2500
fetal period
2 MONTHS after conception and lasts about 7 months
Fragile X Syndrome
Abnormality in X chromosome can cause intellectual disability, learning disabilities, or short attention span: more common in males
maternal age, maternal diet and nutrition, maternal diseases, environmental hazards, emotional states in mother, paternal factors
Hazards to prenatal development
Gene linked abnormality: defects in genes- some examples are...
Huntington's, Diabetes, Hemophilia, Cystic Fibrosis, PKU, Sickle cell anemia, Spina Bifida
Genetic principle: Polygenic inheritance
Polygenically determined by the interaction of many different genes
Genetic principle: Sex linked genes
When a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome, the result is called X-linked inheritance
Down Syndrome
a chromosomally transmitted form of intellectual disability, caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
a cluster of abnormalities that appears in the offspring of mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy
Deoxyribonucleic acid
a complex molecule w/ a doubly helix shape that contains genetic info
genotype
a person's genetic heritage, the actual genetic material
meiosis
a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm (gametes)
Apgar scale
a widely used assessment of the newborn's health at 1 and 5 min after birth
Down Syndrome
an extra chromosome 21 causes mild to severe retardation and physical abnormalities: 1 in 1900 at age 20, 1 in 300 at 35, 1 in 30 at 45. 1 in 700 births in all
teratogen
any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes
small for date infants
birth weight below normal when length of pregnancy is considered (under 90 % of other babies its gestational age)
preterm infants
born 3 or more weeks before full term pregnancy (35 or fewer weeks)
mitosis
cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicates itself with 2 new cells being formed, each containing the same DNA as the parent cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes
Sources of variability
chromosomes on zygote are not exact copies of those in mother and father (crossing over and independent assortment) mutated gene: permanently altered segment of DNA Genotypes and Phenotypes
health and development issues; learning disabilities, adhd, breathing problems
consequences of low birth weight
embryonic period
critical period 2-8 weeks after conception in which the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form, and organs appear. at 6 weeks: early formation of nervous system
prepared childbirth
developed by Lamaze, includes a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor and more detailed anatomy and physiology instruction
epigenetic view
emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment
evolutionary psychology
emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior
behavior genetics
field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development
very preterm infant
gestational age 28- 32 weeks (less than 33)
extremely preterm infant
gestational age less than 28 weeks
Hazard to prenatal devel: incompatible blood types
if M and D have different Rh markers; baby could inherit Rh+ blood and M's Rh- blood could attack it w antibodies
embryo's endoderm
inner layer of cells which will be the digestive and respiratory systems
gene x environment interaction
interaction of a specified measured variation in DNA and a specified measured aspect of the environment
low birth weight infants
less than 5 pounds at birth
embryo's mesoderm
middle layer of cell's which will be circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive system
neurons
nerve cells that handle info processing at the cellular level in the brain
natural childbirth
no drugs are given to relieve pain or assist in birth process, mother and partner are taught to use breathing methods and relaxation techniques during delivery
Adaptability of evolved mechanisms
not all are adaptive in contemporary society ex: propensity to crave high caloric food- epidemic of obesity
Evocative genotype-environment correlations
occur bc a child's characteristics elicit certain types of environments
Passive genotype-environment correlations
occur bc biological parents, who are genetically related to a child, provide the rearing environment for the child (musically inclined parents create musical environments for their musically inclined kids)
Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations
occur when kids seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating
Genetic principle: Dominant and Recessive genes
one gene of a pair always exerts its effects, overriding the potential influence of the other gene
organogenesis
organ formation that takes place in the first 2 months of prenatal development, during embryonic period
embryo's ectoderm
outer layer of cell's which will be nervous system, sensory receptors, and skin parts
exposure to lead, radiation, certain pesticides and petrochemicals can cause sperm abnormalities, smoking during conception and throughout pregnancy, age is a factor as well
paternal factors
postpartum period
period after childbirth in which the mom adjusts, both physically and psychologically, to the process of child bearing. this period lasts for about 6 weeks or until her body has completed it's adjustment and returned to a nearly prepregnant state
germinal period
period of prenatal development that takes place in the first 2 weeks after conception. Includes creation of the zygote, continued cell division, and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
involution
process by which the uterus returns to its prepregnant state goes from 2-3 pounds to 2 to 3.5 ounces
genes
short segments of DNA; units of hereditary info composed of DNA. direct cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life
twin study
study in which the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins
behavior geneticists
study twins or adoptions, look at influences of heredity and environment
prescription and non prescription drugs, psychoactives, caffiene, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, meth, marijuana, heroin
teratogens
time of exposure, organ specificity, genetic susceptibility, dose effect
the 4 principles of teratogen effects
Genetic principle: Gene-gene interaction
the interdependence of two or more genes in influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development
phenotype
the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics
chromosomes
threadlike structures of DNA