Essentials of Organizational Behavior
What term refers to the fir between an individual and her coworkers and supervisor?
Person-group fit
What are two types of affectivity?
Positive and Negative
Sara tries to always be on time for work because she once saw her supervisor give someone an award for good attendance. Sara is exhibiting learning through?
Positive reinforcement
One way organizations can address privacy concerns on the Internet is to...
Post a privacy policy on the company's website
What is a relatively new role for managers in teams?
Facilitator
If an organization wants to create a more inclusive workplace, it will face no barriers that will prevent from increasing diversity. (T/F)
False
Openness involves the ability to get along with others on the Job. (T/F)
False
Performance depends on ability and motivation, but not on the environment. (T/F)
False
Trade-offs between extreme demands are rarely needed when balancing work-life linkages. (T/F)
False
What best describes the stages of a group development?
A group that fully evolves through the four stages of development usually is productive
The AMD Co. makes computer chips that are installed in various computers. AMD is an example of...
A manufacturing organization
Which of the following is a purpose of organizational reward system?
Attract qualified employees, Retain qualified employees, Motivate qualified employees, Satisfy employee needs
How people explain the causes of their own as well as others peoples behaviors and achievements is called...
Attribution
If an employee accepts orders from a supervisor solely because the supervisor is "the boss", the employee is exhibiting a high level of.
Authoritarianism
Stress is always caused by the same two factors : occupation and group pressures
False
The "Big Five" are dimensions in the Meyers-Briggs framework of identifying personality characteristics. (T/F)
False
The decision maker who lacks enough information to estimate the probability of outcomes faces a condition of certainty. (T/F)
False
Reducing the work hours of low performing employees is an example of?
Punishment
For various reasons, Anne is unable to move ahead into a higher position at work. According to ERG theory, which of the following sets of needs will become more important to Anne?
Relatedness
Turnover occurs when employees...
Resign from their jobs
________________ is the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable price of work, according to the job characteristic theory.
Task identity
People tend to associate beauty with other positive characteristics. This phenomenon is an example of...
The halo effect
What doesn't accurately describe the nature of ethical dilemmas?
They may center on simple preferences
A friendship group often performs its duties outside of regular work hours. (T/F)
True
A person's openness pertains to a person's ability to entertain new ideas and to change as a result of new information. Is that person's beliefs about his or her capabilities to perform a task. (T/F)
True
Corporate governance is one aspect of business ethics. (T/F)
True
What is true regarding social loafing?
it is often a problem in small groups
Linguistic intelligence would be most important for people in which of the following jobs?
Translators
Frederick Taylors view of job specialization evolved from the historical writings of economist Adam Smith, who advocated for division of labor. (T/F)
True
Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the nature of organizational behavior?
Product Price Levels
Managers should be aware of which of the following to be most effective?
Circumstances, Employees personality traits, How employees fit into the group, Employees interests
Providing the best customer support before, during, and after a sale can create goodwill with customers, but it is not likely to give organizations a competitive advantage. (T/F)
False
Sub-optimizing involves selecting the first acceptable solution that meets minimal requirements. (T/F)
False
Receiving a $10 bonus for every fifth sale is an example of which schedule of reinforcement?
Fixed-interval
Interactionism suggests individuals and situations interact continuously to determine individuals' behavior. (T/F)
True
Job enrichment involves giving employees more control over the tasks they perform on the job. (T/F)
True
Job rotation involves keeping the tasks the same but systematically rotating the employees who perform those tasks. (T/F)
True
Diversity management involves which of the following?
Creating fair company policies and practices Giving all employees equal access to mentors Providing diversity training programs Giving all employees equal access to performance feedback
The Delphi technique is a method to systematically gather the judgements of experts who work closely together at a common worksite. (T/F)
False
Workplace communication and transportation processes and procedures have remained static and unchanging over the past few decades. (T/F)
False
Why are flexible reward systems becoming an increasingly popular form of compensation systems?
Employees value flexible reward systems and may develop strong loyalty and attachment to an employer who provides them.
The last step in the rational decision-making process is...
Control: measure and adjust
The most effective service organizations produce intangible outcomes for their customers. (T/F)
True
The use of teams can eliminate redundant layers of bureaucracy and flatten the hierarchy on a company/ (T/F)
True
Doug is an employee of McDowell instruments. Doug takes longer breaks than his coworkers, and often rationalizes his behavior because he feels the organization does not pay him enough for the level of work that he does. Doug is reducing his perceived inequity by...
Changing his inputs
__________ is the process of screening out information that contradicts ones beliefs.
Selective perception
_________ diversity reflects differences in attitude or values, especially with regard to group goals or processes.
Seperation
If you have the ability to sense and understand how others feel, even without being told, you have the ability to...
Show empathy
In the __________ phase of team implementation, enthusiasm runs high and the anticipation of employees is quite positive.
Start-up
Successful business strategies enable organizations to create and maintain a competitive that is...
Sustainable
What is not a recommended way to restore feelings of equity in the workplace?
Try to convince the comparison-other to reduce his or her inputs
Extrinsic work values are defined as...
Values related to the outcomes of the work
Intrinsic work values are defined as....
Values related to the work itself
The primary job of __________ is to create new products, processes, or businesses.
Venture teams
One basis for making programmed decisions is
a set of decision rules
Decision making is the process of...
choosing one alternative from among several
The fact that, consciously or subconsciously, we tend to associate with others who are like us is called...
the "like me" bias
Job enlargement involves the process of horizontal job loading, meaning that...
the employee is assigned more tasks to perform.
Group norms result from a combination of the following, except...
the size of the group
Contingency plans are a part of what phase of the decision-making process?
Choosing an alternative
After working in a fast-food restaurant for three years to pay for college tuition, Amanda vowed to never work in a restaurant again. But after graduation the only job offer she received was a manager at a local restaurant. If Amanda accepts the job, it may result in __________ dissonance.
Cognitive
A group of department managers who meet periodically to establish corporate policy is an example of which type of group?
Command
A manager who recognizes how various tasks within an organization interrelate and contribute toward achieving broad corporate goals is demonstrating strong...
Conceptual Skills
Research by Edwin Locke assumes that behavior is a result of...
Conscious goals and intentions
A ______________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced each time it occurs.
Continuous
A team _________ is a written agreement among team members establishing ground rules about the teams processes, roles, and responsibilities.
Contract
People who possess the personality trait of Machiavellians prefer to delegate authority, power, and control to subordinates. (T/F)
False
Performance measurement with a judgmental orientation focuses on the future to improve performance. (T/F)
False
Which of the following is most appropriate when a manager realizes he or she has inadvertently been rewarding a behavior he or she wants to discourage?
Extinction
Equality and equity are the same thing. (T/F)
False
Group polarization is the tendency for group members to converge on a common decision outcome or solution. (T/F)
False
Human behavior in organizations is not impacted by the organizational environment. (T/F)
False
Ending an employees workday shortly after lunch on Friday because that individual reported to work early that day is an example of...
Flextime
The Two-Factor Theory was developed by which of the following theorists?
Fredrick Herzberg
Expansions on goal-setting theory argue that goal-directed effort is a function of four-goal attributes: goal acceptance, goal commitment, goal specificity, and...
Goal difficulty
A group member who discusses group deliberation with an expert outsider and reports his or her findings to the group is most likely trying to prevent
Groupthink
Psychological consequences of stress don't include what?
Headaches
Organizational behavior (OB) typically includes the study of which basic component?
Human actions and interactions within organizations
According to Herzberg, _____________ satisfaction includes things such as pay, status, and working conditions, which produce an acceptable work environment when present and whose absence leads to dissatisfaction.
Hygiene
According to the rational decision-making approach, what is the second step of the decision-making process?
Identify the problem
As a manager, if you want to increase your subordinates job satisfaction, focus first on...
Improving the nature of work itself
Which of the following best describes a reward system that involves employees in its design and administration.
Participative pay system
The effective management of ____________ is key to the creation of competitive advantage as well as business strategy execution.
People
According to the Myers-Briggs inventory __________ people are adaptable, spontaneous, and curious
Perceiving
What statement describes performance measurement that has a developmental orientation.
Performance appraisals with a developmental orientation provide information for future performance improvement.
What is NOT a type of value?
Primary
Organizing is the process of designing jobs, grouping jobs into units, and establishing patterns of authority among jobs and groups of jobs. (T/F)
True
Some of the growth of international business can be attributed to communication and transportation advances. (T/F)
True
Virtual teams are typically separated by geographic space and time, increasing the challenges of working together. (T/F)
True
Withdrawal behaviors such as absenteeism and resigning from a Job are potential organizational consequences of stress> (T/F)
True
Highly Machiavellian people are ______ ethically sensitive than are lower Machiavellian people.
Less
What terms refers to a repeated mistreatment of another employee through verbal abuse?
Workplace bullying
Which of the following is a dimension of diversity?
Age, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Mental Abilities
Personality is a product of what?
Both heredity and environment
What question could NOT be answered as a result of organizational behavior research findings?
Should I seek a promotion with a competing firm
What term refers to forming oversimplified beliefs about an individual or a group based on the idea that everyone in that particular group will behave the same way?
Stereotyping
When applying concepts of __________, the decision maker knowingly accepts less than the best possible outcome.
Sub-optimizing
William is a member of a small group of employees from different work areas. They meet once each week to discuss and recommend solutions to workplace problems. This group is most likely a(n)
A problem solving team
Based on the descriptions in the Myers-Briggs inventory, the motto of ____________ would be "ready, fire, aim"
An extrovert
The system perspective defines a stem as...
An interrelated set of elements that function as a whole
The human relations approach to motivation includes all of the following assumptions EXCEPT....
Employees are motivated only by money
What statement includes key outcomes expected to result from the psychological states detailed in the job characteristics theory except?
High profits for stockholders
Bullying costs employers through which of the following
Higher Turnover, Higher workers compensation costs, Higher disability insurance rates, A tarnished reputation.
______________ cohesive groups will not necessarily be more productive in an organizational sense than groups with low cohesiveness.
Highly
The start-up phase of team implementation includes what?
Informational or "awareness" training
___________ is an essential component of all groups.
Interaction
Employees who are part of a motorcycle club that meets outside of the organization is an example of what type of group?
Interest
Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about how difficult a task can be accomplished?
Magnitude
What is a structured variation of small-group discussions to reach consensus?
Nominal group technique
Organizations typically conduct performance appraisals when?
Once a year
All of the following are considered cultural dimension EXCEPT
Open-mindedness
What is an example of a hypothesis?
Setting a goal will be positively related to the number of products assembled.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which was further amended in 1991, prohibits employee discrimination based on a variety of characteristics. Which is NOT included?
Sexual orientation
When groupthink occurs, silence is viewed as agreement. This most directly contributes to the...
Shared illusion of unanimity
Improving time management skills can help to reduce stress on the job. (T/F)
True
Organizations may benefit from allowing employee participation in...
What material to use, What tools to use, Work schedules, Product quality
Uncertainly avoidance refers to the extent to which...
Workers prefer unambiguous situations
Norms are...
A standard against which the appropriateness of a behavior is judged
Making changes to an organization's culture can help employees manage stress. (T/F)
True
According to research, the common attributes of creative individuals which include what?
Being raised in an environment that nurtured creativity
A ___________ is an informal alliance of individuals or groups formed to achieve a common goal.
Coalition
If an employee is satisfied with his or her job because he or she perceives the company's health benefit plan is better than what most other companies offer, it is an example of the ___________ component of your attitude.
Cognition
The oversight of a public corporation by its board of directors is referred to as
Corporate governance
An organization begins using environmentally friendly cleaning products in all of its corporate offices. This is an example of...
Corporate responsibility
Firms that apply a ___________ strategy strive to be the lowest cost producer in the industry for a particular level of product quality
Cost Leadership
Which term refers to the ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures?
Cultural compétence
Organizations pursuing a specialization strategy often try to develop a competitive advantage based on?
Customer Intimacy
Individuals who are targeted by bullies sometimes suffer from what?
Debilitating anxiety, Panic attacks, Clinical depression, Post-traumatic stress
What is a characteristic that is not associated with nonprogrammer decision.
Decisions are rarely a responsibility of top management
Car makers design and produce cars more quickly now than in the past. This is an example of...
Decreased cycle time
The ____________ variable in an experiment is the criterion, which researchers expect os affected by another factor.
Dependent
___________ workers do not perform close their potential capability, lacking the emotional and motivational connections to their employer that drive discretionary effort.
Disengaged
________ have a learning style where they tend to organize concrete situations from different perspectives>
Divergers
What term refers to the act of persisting with a failing course of action?
Escalation of commitment
A persons beliefs about what constitutes right and wrong behavior are called.
Ethics
What is an example of distress?
Excessive pressure to perform
A manager who schedules department meetings to provide relevant information to employees is demonstrating strong?
Interpersonal Skills
Which of Gardner's multiple intelligence refers to self awareness?
Intrapersonal
What statement accurately describes a characteristic of information technology?
It has increased a sense of urgency related to decision making
Which of the following methods can be used to enhance individual performance at work?
Job design, Employee participation, Goal setting, Performance management
The courts and Equal Employment Opportunity guidelines have mandated that performance measurements be based on...
Job-related criteria
A person who feels equitably treated is motivated too?
Keep things the way they are
What type of personality is characterized by someone tending to be rational and unemotional, willing to lie to attain personal goals, and placing little emphasis on loyalty and friendship
Machiavellian
When organizations focus on the "softer" side of business, including organizational behavior factors, it can lead too...
More motivated and more engaged employees
A shortage of ___________ factors in the workplace will lower satisfaction and cause employees to focus even more on hygiene factors, which will produce feelings of dissatisfaction if they are missing.
Motivation
Maximizing the efficiency of the manufacturing or product development process in order to minimize costs is referred to as?
Operational Excellence
George is highly committed and has an attachment to the organization where he works. He feels he is a true member of the company. George is demonstrating...
Organizational commitment
Another term for power distance is...
Orientation to authority
A successful MBO program starts with top managers establishing which of the following?
Overall organizational goals
The move toward a team-based format is often initiated and communicated to the entire organization by...
Top management
According to the acquired needs framework, high-need achievers are not effective top managers because...
Top managers seldom receive immediate feedback, which high-need achievers seek.
An organizational system receives a variety of inputs from the environment, combines and transforms them, and then returns them to the environment. (T/F)
True
Empathy, managing emotions, and social skill are components of emotional intelligence. (T/F)
True
Equity is achieved when an individual perceives that he or she is being treated fairly in relation to others. (T/F)
True
Gain-sharing programs usually reward all team members from all teams based on the performance of an organization. (T/F)
True
Historical perspectives on motivation are important because these ideas provide a background for current understanding of motivation. (T/F)
True
Implementing teams in organizations is not easy; it takes a lot of hard work, time, training, and patience. (T/F)
True
In order for goals that are difficult to attain to motivate behavior, they must be set at realistic levels. (T/F)
True
In problem-solving tasks, groups usually develop more and better solutions than do individuals. (T/F)
True
In the two-factor theory, hygiene factors in the workplace include the quality of supervision, working conditions, and interpersonal relationships. (T/F)
True