Essentials of Psychology - Chapter 5

Regarding operant conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. positive reinforcement lead s to strengthening of response, whereas negative reinforcement leads to weakening of response b. discriminative stimuli set the stage for reinforcement c. organisms are capable of learning complex behaviors through reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behaviors d. some reinforcers are rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs, whereas others acquire reward value through experience. e. extinction is achieved by no longer reinforcing the desired response

a. positive reinforcement lead s to strengthening of response, whereas negative reinforcement leads to weakening of response

A discriminative stimulus signals that a. reinforcement is available for a particular response b. an unconditioned stimulus is about to be presented c. a conditioned stimulus is about is about to be presented d. a neutral stimulus is about to be presented e. an approximately correct response will receive reinforcement

a. reinforcement is available for a particular response

Based on research presented in the text, which of the following is the best recommendation for disciplining children? a. rely mostly on reinforcement b. avoid reinforcement; rely mostly on punishment to achieve faster effects c. use only punishment d. use only reinforcement e. try to balance the use of reinforcement and punishment

a. rely mostly on reinforcement

Through classical conditioning, Alyce has developed a fear of mice. She also shows fear response to gerbils and hamsters. Alyce is demonstrating

a. stimulus generalization

Behaviors that result in satisfying effects are strengthened and behaviors that result in discomfort are weakened. This statement is explained by

a. the Law of Effect

Mr. Bonoir gives students stars on their homework when it is well done. A student can exchange 10 stars for a treat. this is a form of a. token economy b. biofeedback c. shaping d. insight learning e. programmed instruction

a. token economy

A puff of air to the eye causes a reflexive blink. If you proceed the puff of air with a buzzer, eventually the buzzer will cause a blink. In this example the puff of air is called the a. unconditioned stimulus b. conditioned stimulus c. neutral stimulus d. unconditioned response e. conditioned response

a. unconditioned stimulus

Of the following parents giving praise to their child, which is using the most effective strategy?

b. Barney tells his son, "I'm so proud of how well you prepared for you biology test."

Pavlov found that the strength of a conditioned response increased with the number of pairing of the a. CR and UR b. CS and US c. CS and CR d. CS and UR e. CR and US

b. CS and US

Which pattern best describes what happens once classical conditioning occurs? a. UR elicits the US b. CS elicits the CR c. NS leads to no response d. NS + US leads to UR e. US + CS leads to UR

b. CS elicits the CR

Who is most closely associated with classical conditioning? a. E.L Thorndike b. Ivan Pavlov c. John Garcia d. B.F. Skinner e. Rober Rescorla

b. Ivan Pavlov

In the past three psychology Labs, Liliya has been attempting to classically conditioned a lab rat. Her strategy has been to prevent the US and the CS simultaneously. Which of the following should she do to strengthen the conditioned response of the rat? a. Make less frequent pairings of the CS and US b. Present the CS first and have it remain present during presentation of US c. Present the US prior to CS d. present the CS first and withdraw from before introducing the US e. decrease the intensity of the US

b. Present the CS first and have it remain present during presentation of US

Which view holds that behavior is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences? a. the Law and Effect b. Radical behaviorism c. behavior modification d. programmed instruction e. cognitive learning

b. Radical behaviorism

Regarding Rescorla's views on classical conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Rescorla believes that classical conditioning depends of how reliably the CS serves as a signal for indicating the occurrence of the US. b. Rescorla believes that classical conditioning is the result of repeated pairings of the NS and US c. Rescorla's perspective on classical conditioning can be described as cognitive d. Rescorla suggests that the more reliably the CS signals the occurrence of the US, the stronger the conditioned response e. Rescorla believed that classical conditioning has important survival implications for animals

b. Rescorla believes that classical conditioning is the result of repeated pairings of the NS and US

Which of the following can best be describes as an example of latent learning?

b. Samantha, who has wandered through the downtown area a number of times without having a particular goal in mind. When she is asked to take a friend to a particular restaurant in that neighborhood, she almost immediately picks the shortest route.

A clear connection between a behavior and a reinforcement is referred to as

b. a contingency

Which of the following is the best definition of reinforcer? a. a response that operates on the environment to produced certain consequences b. a stimulus or event that increases the probability that the response it follows will be repeated c. a behavior acquired through coincidental association of a response and a reinforcement d. a cue that signals that reinforcement is available if the subject makes a particular response e. the introduction of an aversive stimulus after a response occurs

b. a stimulus or event that increases the probability that the response it follows will be repeated

In Watson's research with Little Albert, what was the CS? a. a loud sound b. a white rat c. an electric shock d. a spanking e. the Santa Claus mask

b. a white rat

Classical conditioning is best described as learning by a. trial and error b. association c. stimulus response d. insight e. observation

b. association

_________ is the systematic application of operant conditioning to strengthen adaptive behavior and weaken maladaptive behavior.

b. behavior modification

Learning in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes capable of triggering a reflexive response is called a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. instrumental conditioning d. stimulus-response learning e. spontaneous recovery

b. classical conditioning

"Mental learning" is closest in meaning to which form of learning?

b. cognitive learning

In the classic latent learning experiments described in your text, it appears that the rats developed a mental representation of the maze. Researchers call this mental representation a a. discriminative stimulus b. cognitive map c. mental device d. secondary reinforcer e. latent structure

b. cognitive map

Dr. Emmanuel demonstrates a typical pavlovian conditioning experience for his psychology class. Emanuel pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus and then ask the class, "What is the neutral stimulus called now?" The correct answer is a. conditioned response b. conditioned stimulus c. reinforcer d. conditioned reinforcer e. unconditioned response.

b. conditioned stimulus

An "open" sign in the window of a store that tells Ivan he can go in to purchase a beverage he finds a particularly reinforcing. In this example, the sign serves as a a. primary reinforcer b. discriminative stimulus c. conditioned reinforcer d. conditioned stimulus e. secondary reinforcer

b. discriminative stimulus

Paul has turned to alcohol in order to flee from the problems in his marriage. We can explain his behavior as a form of

b. escape learning

A "scalloped response patter is typical of which of type of reinforcement schedule? a. fixed ration b. fixed interval c. variable interval d. variable interval e. continuous

b. fixed interval

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response performed after a specific amount of time has passed is reinforced is called a a. a fixed ratio schedule b. fixed interval schedule c. variable interval schedule d. variable ratio schedule e. continuous reinforcement schedule

b. fixed interval schedule

Caroline has an "Aha!" experience when solving a problem. Caroline most likely experienced which type of learning? a. latent learning b. insight learning c. observational learning d. operant conditioning e. classical conditioning

b. insight learning

While changing her tire, Marguerite bumped the hubcap and all of the lug nuts fell into a storm sewer. After fretting for several minutes, she suddenly realized she could remove one lug nut from each of the other three tires to temporarily mount the spare until she could get into a service station. This is an example of a. superstitious behavior b. insight learning c. spontaneous recovery d. shaping e. latent learning

b. insight learning

Advertising makes use of classical conditioning. For example, a product is presented along with some naturally appealing stimulus (e.g., a physically attractive person). In this case the product begins as a a. unconditioned stimulus b. neutral stimulus c. conditioned stimulus d. unconditioned response e. conditioned response

b. neutral stimulus

In applying a cognitive perspective to explaining classical conditioning, a psychologist would emphasize the extent to which the CS ___________ the US. a. interferes wit b. predicts c. follows d. reduces e. is elicited by

b. predicts

Rescorla applies a cognitive perspective in explaining classical conditioning. He focuses on the extent to which the CS ___________ the US. a. interferes with b. predicts c. follows d. reduces e. is elicited by

b. predicts

Stimuli that are naturally reinforcing are referred to as ____________, while stimuli that develop reinforcing properties through association are called___________. a. indiscriminative stimuli; discriminative stimuli b. primary reinforcers; secondary reinforcers c. positive reinforcers; negative reinforcers d. primary stimuli; secondary stimuli e. shapers; successive approximators

b. primary reinforcers; secondary reinforcers

Amita was just grounded by her parents. She is not allowed to use her computer or cell phone, or watch television. Which method of punishment are Amita's parents using? a. token economy b. removal of a reinforcer c. verbal reprimand d. time-out e. removal of a negative reinforce

b. removal of a reinforcer

Compared to ratio schedule, interval schedules a. result in faster response rates b. result in slower response rates c. result in similar response rates d. sometimes result in faster response rates and sometimes result in slower response rates e. can only be administered on a variable basis

b. result in slower response rates

Which of the following best describes charted data for a variable interval schedule of reinforcement? a. slight dip in responses after reinforcement b. slow, steady rate of response c. responses decrease after an initial steep increase d. fast, steady rates of response e. responses pause after each reinforcement

b. slow, steady rate of response

Compared to continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement results in __________ learning that is _________ to extinguish. a. faster; harder b. slower; harder c. faster; easier d. slower; easier e. faster; equally difficult

b. slower; harder

Through classical conditioning, Eduardo has developed a fear of dogs. However, he only fears large, longhaired dogs but not small, longhaired dogs or large, shorthaired dogs. Eduardo is demonstrating

b. stimulus discrimination

Although little Albert was classically conditioned to fear rat, he also began if your dogs rabbits and a Santa Claus mask listen example of a. spontaneous recovery b. stimulus generalization c. stimulus discrimination d. extinction e. reconditioning

b. stimulus generalization

LaGina walks into a room and feels as if she has been there before even though she knows that she has not. LaGina's experience of deja vu may be explained by which concept from classical conditioning? a. extinction b. stimulus generalization c. stimulus discrimination d. spontaneous recovery e. reconditioning

b. stimulus generalization

Increasing the number of pairings of the US and CS will a. weaken the CR b. strengthen the CR c. weaken the CR at first, and then strengthen it d. strengthen the CR at first, and the weaken it e. have no effect on the CR

b. strengthen the CR

Skinner found that coincidental association of a behavior and a reinforcement may result in a. extinction b. superstitious behavior c. stimulus discrimination d. taste aversions e. the development of phobias

b. superstitious behavior

In Garcia's research on taste aversions, what was the neutral stimulus? a. radiation b. taste of the water c. nausea d. electric shocks e. taste of the food

b. taste of the water

Stimulus generalization occurs when a. The conditioned response reappears after extinction b. the conditioned response is displayed following exposure to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus c. the conditioned response is not displayed following the presentation of the condition stimulus d. the conditioned stimulus elicits responses that are generally like the conditioned response e. the conditioned stimulus generalizes to other settings

b. the conditioned response is displayed following exposure to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus

A reflexive reaction triggered by a stimulus is a(n) a. conditioned response b. unconditioned response c. unconditioned stimulus d. neutral response e. operant response

b. unconditioned response

A child receives a dime for, on average, every 5 dandelions he pulls from the yard. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval e. continuous reinforcement

b. variable ratio

In this type of schedule of reinforcement, a person receives reinforcement for different time periods, and the time periods are not always the same. a. fixed-interval b. variable-interval c. variable-ratio d. fixed-ration e. continuous

b. variable-interval

Which of the following can best be described as an example of insight learning?

c. Dr. Caruthers, who has been working on a particularly thorny problem in microbiology for a number of months. She then suddenly realizes the solution to her problem, seemingly without effort.

Which of the following psychologists is most likely to apply a cognitive perspective to research on classical conditioning?

c. Dr. Rivers, who believes that conditioned stimuli are signals or cues organisms use to make predictions about the environment.

regarding research on the classical conditioning of taste aversions, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Conditioning of taste aversions can be acquired on the basis of a single pairing of the flavor with a nausea-inducing substance b. Taste aversions can be acquired when the flavor is presented hours before the nausea-inducing substance c. Garcia and Koelling's work on taste aversions was no surprise to their colleagues; the research turned out as expected. d. Garcia has applied his research to solve real-world problems. e. Conditioned taste aversions have survival benefits.

c. Garcia and Koelling's work on taste aversions was no surprise to their colleagues; the research turned out as expected.

Which of the following is demonstrating extinction of an operant response? a. Ginny, who learns to dress herself when her mother reinforces her for accomplishing each small step in the process b. Ron, who receives praise every time he puts his schoolbooks away c. Hermoine, who eventually stops raising her hand when Professor Snape fails to call on her d. Harry, who learns secret routes that provide an escape from the Dark Forest when he is under attack e. Malfoy, who leaves school two days early at Christmas break to avoid the rush of holiday traffic

c. Hermoine, who eventually stops raising her hand when Professor Snape fails to call on her

Which of the following best describes the nature of learning? a. Learning is always adapted. And involves enduring, but not necessarily permanent, changes in Behavior. b. learning is always adapted. It involves permanent changes in Behavior. c. Learning is adaptive in most cases. And involves enduring, but not necessarily permanent, changes in Behavior. d. Learning is adaptive in most cases. And involves permanent changes in Behavior. e. Learning is adaptive in most cases and involves any type of change in Behavior

c. Learning is adaptive in most cases. It involves enduring, but not necessarily permanent, changes in behavior.

In Watson's research with Little Albert, the rat began as the _______ and became the ____________.

c. NS; CS

Which of the following pairing is correct? a. Garica - conditioned emotional response b. Thorndike - schedules of reinforcement c. Skinner - operant conditioning d. Watson - classical conditioning of reflexes e. Pavlov - classical conditioning of emotions

c. Skinner - operant conditioning

The Law of Effect was proposed by a. Pavlov b. Skinner c. Thorndike d. Watson e. Tolman

c. Thorndike

In Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus was the one that caused a. an unexpected response b. a controlled response c. an unlearned response or reflex d. a conditioned response or reflex e. a neutral response

c. an unlearned response or reflex

Although Hannah knows that praise strengthens desirable behavior in children, she's not sure what specific strategies she should use. Which of the following guidelines should Hannah follow? a. Reward the outcome, not the effort b. show a serious expression when giving praise to underscore the importance of the behavior c. combine physical contact with verbal praise d. give general praise for all the compliments to build overall self-esteem e. repeat praise regularly

c. combine physical contact with verbal praise

All but which of the following are examples of the application of principles of operant conditioning? a. biofeedback training b. behavioral modification c. conditioned immune system responses d. programmed instruction e. token economies

c. conditioned immune system responses

A researcher finds that rats avoid drinking from bottles in a room in which they had received exposure to radiation that subsequently made them ill. This demonstrates a. stimulus discrimination b. stimulus generalization c. conditioned taste aversion d. fixed interval schedule of reinforcement e. behavior therapy

c. conditioned taste aversion

Following _________, a conditioned response may reappear. This process is known as ___________.

c. extinction; spontaneous recovery

Researchers have been able to successfully condition immune system suppression by linking neutral stimuli with a a. electrical shock b. drug that induces nausea c. immune-suppressant drug d. previously conditioned response e. immune-suppressant drug and electrical shock

c. immune-suppressant drug

Primary reinforcers are a. the first reinforcers and animal learns b. the most powerful reinforcers an animal learns c. intrinsically rewarding d. reinforcers that are learned through classical conditioning e. also called conditioned reinforcers

c. intrinsically rewarding

All of the following are concerns about the use of punishment EXCEPT a. it suppresses rather than eliminates behavior b. it may model inappropriate behavior c. it is difficult to administer d. it does not teach new behaviors e. it can lead to strong negative emotions

c. it is difficult to administer

When Sara misbehaves, her parents respond by not allowing her to watch TV for a certain amount of time. Her parents are using which method of discipline? a. escape learning b. avoidance learning c. negative reinforcement d. positive reinforcement e. punishment

c. negative reinforcement

Psychologist Albert Bandura believes that children learn aggression through a. classical conditioning b. insight learning c. observing and imitating models d. latent learning e. none of these; Bandura believes that aggression is an inborn quality

c. observing and imitating models

Each of the following describes a form of cognitive learning EXCEPT a. observational learning b. insight learning c. operant conditioning d. latent learning e. vicarious learning

c. operant conditioning

Modern psychologists refer to the first part of the Law of Effect as ______ and the second part as _______. a. classical conditioning; operant conditioning b. operant conditioning, classical conditioning c. reinforcement; punishment d. punishment; reinforcement e. trial and error; latent learning

c. reinforcement; punishment

In an example reported in your text, a man is trapped behind a refrigerator and nearly suffocated. Subsequently, he has a phobia of tight, closed spaces and is afraid to ride on small, crowded elevators. However he has no fear of large, uncrowded elevator rides. The man's fear small elevators is an example of ______________ and his lack of fear toward large elevator is an example of _______________.

c. stimulus generalization; stimulus discrimination

Observational learning is also referred to as

c. vicarious learning or modeling

Which of the following can best be described as an example of observational learning?

d. Jason who has a flat tire while driving on a country road. He remembers having seen his dad change a tire before, so he doesn't hesitate to attempt the task himself. He is successful in the attempt and is soon on his way again

In an application of classical conditioning principles reported in the ext, how were sheep ranches able to protect their sheep from coyotes?

d. Sheep carcasses were injected with a poison that would sicken but not kill the coyotes

Which researcher conducted investigations of latent learning with rats in mazes? a. Garcia b. Skinner c. Thorndike d. Tolman e. Kohler

d. Tolman

When Selena was a young girl, a dog viciously attacked her as she was walking along a white picket fence. Since then, she displays intense fear of white picket fences. Selena is demonstrating a a. discriminative stimulus b. superstitious Behavior c. stimulus discrimination d. a phobia e. spontaneous recovery

d. a phobia

Rosa has learned to bring an umbrella with her on overcast days, explaining "I don't want to get wet if it rains." We can explain her behavior as a form of a. superstitious behavior b. escape learning c. latent learning d. avoidance learning e. observational learning

d. avoidance learning

The systematic application of learning principles to help people overcome phobias is called _______ therapy. a. aversion b. cognitive c. conditioning d. behavior e. re-exposure

d. behavior

Marcel set at a cafe eating the best croissant he'd ever tasted. He begins frequently in the cafe to order the croissants. He hardly notices the jingling of the cash register just before the clerk and Tim the croissant. Now every time he hears the same kind of jingling from another cash register his mouth Waters. Marcell's learning is an example of a. operant conditioning b. latent learning conditioned c. taste aversion d. classical conditioning e. observational learning

d. classical conditioning

Which of the following does NOT belong? a. observation b. modeling c. vicarious learning d. conditioned stimulus e. imitation

d. conditioned stimulus

The most surprising element in Garcia's research on taste aversion was that

d. conditioned taste aversion could be developed even when the CS occurred several hours before the US

Ivan Pavlov's initial research work was in the study of a. learning by association with rabbits b. latent learning with rats c. observational learning with children d. digestive processes in dogs e. conditioning of pigeons

d. digestive processes in dogs

Watson investigated the classical conditioning of which type of responses? a. anger b. sadness c. happiness d. fear e. sexual arousal

d. fear

Mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of the solution occurs is referred to as a. observational learning b. trial-and-error learning c. information processing d. insight learning e. latent learning

d. insight learning

Operant conditioning is also known as a. classical conditioning b. vicarious learning c. observational learning d. instrumental learning e. cognitive learning

d. instrumental learning

Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not revealed in performance when it occurs is referred to as a. insight learning b. classical conditioning c. spontaneous recovery d. latent learning e. shaping

d. latent learning

Velma takes headache medicine to relieve the pain. The medicine serves to remove the pain. This is an example of a. avoidance conditioning b. conditioned reinforcement c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement e. superstitious behavior

d. negative reinforcement

Zorba gives his dog a treat for rolling over. Zorba explains this procedure as a form of a. conditioned reinforcement b. punishment c. negative reinforcement d. positive reinforcement e. classical conditioning

d. positive reinforcement

Presentation of a rewarding stimulus serves as _________, while removal of an aversive stimulus serves as ____________.

d. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement

Following extinction, a conditioned response can be learned again more quickly than it was learned originally. This process if called a. spontaneous recovery b. generalization c. discrimination d. reconditioning e. shaping

d. reconditioning

Karl wishes to reinforce positive behavior in his fourth-grade students. After identifying the desired behaviors, what would be Karl's next step?

d. select reinforcers

Researchers use the method of successive approximation in the process of a. insight learning b. higher-order conditioning c. conditioning taste aversions d. shaping e. extinction

d. shaping

Following his experience in the military, Hans developed a classically conditioned fear response to radio static. After he left the military, the response extinguished. However, after not hearing radio static for several months, Hans again shows the conditioned fear response. Hans's experience is best described by a. stimulus generalization b. stimulus discrimination c. reconditioning d. spontaneous recovery e. shaping

d. spontaneous recovery

Shawn does extremely well on his spelling test in school. His father Praises Shawn for his test for and tells him how smart he is, but he should be able to learn the next list of words even faster. Where giving praise is concerned, Shawn's dad needs to know about the principle of a. "be specific" b. "connect by making eye contact" c. "don't end on a sour note" d. "avoid empty flattery" e. "reward the effort, not the outcome"

e. "reward the effort, not the outcome"

Regarding characteristics that influence conditioned responses, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. In general, the more often the CS is paired with the US, the stronger the CR b. In general, the more the CS is paired with the US, the more reliable the CR c. The strongest conditioned responses occur when the CS is presented first and remains present throughout the administration of the US d. A stronger US will typically lead to faster conditioning than a weaker one e. A single pairing of the CS and US cannot result in classical conditioning

e. A single pairing of the CS and US cannot result in classical conditioning

Thorndike is to ________ as Skinner is to _______.

e. Law of Effect; operant conditioning

Regarding punishment, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Psychologists an pediatricians encourage parents not to rely on punishment as primary means of discipline. b. Punishment can involve the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus c. Punishment can involved the removal of reinforcing stimulus d. Punishment can be considered the flip side of reinforcement e. Negative reinforcement is the technical term for punishment

e. Negative reinforcement is the technical term for punishment

What is Rosalie Rayner's role in the history of psychology?

e. She was a student assistant who helped Watson with his experiments on classical conditioning in humans

Under which condition would Watson's experiments on classical conditioning be replicated today? a. If the researchers obtained parental permission to expose the child to intense fear b. If the researchers used methods to extinguish the fears after completing their experiments c. If the researchers followed the children for several years to make sire they were not "damaged" from their participation in the experiment d. If the researchers taught parents how to extinguish their children's fear e. The experiments would not be replicated even with the parents' permission

e. The experiments would not be replicated even with the parents' permission

Regarding the timing of the CS and the US in classical conditioning, the STRONGEST conditioned response occurs when the a. CS and US are presented simultaneously b. CS is presented first and remains on during the presentation of the US c. CS is presented first and is terminated before the presentation of the US d. US is presented first and is terminated before the presentation of the CS e. US is presented first and remains on during the presentation of the CS

e. US is presented first and remains on during the presentation of the CS

Regarding classical conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Immune system responses can be classically conditioned b. Drug cravings and taste aversions can be acquired through classical conditioning c. Feelings of nostalgia can be elicited by stimuli that were associated with pleasant experiences in the past d. Taste aversions can be acquired with assignable pairing of a food or drink and nausea-inducing stimulus e. While classical conditioning is effective in creating phobias, its principles are not particularly useful in therapy to address phobias

e. While classical conditioning is effective in creating phobias, its principles are not particularly useful in therapy to address phobias

Most psychologists define learning as a. any change in behavior b. any change in behavior due to maturation c. any change in behavior due to experience d. a relatively permanent change in behavior due to natural development e. a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

e. a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

Which of the following is not one of the processes involved in cognitive learning? a. thinking b. problem solving c. mental imaging d. information processing e. affective monitoring

e. affective monitoring

Graduate student Charisse Goldberg conducted operant conditioning trials with a laboratory rat. Goldberg trained the animal to press a lever to earn a food pellet. The rat successfully learned to press the lever. In the language of operant conditioning, what is the animal's learned response called? a. a higher-order conditioned response b. a vicariously learned response c. a reconditioned response d.a latent response e. an operant response

e. an operant response

When two-year-old Clarice was playing in the basement, a large burst of thunder scared her at the same time she saw a spider. Now Clarice has a spider phobia. Clarice's experience is an example of which type of learning? a. operant conditioning b. observational learning c. vicarious learning d. insight learning e. classical conditioning

e. classical conditioning

___________ is learning that occurs without the opportunity of first performing the learned response or being reinforced for it. a. operant conditioning b. high-order conditioning c. classical conditioning d. creative learning e. cognitive learning

e. cognitive learning

Classical conditioning can explain the development of all of the following EXCEPT a. aversions to particular foods b. phobias c. positive or negative emotions d. drug cravings during withdrawal e. complex, voluntary behaviors

e. complex, voluntary behaviors

Karen agrees to replace the toilet paper when it runs out of her roommate, Susan will wash her dirty dished every evening after dinner. This is an example of a. latent learning b. escape learning c. applying reinforcement d. giving praise e. contingency contracting

e. contingency contracting

_________ is a process by which two people in a relationship list the behaviors of the other that they would like changed, and then the agreed to reinforce each other for making the changes. a. Behavioral Management b. method of successive approximation c. reinforcement scheduling d. cognitive mapping e. contingency contracting

e. contingency contracting

To which area of human behavior was Thorndike particularly excited about applying to principles of animal learning? a. parenting b. law enforcement c. medicine d. advertising e. education

e. education

Dontatello is using the guidelines for reinforcement with her son Giovanni. Dontatello tells her son Giovanni, "when you clean up all your toys, you'll get a gold star on your chart." Which guideline is Donatella working with a. using social reinforcement to maintain the behavior b. selecting a reinforcement c. applying the reinforcer d. tracking the frequency of desired Behavior e. explaining the contingency

e. explaining the contingency

In classical conditioning, a conditioned response can weaken and eventually disappear. This is referred to as

e. extinction

Regarding classical condition, which of the following statements if FALSE? a. stimulus generalization helps explain the development of phobias b. in extinction, conditioned responses gradually weaken and disappear c. by learning to differentiate among related stimuli animals are able to distinguish between threatening and nonthreatening situations d. stimulus generalization has survival value because it allows animals to generalize learned responses to originally threatening stimuli e. extinguished responses are forgotten if they are not reinforced

e. extinguished responses are forgotten if they are not reinforced

Your significant other gives you a compliment, and you smile at him/her. The probability that s'he will give you another compliment increases. This is an example of which type of learning? a. latent learning b. insight learning c. observational learning d. classical conditioning e. instrumental learning

e. instrumental learning

In a typical classical conditioning experiment by Pavlov, a buzzer or tone serves as an _________.

e. neutral stimulus that becomes a conditioned stimulus

Rico attends Technical College where he is using technology to study for the GED. His computer guy to Rico through an inventory of increasingly more challenging questions. If he answered correctly, the questions increase in challenge semicolon if he answers and correctly, the questions decrease in difficulty. Rico is using which application of operant conditioning? a. Skinner box b. behavior modification c. token economy d. biofeedback e. programmed instruction

e. programmed instruction

Thorndike used the ______ in studying animal learning. a. Skinner box b. token economy c. programmed instruction computer d. maze e. puzzle box

e. puzzle box

Which of the following is the best definition of spontaneous recovery?

e. return of a conditioned response following extinction

In operant conditioning, positive reinforcement _________ the likelihood of repearing a response, negative reinforcement ________ the likelihood of repeating a response, and punishment _______ the likelihood of repeating a response.

e. strengthens; strengthens; weakens

Every time her husband pays her a compliment, Sarah looks him in the eye and smiles at him. This is an example of

positive reinforcement

Which of the following best describes Bandura's research and subsequent general conclusions about the efforts of violent television on behavior?

a. Bandura believed that children become more aggressive after observing aggressive models on television, and his research has been supported.

Who is most closely associated with the study of conditioned emotional reactions? a. John Watson b. Ivan Pavlov c. John Garcia d. B.F. Skinner e. Robert Rescorla

a. John Watson

Which of the following people is on a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

a. Philip, who is playing a slot machine at the casino

Which of the following represents an application of a cognitive perspective on classical conditioning? a. The organism uses the CS make predictions about the occurrence of events in the environment b. the stronger the CS the stronger the CR c. the stronger the CS the greater the resistance to Extinction d. the US hold information value that the organism uses to know how to respond e. the US becomes a reliable signal for predicting the occurrence of the CS

a. The organism uses the CS make predictions about the occurrence of events in the environment

The rats in Dr. Rexington's learning laboratory are on an "FR-7" schedule of reinforcement. What does this mean? a. The rats will receive a food pellet after every seventh bar press. b. The rats will receive a food pellet after an average of every seven bar presses c. The rats will receive a food pellet every seven minutes d. The rats will receive a food pellet an average of every seven minutes e. The rats will receive a food pellet every seven minutes, unless they press the bar seven ties in a shorter period of time.

a. The rats will receive a food pellet after every seventh bar press.

An acquired fear response is called

a. a conditioned emotional reaction

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

a. a mother picks up her infant when he cries, which then stops his crying, thereby reducing the mother's level of annoyance

To achieve classical conditioning, you should pair a. a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus b. a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus c. a neutral stimulus with a conditioned response d. a conditioned stimulus with a conditioned response e. an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned response

a. a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus

Helena has learned that she gets motion sickness easily. If Helena takes medicine before a boat ride so she doesn't get seasick, she is demonstrating a. avoidance learning b. a phobia c. stimulus discrimination d. Escape learning e. shaping

a. avoidance learning

Pauline became ill after eating eggs contaminated with salmonella. She subsequently becomes nauseous whenever she sees eggs. This is an example of

a. conditioned taste aversion

Chris has been experiencing a number of problems on the job. In order to get away fro his problems for a while, Chris regularly drinks heavily in the evening, after work. We can explain this behavior as a form of a. escape learning b. avoidance learning c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement e. punishment

a. escape learning

Vlad receives $100 for every ten telemarketing calls he makes. This is an example of a ___________ schedule of reinforcement.

a. fixed ratio

Omar's parents have been trying to teach him their telephone number. He appears on able to recite it correctly. One day, he overhears his father mentioned that he would buy Omar a new toy if he would learn their number. Omar immediately blurts out the correct number. This demonstrates a. latent learning b. spontaneous recovery c. observational learning d. creativity e. insight learning

a. latent learning

Cognitive learning involves a. mental processes that cannot be directly observed b. higher-order conditioning c. creative processes d. focused attention e. learning that occurs through repeated practice

a. mental processes that cannot be directly observed

"When in Rome, do as the Romans do," underscores the importance of ________ in learning. a. modeling b. latency c. insight d. shaping e. reinforcement

a. modeling

All but which of the following are primary reinforcers? a. money b. sexual stimulation c. novel visual stimuli d. air, food, water e. relief from pain

a. money

A puff of air to they eye causes a reflexive blink. If you precede the puff of air with a buzzer, eventually the buzzer will cause a blink. In this example, the buzzer begins as the __________ and eventually becomes the ____________.

a. neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus