ESY 657

The following demonstrates what: Omar's mother asks Omar, "what color is a duck?" Omar says, "Quack, quack"

Conditional discrimination error

Kelly will reduce her stutter by 50% when speaking with her boss in his office. The underlined part is an example of a:

Context/Condition

Little Joe goes over to his teacher and states, "I'm going to read a book now." He then proceeds to get and read a book. At this point the teacher immediately delivers reinforcement. The strategy employed by his teacher is called:

Correspondence Training

Fred will hit the ball with his racket at least once in each of five 20-minute blocks of time. The underlined part is an example of a:

Criterion Level

Igor frequently blurts out in class. You want to eliminate this behavior and to teach him to raise his hand. Which of the following would best achieve your goals? (choose the best response

DRA

Bob constantly leans back in his chair. His teacher sees this as potentially dangerous. The teacher now praises Bob when all four legs of his chair are on the floor, to reduce leaning back. The teacher is using which procedure? (choose the best response)

DRI

Mary usually blurts out five times during the period. Today she only blurted out twice and the teacher provided reinforcement to her her for this. Which procedure was used? (chose the best answer)

DRL

Alfred spends an inordinate amount of time watching television. Alfred's schoolwork and peer relations have suffered as a result. When Alfred engages in any other behavior, or does not view TV, he is allowed to choose a special treat from a predetermined list. Alfred now spends more time playing ball, eating, reading, studying, and sitting around the house listening to the stereo. Which procedure was used on his TV watching?

DRO

Joan decides to use the Premack Principle to improve engagement in math activities in her preschool classroom. She arranged a situation where the students would earn access to painting at the easel (a high-probability behavior) contingent on completing math activities (a low-probability behavior). Before she implemented the procedure, she observed how much time they spent with each activity when they could freely choose where to spend time. She observed that the students spend about 10 minutes a day at the easel and 2 minutes or less doing math. She arranged for them to have access to the easel for 15 minutes following completion of 10 minutes of math. She found that this contingency was ineffective. She needs to make an adjustment. Based on the information provided, which of the following should she do?

Decrease time earned at easel to a level lower than observed in baseline.

The manufacturing division of the Top Quality Company wanted to strive for error-free products. Management decided to provide all members in the division with a special bonus if the three worst performing units improved quality by 20%. What group contingency was used?

Dependent group contingencies

A teacher says: "Everyone, you have math homework tonight. Tomorrow, I will draw a name from a hat. If that person has completed his/her homework and remembered to bring it back to school, everyone will get extra recess." What type of group contingency is this?

Dependent group contingency

The act of increasing the occurrence of a desirable behavior in others by systematically arranging for improvements to follow such behavior related to one or other behaviors.

Differential reinforcement

Travis has been training his puppy, Belle, to sit by the back door and bark when she wants to go outside and "do her business." First, Travis let her out, provided her with tons of praise, and gave her a treat (all presumed reinforcers) if she sat by the back door and then when outside and urinated. Then, Travis withheld reinforcement for this behavior and provided the reinforcers only if she sat by the door and made a small noise (i.e., a whine). Now that she does that well, Travis is withholding reinforcement for that behavior and only providing the reinforcers if she sits by the door and makes a bark. What has Travis been doing?

Shaping sitting by the door and barking when Belle has to urinate and using differential reinforcement to teach Belle to sit by the door and bark when she has to urinate.

Give an example of a dependent group contingency

John, a student with special needs, remains seated during class time. Th entire class earns a field trip if John remains seated.

Jimmy writes "cookie" on a piece of paper to someone and receives a cookie. This is a(n):

Mand

Trevor is making clinical decisions about what type of intervention to use for his client Jerry's self-injury. His current priorities are to identify an intervention that minimizes or eliminates negative side effects of extinction but that does includes an extinction component for self-injurious responses. Currently, clinically he is less concerned with an intervention that teaches functional replacement or alternative behaviors. What is the best choice given these factors?

NCR

Brad is a 7-year old child who hates doing homework. When his parent sit him down and he starts to do his homework, Brad quickly throws a fit. Screaming and crying until his parents give in, and let him leave the homework session. If Brad's parents wanted to implement escape extinction, how would you suggest they do it ?

When Brad throws a fit, do not excuse him fro the homework session.

Point-to-point correspondence

When the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal stimulus match the beginning, middle, and end of the response. For example, if you say "Polly want a cracker?" and I say "Polly want a cracker?"

Give an example of multiple exemplar training

While teaching a child to identify the uppercase letter "A" you use multiple fonts to teach the child that the letter may look slightly different.

Which of the following demonstrates formal similarity?

You ask a student to "say cat" and the student says "cat."

A rule stipulated by a classroom teacher is students who have a question are to raise their hand and wait quietly to be called upon. The teachers, though, frequently call on those who call-out their questions. The calling-out is probably:

contingency-shaped

On Jim's old computer, pressing the F3 key saved his file and Jim pressed this often when he wanted to save his work. When Jim got his new computer, the F3 key did nothing when pressed. After a while, Jim stopped pressing the F3. This gradual reduction in pressing the F3 key is one of the reliable effects of

Operant extinction

Mrs. Mody decided that because Johnny dumped the contents of his glue container on the floor that he would not only have to clean up his work space, but clean the entire classroom floor. The punishment procedure that Mrs. Mody is using is called:

Overcorrection

Four-year-old Krystal has been taught in a variety of situations to pour things out of a container. Her mother now complains that Krystal repeatedly tries to pour shampoo, conditioner and moisturizer on the living room carpet. This situation best illustrates:

Overgeneralization

A teacher notices that Mary always volunteers to do outside projects. The teacher openly comments before the class how reliable Mary is. Now Mary doesn't volunteer at all. The procedure the teacher used on Mary's volunteering is:

Positive punishment

Using a multielement baseline design, two 15-minute sessions were offered daily, one under an exercise condition and the other under a games condition. Results showed higher participation in games than in exercises and that subjects did not complete exercises to criterion when prompted to do so. A contingency was then implemented in which the availability of games was made contingent upon completion of all exercises to criterion by all subjects. The procedure led to increases in both exercise participation and completion, as well as a decrease in the amount of time required to conduct the exercise session. Based on this information, what can you refer to this contingency as?

Premack Principle

Which of the following is an example of stimulus fading?

Printing a child's name on a piece of paper and having him trace his name. Over time, slowly remove one letter of his name, thus requiring him to trace the first letters but to print the last letters himself.

Sophia has learned to make change whenever we played "store." However, this response did not initially generalize to any other setting. Adding additional "store" items including a counter, cash register, and using real money enhanced her ability to generalize across settings and people. This is an example of:

Program common stimuli

Sarah is a preschool student who is learning to clean up toys and put them on the shelf after playing. Sarah is given and opportunity to complete the task after each free play period across the day (natural SD). The procedure being used requires Sarah to make a correct response within a set time limit (e.g., 3 seconds) from the presentation of the natural SD. If the response does not occur within the specified time, the analyst presents the natural SD and a verbal response prompt. If after the same specified time limit (e.g., another 3 seconds) Sarah does not make a correct response, the analyst gives the natural SD and a gesture. Sarah receives full physical guidance if the lesser prompting does not evoke a correct response. Which type of prompting procedure is described here?

least-to-most

Reflexivity

The ability to recognize and respond to a stimulus that is the same as itself. A=A

Symmetry

A principle of stimulus equivalence that refers to the ability to respond to related stimuli in the same way, even if the order of the stimuli is different. A=B but also B=A

What is contingent exertion?

A procedure that involves guiding someone to perform an effortful behavior after they exhibit an inappropriate behavior.

Interdependent group contingency

A reward system where a group of people are only rewarded if all members of the group meet a certain performance criterion

independent group contingency

A reward system where each individual in a group earns a reward for meeting a specific criterion, regardless of what other group members do.

Behavioral Cusp

A significant behavior change that allows an individual to access new opportunities, environments, and reinforces.

Formal similarity

A situation that occurs when the controlling antecedent stimulus and the response or response product (a) share the same sense mode (e.g., both stimulus and response are visual, auditory, or tactile) and (b) physically resemble each other. For example, you say "Hi, How are you? And they respond "Im good thanks.

What is the suggested number of high-p instructions to deliver prior to delivering a low-p instruction while implementing the high-probability instructional sequence? (choose the best anwer)

2-5

dependent group contingency

A behavioral intervention where a group is rewarded based on the performance of a few individuals within the group "hero procedure"

Give an example of Interdependent group contingency

A father might assign a chore to each one of his children, and if they all complete their tasks, they all get to go to the arcade.

Regan is a manager at a frozen yogurt shop. As soon as she asks the teenage employees to start the cleaning tasks she notices an increase off task behaviors like checking their phones, using the bathroom, running out to their cars, etc. She decides to think of some options to improve this behavior. In this example, the delivery of cleaning tasks serves as what for the off task behaviors?

A motivating operation

Behavioral Contrast

A phenomenon that occurs when a change in reinforcement or punishment in one setting causes a behavioral change in the opposite direction in another setting.

Give an example of behavioral contrast

A teenager might swear less at home after being punished, but swear more around their friends.

What is correspondence training?

A training method that focuses on teaching subjects to have a high correlation between a verbal commitment and actual behavior.

Which of the following is a stimulus prompt?

After closing the lid, Mary turns the dial to the correct cycle. Prior to the training session, Ashley painted a red arrow to the correct setting to help Mary remember where to set the dial. Mary successful sets the dial to the correct setting without any additional assistance.

The success of contingency contracts is probably due to:

All of these are things that factor into the success of contingency contracts

In a token economy, back-up reinforcers:

Allow the tokens to become conditoned reinforcers

Transitvity

An emergent relationship that is produced when two other stimulus-stimulus relationships have been mastered. Specifically, when an individual is trained that A=B and B=C, the individual can state that A=C without being explicitly taught this third relationship

In one study,, individuals were taught how to more accurately estimate portion sizes of foods using equivalence-based instruction (EBI). At the start of each session during baseline, the experimenter presented the vocal instruction, "please give me [portion size] of [nonfood item]. I cannot answer any questions or provide you with assistance. If you have any extra, you may place it in the bin next to you." The experimenter then asked the participant to repeat the instruction. The participant repeating the instruction served as what? (choose the best response)

An observing response

A teacher is trying to get John to write his name. First, she provides him with the letters J-O-H and he fills in the last letter. Then she provides J-O and he fills in the last two letters. Then J is provided and he provides the last three letters, and finally he writes his name himself. This is an example of:

Backward Chaining

Samara is participating in a lesson while seated at a table with her teacher. The teacher presents demands one at a time for 10 trials. She starts by stating, "Touch nose." Samara touches her nose. The teacher provides her with a small edible item and brief praise. The teacher then states, "Touch ear" Samara touches her face. The teacher provides a model prompt, "Touch ear like this" (while placing her own pointer finger on her ear). This continues until 10 trials of body part identification has occurred. What type of instructional approach is described here?Discrete-Trial Training

Discrete-Trial Training

Brent is caught marking on classroom walls. Which of the following examples best describes "contingent exertion," for the above situation? Have Brent:

Do 50 push-ups

Antonia is trying a new workout routine and is currently focusing on isometric holds. She was initially able to hold a pose for 10 seconds. Her trainer programmed reinforcement to occur if she meets the target of a 30 second hold. What dimension of behavior is targeted for reinforcement here?

Duration

Marcel used to tune his car radio to the station WOW and heard his favorite song within minutes. For the past few weeks he has turned to WOW, but has not heard his favorite song. Now he stops turning to WOW. The procedure used on his behavior is:

Extinction

John receives praise from his peers every time he acts like a "wise-guy." However, lately his friends have found his antics to be childish and walk away when he engages in this behavior. As a result, John's wise-cracks increase for the next three days and then finally stop. The increase in John's behavior is called?

Extinction burst

Sylvie engages in aggressive behavior consisting of hitting maintained by access to escape from demands. Her analyst is focused on using the reinforcers that served to maintain the problem behavior contingent on the goal behavior and increasing appropriate communication. Which of the following would be the best choice given these considerations?

FCT for a break

Sadie goes to an aerobics class on M, W, and F (on a good week!). The aerobic routines they do have many, many steps and constitute behavioral chain. The aerobics teacher has everyone perform one step of the routine multiple times and asks, "Does everyone get it?" The students all yell, "Yep!" Then, she says, "Adding on!" and she shows them another step. Once they have that step down, she has them do the first step, followed by the second step. Then she adds on again. This process is repeated until the students are doing a very long, complex routine by the end of the hour. What teaching procedure does Sadie's aerobics instructor use?

Forward Chaining

Maria will reduce her instances of blushing by 80% in a social situation. The underlined part is an example of a:

Goal

The following is a description of a study conducted by Baer, Peterson, & Sherman (1967). The children were taught to emit simple discriminated (i.e., similar to the model) responses (e.g., raise left arm) when the experimenter presented the verbal response cue "Do this," and then provided the model (e.g., raise left arm). Initially physical guidance was used to prompt the similar response, and then gradually reduced the guidance over several trials. The word "Good" and small bits of food were used as reinforcement to shape closer and closer topographical similarity to the experimenter's modeled responses. What skill is being targeted in this study?

Imitation

Maria told her daughter that if she finished all of her chores by the end of the day on Monday that she'd take her to her favorite ice cream shop on Saturday. Maria didn't do her chores. The next week she told her that if she finished her chores by the end of the day on Monday that she'd take her to her favorite ice cream shop on Monday evening. Maria finished her chores on Monday by 2pm. What was a relevant factor related to the targeted response and reinforcement in this example?

Immediacy of reinforcement

What behaviors can contingent exertion help reduce?

Inappropriate verbal and aggressive responses.

When selecting a goal, the behavior analyst should:

Include the client and program implementer in the decision-making process whenever possible

What is programming common stimuli in training?

Incorporating objects likely to be within the natural environment into the training setting.

A parent says to his/her children: For anyone who earns all As on his/her report card, I will pay you $50 at the end of the semester. What type of group contingency is this

Independent group contingency

Gabriel is teaching his nephew Simon how to drive. Simon really wanted to drive on the road right way. Gabriel told Simon that he could drive on the road when he he met the following conditions: 1) slowly coming to a full stop with no abrupt movement of the car and 2) smoothly accelerating with no sudden movements forward. This procedure targeted which dimension of Simon's behavior?

Intensity

Miss Letts' class must receive an average of at least 90% correct on their exam to receive reinforcement for the group. Which of the following situations best fits this situation?

Interdependent Group Contingency

Leo installed a new lock on his grandparents front door with a number pad and a key code (i.e., when you press the correct code, the green light illuminates and the door is unlocked). He did this so that his grandparents could go for walks and get back in the house without keys. However, if the 6 numbers are not pressed within a certain amount of time, the user has to start the code over again. His grandparents were initially encountering this error frequently so Leo went to observe. He noticed that his grandmother was pressing a number and then putting her hand back down at her side before pressing the next number and so on (i.e., the time between responses was too long). Leo practiced with his grandmother and focused on decreasing the time that passed between pressing one number and the next. What dimension of behavior did he target?

Interresponse time

Mary's teacher has told the behavior analyst that he feels Mary is engaging in stimulus generalization. Which of the following is most indicative of this statement? Mary:

Is responding the same way in new situations

What type of punishment is contingent exertion?

It is a type of positive punishment.

Which of the following is the best example of an operational definition of a behavioral problem?

Joe looks out the window for 50% of time allocated to independent reading

Jean will lift 750 lbs. with her legs 15 times every day for 2 weeks. The underlined part is an example of:

Rate

Months after Donna stopped using a bad tasting solution on her nails, she started biting them again. Which of the following behavioral principles is pertinent to the above situation?

Recovery

Process in which behavior is strengthened as a result of its occurrence being followed by some improvement in the environment. ​

Reinforcement

An example of tacting is:

Saying "that's a red car" while pointing to a red car passing by

Talking to oneself , for example: "I can do this: I've done it before," "Don't say that anymore, you hurt her feelings," "Way to go! You rocked that," and "It will only feel uncomfortable for a moment" is an example of:

Self-instruction

This is a procedure whereby a person observes his/her behavior systematically & records the occurrence of nonoccurrence of a target behavior.

Self-monitoring

Michele taught her dog Mossimo to bring his leash to her whenever he needed to go outside to go to the bathroom, now Mossimo brings his leash to everyone who comes to the house. What kind of generalization can account for Mossimo's behavior?

Stimulus generalization

Miss Bell taught Gloria to correctly name five pictures of animals. One was a tiger. The following weekend Gloria went to the zoo with her family and said "tiger" as soon as she saw the live tiger. Which of the following best describes the situation?

Stimulus generalization

Give an example of independent group contingency

Students who earn meet a certain criteria, like making 90% or above, receive a specific grade.

Train loosely

Teach many different ways to say or do things with different people at different times and in different locations.

An example of positive practice for persons who use foul language in class would be to:

Teach them how to use appropriate language and make them practice this new skill repeatedly

Give an example of training loosely

Teaching a student a variety of greetings: "Hello," "Hi," "Good morning"

Which of the following is a likely an example of a functional equivalent replacement goal for a client that responds aggressively when asked to do math?

The client will request help or breaks

When implementing a token economy, what consideration should be made in determining the ratio of exchange?

The initial ratio between the number of tokens earned and the price of backup items should be small.

Stimulus generalization has occurred when:

The same response occurs in the presence of two different, but similar, stimuli.

What happens when an individual exhibits the behavior in correspondence training?

They receive reinforcement.

What is the main goal of correspondence training?

To ensure that individuals exhibit behaviors they verbally commit to.

Give an example of programming common stimuli.

Using real dollar bills and coins when teaching money skills.

The reductive effects of the high-p instructional sequence on noncompliance resemble the effects of a(n) __________ that reduces the current potency of reinforcement for noncompliance with the low-probability requests (i.e., reducing the value of escape from requests).

abolishing operation

The toilet paper roll is not replaced when used (again). When you point this out to your teen daughter, she says "I didn't use the last sheet - I swear." In this sentence, "I swear" is a(n):

autoclitic

Samira asked her brother for a piece of paper. He hands her the paper. She says, "Thank you" and he says, "You're welcome." His response is:

intraverbal responding

Sydney picks up her toy and pushes the button that typically results in the toy playing a song. The toy doesn't play the song - it must be broken or need new batteries. She turns to her grandpa and says, "Fix it." This statement in this situation is an example of a(n):

mand

A father showing his teenage son how to shave by holding and moving a razor gently across his face is an example of which of the following?

modeling

When the teacher looked at Mike, she reinforced his not having his thumb in his mouth. This is an example of: (choose the best response)

momentary DRO

Byron signs (i.e., finger spells) Emanuel's name and then Emanuel signs his own name. This is an example of a(n):

motor imitation

What is the following an example of (choose the best response)? A student does not correctly point to a written word in the presence of a picture associated with the written word. The student observes another student receive instruction by a teacher followed by consequences (in the form of positive or corrective feedback). Then, because of observing this performance and the consequences that follow, the student correctly points to the word associated with the picture in the absence of direct instruction. (MacDonald and Ahearn, 2015)

observational learning

If reinforcement is delivered when an individual pushes a green key and not a red key, there is a ______________. But if reinforcement is contingent on pushing the green key only after hearing the auditory stimulus "green," this constitutes a ______________________.

simple discrimination; conditional discrimination

College students were trained on timing using an auditory musical stimulus (A) consisting of six sets of four beats (e.g., one note held for two beats, two notes each held for one beat) and the corresponding printed note sequences (B) and words (C). Following training on baseline relations (AB, AC), participants were tested for the emergence of 1) BA, CA and 2) CB, BC. (Hayes et. al., 1989). The emergence of BA and CA was a test for what?

symmetry

multiple exemplar training

teaching with many different examples of the same item or activity

College students were trained on timing using an auditory musical stimulus (A) consisting of six sets of four beats (e.g., one note held for two beats, two notes each held for one beat) and the corresponding printed note sequences (B) and words (C). Following training on baseline relations (AB, AC), participants were tested for the emergence of 1) BA, CA and 2) CB, BC. (Hayes et. al., 1989). The emergence of CB and BC was a test for what?

transivity

Give an example of behavioral cusp

walking, crawling, reading