Eth Dec Making Health Profess: Modules 1-6 questions
according to ________ development scheme, a child is not able to understand diagnosis, prognosis, and impact of treatment until age 11. a. Piaget's b. Kohlberg's c. Freud's d. Jung's e. Bettleheim's
a. Piaget's
consent requires a certain degree of freedom. treatment is said to be _______ when it is given to a patient who gives consent but not freely. a. coerced b. forced c. manipulated d. enforced e. determined
a. coerced
________ are how we think and talk about a variety of things and ______ are the observable facts that indicate whether 'someone is or is not 'one of us'' a. concepts/criteria b. visions/components c. concepts/components d. criteria/concepts e. perceptions/details
a. concepts/criteria
the starting point for a virtue-based ethics is the: a. good b. bad c. ugly d. principle e. rule
a. good
according to contemporary ethicist william frankena, judgments of _______ ______ evaluates actions in terms of right and wrong according to 'principles' a. moral obligation b. moral value c. moral attitude d. moral discipline e. moral intention
a. moral obligation
Thomas Aquinas thought the deliberate destruction of a fetus before it is animated with the 'rational' soul was: a. morally wrong, but it was not murder b. morally acceptable because it was not murder c. morally wrong because it was murder d. unacceptable e. acceptable
a. morally wrong, but it was not murder
the ethics of prudential reasoning is based on: a. normative ethics b. moral relativism c. moral cognition d. personal subjectivism e. empirical observation
a. normative ethics
autonomous moral law is derived from: a. ourselves b. god c. nature d. the legal system e. none of the responses are correct
a. ourselves
the characteristic that distinguishes a patient a 'coma' state from those diagnosed as 'PVS' is that the: a. patient cannot be aroused b. patient has alternating sleep and arousal states c. patient's eyes are open d. patient makes facial expressions e. patient can make sounds
a. patient cannot be aroused
in the scott text, _______ is defined as a whole body of persons engaged in a calling, vocation, or employment. it includes all members of a discipline that carry out the specialized work and service defined by that discipline and by society. a. profession b. occupation c. career d. business e. job
a. profession
a health care ________ makes decisions for a patient who has a lot decision making capacity. a. proxy b. specialist c. professional d. ethicist e. advocate
a. proxy
one major paradigm of practical decision making is ______ ________, which lays out many alternatives as possible and then compares the favorable and unfavorable consequences of each. a. rational choice b. deductive reasoning c. inductive reasoning d. natural decision making e. prudence and feelings
a. rational choice
in our examination of intellectual virtues, theoretical knowledge is typical of ______ not ______. a. spectators, participants b. participants, spectators c. academics, philosophers d. philosophers, spectators e. participants, philosophers
a. spectators, participants
________ and _______ believed that each person was composed of a body and soul. further, they believed that the beginning of life is when the immaterial rational soul entered the body. a. Hippocrates/ Aristotle b. Socrates/Plato c. Parmenides/Plato d. Heraclitus/Socrates e. Plato/Socrates
b. Socrates/Plato
there is a trend regarding the proportion of health care workers working in hospitals. between 1970 and now, that trend is: a. an increase in the proportion of individuals working in hospital settings b. a decrease in the proportion of individuals working in hospital settings c. actually, there has been no change d. actually, almost 95% of all heath care professionals work in hospitals e. there is no good data on this relationship
b. a decrease in the proportion of individuals working in hospital settings
in making health care decisions for a very young child, the ______ _____ standard is the appropriate standard use. a. substituted judgment b. best interest c. reasonable treatment d. informed consent e. none of the responses are correct
b. best interest
the online asynchronous interactive tool(s) meant for two-way communication between the instructor and student is the: a. virtual office hour day b. discussion board only c. audio podcast d. announcements e. virtual office hour and discussion board
b. discussion board only
according to this ancient greek practice, ________ is living well and doing well, with an intrinsically rewarding life. a. logos b. eudaimonia c. deductive reasoning d. narcissism e. primum principium
b. eudaimonia
the concept of the 'self,' refers to a consciousness that accompanies thinking. the concept of 'self,' as discussed in the Devettere text: a. is accepted by a general consensus b. is subject to great controversy c. is easy to demonstrate d. has a history going back 20 years e. is supported by a substantial scientific literature
b. is subject to great controversy
regarding virtuous human qualities, ______ virtue pertains to what we choose, and _____ pertains to how we think and reason a. intellectual, moral b. moral, intellectual c. natural, divine d. divine, natural e. cognitive, divine
b. moral, intellectual
one of the earliest court cases where justice Cardozo invoked the term 'consent' (every human being of adult years and sound mind has a right...) was known as the _______ decision a. salgo b. schloendorff c. canterbury d. candura e. comisky
b. schloendorff
in the method of ethical analysis we will be using in the course, ________ ______ is the method of becoming aware of the facts of a case study. a. substituted judgment b. situational awareness c. prudential reasoning d. ethical reflection e. none of the responses is correct
b. situational awareness
according to Devettere, when a patient who is diagnosed as 'brain dead' is taken off life support equipment, the appropriate time of death should be: a. the moment the patient is taken off life support b. the moment the patient is diagnosed as being 'brain dead' c. it is important to determine d. the moment the soul left the body e. the moment the patient lost awareness
b. the moment the patient is diagnosed as being 'brain dead'
state laws recognizing brain-dead criterion: a. do not exist b. are the same in all states c. are not the same in all states d. acknowledge irreversible cessation of partial brain function e. none of the responses are correct
c. are not the same in all states
according to prudence, what if nothing that one can choose will result in happiness? a. there is no recommendation made b. all one can do is to submit to circumstances c. choose the least bad option d. a choice is left to the devices of the decision maker e. none of the responses are correct
c. choose the least bad option
which item is not considered to be criteria for determining if a body is 'one of us' according to Devettere's new conceptional module? a. must have human DNA b. body exists as an individual whole c. must have a minimally functioning cardiovascular system d. awareness/capacity for awareness e. they are all criteria for determining if a body is 'one of us'
c. must have a minimally functioning cardiovascular system
in the category of 'good' contributing to happiness, ______ goods are the essential feelings, behaviors and habits creating a happy life. a. potential b. useful c. noble d. essential e. none of the responses
c. noble
courts can become involved in appointing a medical proxy when: a. none is available b. conflicts between family memebers occur when inappropriate treatment is sought c. none is available AND there are conflicts between family members occur when inappropriate treatment is sought d. physician does not like the medical proxy chosen by the patient e. none of the responses are correct
c. none is available AND there are conflicts between family members occur when inappropriate treatment is sought
the ultimate responsibility of the health care proxy is to the: a. patient's family b. patient's physician c. patient d. society e. themselves
c. patient
the judgment of prudence area always supported by: a. principles b. rights c. reasons d. rules e. norms
c. reasons
________ ________ is the standard for decision making where the proxy reports the wishes of the patient to carry out a treatment plan a. reasonable treatment b. best interest c. substituted judgment d. predetermined statement e. none of the responses are correct
c. substituted judgment
the goal in life is living well, living a good life, living happily. the ______ is said to behave morally when they behave to achieve this goal. a. physician b. pateint c. proxy d. agent e. observer
d. agent
the ethics of personal well-being and fulfillment that thomas aquinas rediscovered after 1600 years was credited to: a. kant b. hobbs c. plato d. aristotle e. socrates
d. aristotle
in ethics, we are concerned with actions that one does or does not do a. by choice b. by intention c. by desire d. by choice and intention e. none of the responses
d. by choice and intention
the ________ case demonstrated the important reverse side of informed consent. the ability to give consent implies the ability to withhold consent. a. sosa b. salgo c. canerbury d. candura e. santo
d. candura
_________ is conceived of as an interaction between people who make a kind of interdisciplinary study to certain issues and a process of public discourse about these issue. a. ethics b. impassioned ethics c. medical ethics d. contemporary bioethics e. evidence-based ethics
d. contemporary bioethics
when disagreement between physician and patient arise about appropriate treatment, what does Devettere recommend as a reasonable solution? a. since the physician is always right, he/she should make the decision b. the patient should always make the decision regardless of the condition c. decisions should be made by a medical arbitrator d. decision making should be shared by both parties e. none of the responses are correct
d. decision making should be shared by both parties
according to our text, moral reasoning associated with an ethics of 'obligation' tends to manifest two major characteristics: it is both _____ and ______ a. right, wrong b. good, evil c. true, untruthful d. deductive, inductive e. descriptive, empirical
d. deductive, inductive
an ethics of personal happiness is: a. an ethics of selfishness b. an ethics of egoism c. both an ethics of selfishness and egoism d. not an ethics of selfishness e. none of the responses
d. not an ethics of selfishness
the second stage of case study analysis is _____ ______ where we take the position of each moral agent in the case- patient, proxy, physician, nurse, attorney, and judge- and ask what each of them could do to live well. a. situational awareness b. contextual landscape c. situational analysis d. prudential reasoning e. none of the responses is correct
d. prudential reasoning
in examining the trend of allowing minors to make their own health care decisions having both 'good' and 'bad' features from an ethical point of view, a good feature would be: a. the notion of autonomy and self-determination having limited value b. the impact it has on the legitimate interest of the parents c. lack of maturity and experience d. recognizing the increasing capacity of maturing minors to accept responsibility for life e. none of the responses are correct
d. recognizing the increasing capacity of maturing minors to accept responsibility for life
persons being considered for medical proxies should have all of the following characteristics except: a. know and care about the patient b. be aware of the patient's desires c. be available d. the need to have a college-level education e. willing to become informed
d. the need to have a college-level education
in reviewing the possible arenas for ethics, we observe that there are at least _______ different careers in the health care industry. a. 50 b. 75 c. 100 d. 150 e. 200
e. 200
characteristics of theoretical knowledge includes which of the following: a. consistent b. deductive c. universal d. necessary e. all of the responses
e. all of the responses
which of the following is not considered a source of complexity in making health care decisions? a. both physician and patient may disagree about what is proper medical treatment b. the patient's ability to make decisions may be undermined by his/her illness c. managed cared d. good moral decisions are not always good clinical decisions e. all of the responses are considered a source of complexity in making health care decisions
e. all of the responses are considered a source of complexity in making health care decisions
the emphasis in this course is on _________ decision making a. theoretical b. philosophical c. kantian d. freudian e. applied
e. applied
according to the text, the good things in our lives come from two sources: luck and _______. a. patience b. timing c. providence d. personality e. choice
e. choice
______________ is the process of going through a process of searching, and imagining, and thinking through, and calculating what behavior will best achieve the truly good. a. shrewdness b. memory c. understanding d. phronimoi e. deliberation
e. deliberation
which item below is not recognized by Devettere as a feature of ethics? a. ethics including reasoning b. ethics is normative c. ethics is about evaluation d. ethics is about choices e. ethics has a legal component
e. ethics has a legal component
the capacity for making health care decisions has three aspects. _________ is defined as having some framework of values that will enable a patient to judge whether a particular health care decision will accomplish what the patient considers good for themselves. a. reasoning b. understanding c. prudence d. alturism e. evaluation
e. evaluation
in diagnosis of 'brain death,' typically this refers to the death of: a. the neocortex b. the cerebellum c. every part of the brain except the brain stem d. the brain stem e. every part of the brain including the brain stem
e. every part of the brain including the brain stem
______ ________ is an ethics that states that our moral obligations come from individual rights possessed by all people a. divine law b. natural law c. utilitarianism d. autonomous law e. natural rights
e. natural rights
all of the following are an example of an 'exception' to informed consent except: a. waivers b. emergencies c. legal requirements d. therapeutic privilege e. political agenda
e. political agenda
in Aristotle's writings about criteria for when the soul enters the developing fetus, the ______ soul enters in the human stage. a. vegetative b. animal c. spiritual d. coscious e. rational
e. rational
determination of the beginning and of the end of human existence are not _______ but interpretation of facts. a. truths b. speculations c. facts d. beliefs e. theories
e. theories
in conducting an ethical analysis of a case study, which one of the following items is not considered a pertinent fact/value in a case? a. what is happening? b. who are the decision makers? c. what can be done? d. what good or bad will result from the action? e. they are all pertinent facts/values in a case
e. they are all pertinent facts/values in a case
our biases reflect our framework of meaning and: a. perception b. significance c. action d. theory e. value
e. value
ethics inevitably employs determinations and judgements about ________ a. cases b. theories c. principles d. rules e. values
e. values
'manage care' has no influence in reducing the decision-making capacity of patients: true or false
false
a 'reductionist' position would state that human beings are more than their biology: true or false
false
according to Aristotle's, 'sensation' develops in both a male and a female fetus approximately 90 days: true or false
false
according to the ethics of obligation, the only question we need to answer is not whether our actions are right or wrong, but whether our actions, feelings, and character traits are making our lives good: true or false
false
being ethical 'guarentees' happiness in life: true or false
false
ethics of happiness is very similar to modern ethical egoisms: true or false
false
making health care decisions for minors 12-18 years of age requires minimal prudential reasoning: true or false
false
medical ethics is described as being a more general and philosophical approach to ethical dilemmas: true or false
false
normative ethics is considered ethics in the traditional sense because it is research into what beliefs people actually hold: true or false
false
the best interest standard can never be overridden: true or false
false
the capacity for making health care decisions has three aspects, understanding, evaluation, and reasoning. at least two of the three must be present for us to say that the patient has decision making capacity: true or false
false
the ethics of happiness is very similar to modern ethical egoism: true or false
false
the patient does not have to have decision making capacity when selecting a proxy: true or false
false
the relationship between mental illness and decision making capacity is straightforward and clear: true or false
false
this course will only present one theoretical approach to ethical decision making. true or false
false
this course will only present one theoretical approach to ethical decision making: true or false
false
within the context of the decision making criteria 'evaluation,' children have the capacity to make moral judgment at about the age of 8: true or false
false
Situational awareness is the first of two stages of analysis where an attempt is made to discover and identify facts and values in a case study: true or false
true
a patient's physician is responsible for identifying a health care proxy if one has not already been designated: true or false
true
according to a virtue based ethics, what constitutes a good life determines what laws, principles, and rules will be and when they will be relevant: true or false
true
according to the ethics of the good, being ethical is always in my self-interest: true or false
true
according to utilitarianism, we are obliged to act on behalf of the greatest happiness for the greatest number: true or false
true
allied health care professionals provide services that assist, facilitates, and complements the work of physicians: true or false
true
an unreasonable decision does not by itself indicate decision making incapacity, nor does a reasonable decision indicate capacity: true of false
true
aristotle did not think the ethics of prudential reasoning was relevant for everyone: true or false
true
because of the difficulty involved when a body is no longer 'one of us,' a morally virtuous person treats all life with respect, and a high degree of dignity and care: true or false
true
each student is responsible for posting twice to the discussion board every week (initial posting, then responding to at least two of your colleagues) true or false
true
ethics is concerned with what we choose to do intentionally: true or false
true
ethics is concerned with what we choose to do intentionally: true or false
true
in the interdisciplinary study of when life begins and ends, science provides the facts and philosophy interprets the facts: true or false
true
informed consent may exist even though the informed consent is not signed: true or false
true
judges can serve as a proxy for an incapacitated patient: true or false
true
life support machines may delay the onset of indicators of death: true or false
true
one of the characteristics of a profession is having a mechanism for maintaining standards and enforcements. this is known as a code of ethics: true or false
true
one way to prevent the power of attorney from lapsing when the person granting it becomes incapacitated is to authorize a durable power of attorney: true or false
true
prudence is not making moral judgment deduced from general norms such as principles, rules, or rights: true or false
true
prudential reasoning is one approach we will be taking to ethical decision making: true or false
true
situational awareness is the first of two stages of analysis where an attempt is made to discover and identify facts and values in a case study: true or false
true
substituted judgment is sometimes used even for those that never had decision making capacity: true or false
true
the more important source of today's doctrine of informed consent is not philosophical or sociological, but legal: true or false
true
the reasonable treatment standard can be used to override the substituted judgment standard: true or false
true
