Ethics review

protagoras

"man, each one himself is the measure of all things"

epicurus

"maximize pleasure and minimize pain and not to go to extremes"

jeremy bentham

1748 to 1832 was an english philosopher gave the theory the name and first systematic exposition in principles of legislation and moral utiltarianism

rawls

1900 harvard university professor, sees fairness as the value of ethics as a result of self interest

ayn rand

20th century philosopher and author egoist called her own philosophy objectivism argues that like hobbes humans ae rational egoists who should avoid alienating ourselves from others, living amicably with others is best for our own interest

identification, research, analysis, application, decision making, evaluation, reflection

7 steps in critical thinking (refer to essay)

the principle/ double effect

What is the name of the principle that natural law theorists use to resolve conflicts between competing goods? That is, what principle do they use to decide whether an action is morally allowed when it has more than one outcome, one that promotes a universal human good and one that interferes with a good?

socrates

Which philosopher was the first to use philosophical thinking to investigate questions about good and evil, right and wrong?

rawls original position

a hypothetical situation in which the participants in a social contract deliberate about the rules of conduct that will be strictly followed once they enter the society and would encompass people from all of time, no one can't take advantage of a specific social situation

argument

a series of statements that work together to establish the truth of some point

conflict of interest

a situation in which personal needs and interests are at odds with professional obligations

respect for persons categorical imperative

act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or that of another, always as an end and never as a means ONLY

immoral

actions that are contrary to good moral reasoning

piccolo machiavelli

advises acts of pure and sometimes ruthless selfishness in the renaissance period

deductive or inductive

all arguments are either:

genetic fallacy

an attempt to discredit a position by condemning its source or to establish a position by condemning the source of an opposing viewpoint, are fallacious because the quality does not depend on their sourcee, on facts

fallacy

an illogical argument, often appearing logical at first glance, involving a statement or statements that in one way or another deceive or mislead

protagoras and thryasymachus

ancient greece ethical egoist, advocated that there were no such things as universal moral values or principles

disinterested rationality

ant claims that we aren't reasoning based purely on self entered or purely on the interests of other

deontological

approach to ethics from immanuel kant, emphasizes moral duty

NO

are all moral theories correct?

premises

are the (mainly claims) reasons and evidence that are cited, directly, or indirectly, to support the conclusion, must see if they are true or false ex: are all planets in fact spherical? is it true that the earth is a planet?

act utilitarian

argue we should use the utility prince for every action we take

inductive argument

argument where the premises don't relate to each other, just the conclusion; are not truth preserving or entail conclusions; probably or just likely to be true

moral and intellectual

aristotle believed that there were two types of virtues:

golden mean

aristotle's definition of virtues as being balanced ex: extreme deficiency cowardice, virtue courage, extreme excess foolhardiness

fact statments

asserting the state of affairs

kant

asserts that our goodwill can trump our desires

nonconsequentialist theories

base morality on factors other than the results or outcomes of actions. these other factors can include duties, obligations, rights, laws of nature, or social contracts

ignorance

basing beliefs on lack of evidence

nonmoral

behaviors that do not fall into the scope of the ethics environment and that normally has no moral effects on others

eudaemonia

being well and living well, flourishing

contrastarían theories

believe that right and wrong are a matter of agreement

ethical egoism

believes that people ought to be selfish or at least self interested, believes that altruism is possible, consequential, no moral obligations to others

core of act utilitarianism

bentams utility principle, believed that pleasure and pain can be measured on a mathematical scale, calls hedonic calculus

socrates

but who first pointed out that questions of moral value are important and part of the philosophical enterprise?

teology

by aristotle and is the belief that every kind of thing exists to do something unique and specific and that when thing fulfills its own purpose it is good

categorical imperative

central ethical truth for deontology, act only on that maxim which you can at the same time will to be a universal law, universal law is good and violating it is wrong

slippery slope

chain reaction to an undesirable consequence, yet there is not sufficient logical reason

red herring

changing the subject like prisoners escaping and using a red herring to make the dog lose their trail

virtues

character traits that make up a moral life

natural law theories

conceive of morality and its rules as being part of the organization of the universe, that is moral principles govern the world just as much as scientific laws, where good and evil, right and wrong are not abstractions but are part of the constitution of the universe.

moral judgements

conclusions as to whether specific actions are ethically right or wrong

goodwill

constructed as a concept for ethical reasoning along with duty, is to do the right thing for its own sake

universal human goods

created by aquinas, health, human life, procreation, caring for children and their welfare, knowledge and the avoidance of ignorance, human relationships and the consideration of other people's interests, actions that violate these are wrong because the violate our fulfillment

right

derived from sanskrit, shares the same root as ritual and rite, the ritual thing is the right thing to do

moral

describes actions that are judged to be consistent with good ethical thinking and decision making; originated from the latin word morè which meant something like "the way people are"

atomostic

describes natural rights theory, considers the individuals are what matter from a moral perspective and communities second

situational ethics

determining what is right or good solely on the basis of the momentary context; this implies that what is right or good today in one situation may not be right tomorrow in another set of circumstances

ad hominem abusive (to the man)

discredits the person's integrity, character, or intelligence

utilitarian theory

emphasise the aim of producing the greatest possible good for the greatest possible number

natural law theory

emphasizes conduct based upon the perceived order inherent in the universe

egoism

emphasizes the aim of always acting for perceived self interest, usually in the long term and at the expense of others if necessary, threatens traditional ethics,

uncogent

erm to deceive an inductive argument for when the premises are false/ and or the argument is weak or implausible

thomas hobbes

ethical egoist masterpiece is leviathan and points that we are rational and selfish, was a psychological and ethical egoism and said that helping others were in our self interest

socrates

ethics and morality took on separate meanings after who

equal liberties principle by locke

everyone is entitled to as many rights and liberties as possible as long as rights and liberties are not taken from others, our only duty is to avoid violating these rights of others-

the equal liberties principle

everyone is entitled to as many rights and liberties as possible as long as several rights and liberties are not taken from others

equal opportunity principle

everyone should have equal and fair opportunities to improve his or her situations in life regardless of how you started or are rich or poor

what does virtue mean in latin and greek culture-

excellence, implies a kind of skill or capacity, as in someone who provides a virtuoso or skilled performance.

rule statement

expresses a general preposition on how things are or should be

false appeal fallacies

fallacies inappropriately appealing to an outside source to make one's argument stronger

false appeal to popularity

fallacy of claiming an idea is true because many others think so without considering general populations can be influenced so easily and can be wrong (like hitler)

inconsistency

fallacy of contradiction, saying one thing and doing the other to please others

action centered theory

focuses on the still picture of a particular action and judge the rightness or wrongness of it

thrasymachus

for him, whoever ruled a socketed determined the standard of justice

friedrich nietzsche

from 1844-1900 was a german philosophize- egoist, philosopher, and poet, insisted that the ultimate characteristic of a human being is a list for power and the the more a person pursued that interest, the more exemplary they are, can be interested in helping others, wolves in sheeps clothing successful

act utilitarianism

from jeremy bentham, maintains that the right thing to do in any situation is the action that produces the greatest possible good for the greatest possible number, uses net utility

theory

function of theories, comes from the ancient greek word, which means "a looking at, viewing, beholding, observing

ethicl/moral principles

general guidelines of ethical behavior; the should statements of ethics

logical fallacies (list them all)

genetic, equivocation, faulty causation, false appeal, ignorance, inconsistency, straw man, red herring, either/ or, hasty generalization, two wrongs make a right, is/ought confusion, questionable claim, begging the question,

john stuart mill

godson of jeremy bentham and is the other founder of classical utilitarianism

natural law theory principle

good is to be done and pursued and evil avoided-

deon

greek word for duty

rule utilitarianism

guiding human action is only one aspect of what ethical theories do, is more invasive in everyday life, uses rules from society to follow good conduct, follows rules want to produce a happier society and to others, follow rules of society as long as they are good

utilitarianism

has its roots in ancient greece, epicurus of 300 bce, first major proponent of hedonism

duty

if one has a right to d something the the rest of us have a "____" to avoid violating that right

unsound

if one part of an deductive argument is false

veil of ignorance

imaginary process that keeps the contractors in the original position from knowing specific facts about themselves that might influence their decisions

negative right

implies a freedom from interference from others, when you can have the right to obtain and work hard for something

socratic problems

inability to define whose ideas were whose in platos book

critical thinking

informed and logical thought or logical problem solving

critical thinking

informed and logical thought, or logical problem solving

rule utilitarianism

inspired by john stuart mill, maintains that the right thing to do is follow rules that promote the greatest possible good, assuming they are followed generally

ad hominem circumstantial

is prejudiced, doesn't use verbal abuse but rather discredits the opponent based on circumstances

nature

is used to find the purpose of things, is what makes a thing unique

net utility

know as the greatest happiness principle is the main idea of utilitarianism- the right action in any situation is the one that tend to produce the greatest possible balance of happiness over unhappiness for the greatest possible number- net utility

stoics

later greek thinkers, deeply influenced by the idea that morality is a function of natural purposes, where self-control is the ultimate virtue but leads to moral paralysis: if we can only control our reaction, why do anything?

kant

lived and taught in koensburg russia around jeffersons founding of murcia time and never left more then 30 miles outside which affected his thinking of the universal, was a devout lutheran involved in pietism, valued strict discipline, believed we are autonomous

two wrongs make a right

make our own wrongdoings right by pointing out others wrongs to avoid taking responsibility

false appeal to emotion

manipulate others into agreeing by playing on their feelings rather than logic using synonyms like evil, love, good, hate

david hume

modern supporter of moral virtue

values

moral qualities that are considered important and worthy

ethical issues

moral questions or problems; situations or actions that contain legitimate questions of moral right or wrong

rights

morally authorized claims that impose legitimate obligations on others, according to aristotle makes up our essence

propertyof moral theories

must be descriptive, must prove some explanation of moral good or evil. whatever else may be true of moral values they are concepts. they are also prescriptive in giving guidelines

god

natural rights theorists believe that ___ ordained that having rights is what makes us human beings

begging the question

one assumes the point to be proven in an effort to prove it, when one uses the conclusion of the argument as one of the premises in support of the same conclusion

moral virtue

personal ability to discern a situation and understand what is the right behavior to follow

hobbes, locke, bentham, kant

philosophers that gave us the idea that people have rights and society must balance individual welfare and overall good of the group;

courage, wisdom, self control, justice

plato took an approach to finding pure happiness by asking people what made them happy and boiled it down to four classical virtues:

hasty generalizations

poor inductive reasoning, sees a few examples or causes of something and stereotypes the findings onto a larger group, originates prejudices

ethical/moral issues

questions, problems, situations, or actions that contain legitimate matters of moral right or wrong

common form of syllogism

reasons form a rule statement and a fact statement and a conclusion

form of an argument

refers to an arguments structure

structure

refers to the nature of the logical relationship between the premises and the claim the argument purports to establish, must be related to the premises/claim ex: all planets are spheres, an orange is a sphere, therefore an orange is a planet

intellectual values

reflect what is unique and important about human nature like human reason or rationality, calmness, contemplation, reflection, wisdom, and knowledge

moral theories

represent the inheritance left by these great philosopher and are groups of systematically related ethical principles

natural scientific laws

reveal how the world is

natural moral laws

reveal how the world ought to be

life, liberty, and property

rights locke mentioned:

structure of a deductive argument

rigid and formal, the premises and conclusion must interrelate and both be true

false appeal to authority

sing experts authority innaporpriately, but can be appropriate such as when health officials say smoking is a hazard to our health but not when brad pitt says so

plato

socrates closest followers, responsible for what we know of socrates through "plato's dialogues", chose to right after seeing socrates confrontational death, established in 387 bce an academy

rule utilitarian

tells us we should use the utility principle for social rule and policies

cogent

term to describe an inductive argument if both the premises are true and the reasons make a strong argument for the conclusion being plausible or likely

is ought confusion

thats the way always it has been, argues the legitimacy of an idea, practice, or trait based on consistent ways, just because things are what they are doesn't mean it should be that way

plagiarism

the act of using the words, ideas, or creative works of others while giving the impression that the material is one's own creation

critical thinking

the active and systematic process of communication, problem solving, evaluations, analysis, synthesis, and reflection, both individually and in community, to foster understanding, support sound decision making, and guide action,

applied ethics

the actual use of moral standards of conduct in making decisions about human problems

legalism

the belief that ethical discussions are unnecessary because we have laws to govern people's behavior; or that ethical standards and legal standards are really the same

absolutism

the belief that there are no matters of opinion in ethics since all moral judgements are the same for everyone, coupled with the attitude that one's own opinions are the correct ones

relativism

the belief that there are no moral standards, judgements, or principles that apply to everyone;

cultural relativism

the belief that there are no moral standards, judgements, or principles that apply to everyone; that what is morally right and wrong varies from one culture to another

subjective relativism

the belief that there are no moral standards, judgements, or principles that apply to everyone; that what is morally right and wrong varies from one person to another

logic

the branch of philosophy that deals with the principles of good thinking and reasoning processes, subfield of philosophy; known as logical problem solving

likely or reasonably foreseeable outcomes

the egoist is responsibly only for

human nature

the fact that humans have rights defines this

argument

the foundation of logic that is a group of statements that work together to establish the truth of some point

factors that bentham maintained to be considered

the intensity of the pleasure and act tends to produce, the duration of the pleasure, the likelihood of ofccuringm the delay or immediacy in experiencing that pleasure, the potential act to produce pain, the number of people who experience the pleasure or pain

statistical correlation

the more often a happens the more often b happens, correlation does not prove causation

conclusion

the point that the premises were designed to support or demonstrate ex: therefore, finally so and so.......

form and force

the principal differences between deductive and inductive arguments can be summed up as:

psychological egoism

the psychological theory that people are inherently selfish, is a theory about how our mind actually works

ethics

the reasoned study of what is morally right and wrong, good and bad, comes from the Greek word ethos which means "the way things should be";

ethical egoism

the right action in any situation is the one that is most in the individuals long term best interests, what theory?

utiltarianism

the view that what we ought to do morally is produce the greatest possible utility for the greatest possible number of people, producing, intentions and motives do no matter

consequentialist theories

theories that base morality based on the results or outcomes of behaviors. actions with good consequences are morally right; actions with bad consequences are morally wrong

syllogism

there are numerous basic truth reserving deductive argument structures, but a classic aristotelian form is called a ; it consists of two premises/statements followed by a conclusion

the equal liberties principle, the equal opportunity principle, and the difference principle

three principles of justice in for rawls

either/or-false dichotomy or false dilemma,

tries to make others think they are in a logical trap by suggesting there are only two sides, limiting ones options even though there will always be more

act and rule

two different types of utilitarians

reason and eudaemonia

two qualities unique to human

enumerative induction

type of common form of inductive argument ex: premise #1 mars, is spherical premise #2 venus is spherical, and so on to conclusion: all planets are spherical

equivocation

uses ambiguity or play on words where a phrase can be unclear or its meaning is used in different ways

everyone

utilitarianism cares for who as a whole?

franklin

viewed people would be to corrupt and elect corrupt people, but hasn't been proven right

moral virtues

virtues we probably need in order to conduct well the normal affairs of daily life like self control, courage, gentleness and wittiness to do well in a community

virtuous, aristotle

we cannot flourish unless we are: by who?

altruism

what all egoistic theories share a common denial of, has to do with our ability to act unselfishly and act from concern for others

rational reflection

what are humans only capable of compared to other animals

rights and liberties, powers and opportunities, income and wealth, self respect

what are rawls four primary goods values on what all people would try to get-

justice, wisdom, courage, and temperance/self control

what are the four ultimate virtues according to plato?

authority, culture, emotion, intuition, reason

what are the origins of ethical beliefs according to doss (consequentialist)

security, due process/harsh punishments, liberty, political, equality, welfare

what are the six types of basic human rights?

the premises, the structure, the conclusion

what are the three parts of an argument?

theological, philosophical

what are the two main approaches to the study of ethics

plagiarism, bribery, misrepresentation, conspiracy, fabrication, collusion, duplicate submission, improper computer/calculator use

what are the types of academic misconduct?

right and wrong, praiseworthy or blameworthy

what distinguishes egoism and utilitarianism:

just because you study ethics doesnt make you an ethical person

what is the difference between doing ethics and being ethical

autonomy

what kant believed we are, means self law in greek auto, self

pure reason

what kant claims can solely motivate us but not hume who claims it is the slave of our passions

positive right

what locke established, must fulfill three criteria, where someone owes you

protects peoples rights

what locke's view of the government

reason

what makes humans unique

consequential and nonconsequential

what two groups do moral theories classify into?

agent centered theory

what virtue ethics is, focuses on the character of the person that perform the actions, if the person is good so will be their actions

faulty causation fallacies

when a casual argument is an attempt to show that one thing causes another but when no casual connection exists

straw man

when an arguer takes the opponents argument and distorts it, takes it out of context, or exaggerates it so that it might be more easily attacked, sets up your opponent

double effect

when bad consequences result from an attempt to do good, intent be good

questionable claim

when claims contradict with common knowledge, generalizes with words like all, every, never, etc

truth preserving

when deductive arguments are properly structured

sound

when the structure is valid and the statements and the premises are all true in a deductive argument

valid

when the structure of a deductive argument is logically correct regardless of conclusion results

invalid

when the structure of a deductive argument is not logically correct

the difference principle

when there have to be differences, the differences must be arranged for the greatest possible benefit of the least advantaged people

thomas aquinas

where does the fullest and most developed version of natural law theory come from?

social contract

where everyone agrees everything in a political or economic system is fair

post hoc (after the thing in a faulty causation fallacy)

where one event causes another, where one mistakes that the first event must have caused the second

Thales

who is credited with being the first truly philosophical thinker around 400 Bce?

aristotle

who liked ethics to be more inclusive in our personal lives than plato to have a more quality life and have people seek a golden mean between extremes in most things

aquinas adopts from aristotle that

who says that our purpose in life is to fulfill our human nature, and the foundation of ethics is to fulfill our purpose

plato and aristotle

who shared with socrates that conviction of logic and reason ought to guide is?

jeremy bentham and stuart mill

who tells us that satisfaction is identical with good

aquinas

who was the medieval moral theory thinker and formed the foundation for catholicism?

greek philosopher plato and his student Aristotle in fourth century bce

who were the earliest writers of ethics in the western world?

martin luther king jr

who wrote a letter from birmingham jail?

virtue ethos theory of socrates, plato, and aristotle-

who? focuses primarily on personal character, becoming the right kind of person by developing certain virtuous character traits

aristotle

whose ethics? means living a life of reason and logic, developing relationships, achieving happiness and fulfillment in a human being

aristotle

worlds first naturalist