ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

NEGATIVE CASE ANALYSIS

An ex post procedure of searching for disconfirming cases or evidence. If such evidence is located, then the generative hypothesis is appropriately modified to account for all cases

CULTURAL ORIENTATION

Observed or hypothesized influence of context on their perspectives

STAGES OF FIELDWORK

- Build trust and rapport in the beginning phase. - Stay alert and disciplined during the more routine, middle phase of fieldwork. How? - Charts/diagrams, story boards, consequence wheel, self-questioning - Focus on pulling together a synthesis as the fieldwork draws to a close or ending phase. In what ways? - Narrative analyses, negative case analyses, metacognition, critical reflection

KEYS TO WRITING AN ACCOUNT OF AN ETHNOGRAPHY

- Develop grounded interpretations of participants' actions must be uncovered through an investigation of what they do and their reasons for doing it. - Interpretation products are the researcher's descriptions of the themes located. - Requires that researchers be reflective about their impact on the research site and the cultural group

TYPES OF ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

- Ethnographic case study - Microethnography - Feminist ethonography - Postmodern ethnography

CHARACTRISTICS OF ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

- Face-to-face interaction with the participants - Accurate/faithful reflection of participants' perspectives and actions - Explores nature of particular social phenomena, rather than setting out to test hypotheses about them  - Questions/hypotheses are open-ended and evolve as the study unfolds

GUIDELINES FOR ETHNOGRAPHERS

- Look with new eyes on familiar situations - Look for contradictions and paradoxes - One way is through negative case analysis

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

- May use multiple data collection methods (e.g., interviews, observations, & review of documents, artifacts, etc.  - Searches for the meanings and functions of human actions. - Uses the concept of culture as a lens through which we interpret results.

PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION-PURPOSES

- Observe the activities of the target culture - Engage in the activities

WHY DO ETHNOGRAPHERS GENERALLY ENGAGE IN INTENSIVE PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

- To gain an emic (insider perspective) on the culture - To lower the affective filter of informants - To situate understandings or interpretations in context - To minimize the transcription onus

FACILITATING TECHNIQUES

- Tolerance for ambiguity - Letting go of control - Reciprocity

ETHNOGRAPHIC CASE STUDY

A form of ethnography that focuses on describing the activities of a specific group and the shared patterns of behaviour it develops over time

REALIST ETHNOGRAPHY

A form of ethnography written with an objective style and using common categories (e.g. family life) for cultural description, analysis and interpretation.

CRITICAL ETHNOGRAPHY

A highly poloticized form of ethnography written by a researcher to advocate against inequalities and domnation of particular groups that exist in society.

MICROETHNOGRAPHY

A study of a specific aspect of a cultural group and setting

FEMINIST ETHNOGRAPHY

A study of women and the cultural practices that serve to disempower and oppress them

POSTMODERN ETHNOGRAPHY

An account written to challenge the problems in our society

THREE AREAS OF CULTURE ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCHRS FOCUS ON

Cultural orientation Cultural beliefs Cultural know-how

ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

Ethnographic research is the study of the cultural patterns and perspectives of participants in their natural setting.

ERAS OF CIVILIZATION

Modernity - 1436-1975 Post-modern - 1975-1999 New Millennial - 2000 - 2014+

PRIVILEGED ACTIVE OBSERVER

Researcher may serve as an aide but is able to step back and forth within the role providing opportunities for observation

PASSIVE OBSERVER

Researcher only observes, no active role

ACTIVE PARTICIPANT OBSERVER

Researchers often negotiate roles as teachers' aides

CULTURE

The set of attitudes, values concepts, beliefs and practices shared by members of a group, a central construct in ethnographic research.

ETHNOGRAPHY

The study of groups. The narrative produced to summarize the results of such research

GOAL OF ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

To describe, analyze, and interpret the culture of a group, over time

CULTURAL KNOW-HOW

What is it?  Daily interactions, activities, outcomes of/for a cultural group Prowess that members have with certain actions or products considered a cultural norm

CULTURAL BELIEFS

Why the group does what it does and perceives what it does. Ideology