ets practice test incorrect and unsure Q's

A child who is 4 years and 4 months old is referred for assessment of speech sound development, with the following results. (stopping, fronting, gliding, final consonant deletion, epethensis) program? Select all that apply. A. Stopping B. Fronting C. Gliding D. Final consonant deletion E. Epenthesis

B & D Fronting and final consonant deletion should be suppressed earlier, as they make the biggest difference in intelligibility.

Which of the following views make up a standard videofluoroscopic swallow study? Select all that apply. A. Frontal B. Lateral C. Transverse D. Anterior-posterior

B & D B. lateral D. Anterior-posterior

Place the following aspects of phonological awareness in developmental order starting with the earliest skill to emerge. -Listing words that start with the same sound -Recognizing words that rhyme -Counting syllables in single words -Creating words by blending onset and rime

-Recognizing words that rhyme (30-36mths) -Counting syllables in single words (4 yrs) -Creating words by blending onset and rime (5 yrs) -Listing words that start with the same sound (6-7 yrs)

Match each treatment strategy with the type of dysarthria for which the strategy is most effective. -spastic -ataxic -flaccid -hyperkinetic A. using rhythmic or metered cueing B. implementing sensory tricks C. practicing relaxation exercises D. performing pushing-pulling exercises

-spastic: practicing relaxation exercises -ataxic: using rhythmic or metered cueing -flaccid: performing pushing-pulling exercises -hyperkinetic: implementing sensory tricks

Place the phonemes below in the order of typical acquisition. /p/ /θ/ /k/ /ʒ/

/p/ /k/ /θ/ /ʒ/

Which of the following factors contributes to UES opening? Select all that apply. A. Partial relaxation of the cricopharyngeal portion of the inferior constrictor muscle B. Superior and anterior hyolaryngeal excursion C. Velopharyngeal closure D. Posterior and inferior hyolaryngeal excursion

A & B A. Partial relaxation of the cricopharyngeal portion of the inferior constrictor muscle B. Superior and anterior hyolaryngeal excursion

A study is conducted to determine how well a dysphagia screening test predicts aspiration that is later confirmed with a videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSSV F S S). The study results are presented in the table below. -failed screen: asp: 45, no asp: 20 -passed screen: asp: 5, no asp: 30 Which TWO of the following statements about the results of a screening test are correct? A.Sensitivity is the proportion of people who fail the screening test who are aspirators B.Specificity is the proportion of people who pass the screening test who are aspirators C.Sensitivity is the proportion of people who pass the screening test who are not aspirators D.Specificity is the proportion of people who pass the screening test who are not aspirators

A & D A.Sensitivity is the proportion of people who fail the screening test who are aspirators D.Specificity is the proportion of people who pass the screening test who are not aspirators

A team of SLPs is evaluating whether a new language intervention is suitable for use with children who are on their caseload. The clinicians read an article documenting research on the effect of a novel treatment on the language performance of 30 children with specific language impairment. The researchers administered a standardized language test to the children before and after the treatment program. The children's posttreatment scores on the test were significantly higher than their pretreatment scores. This led the researchers to conclude that the treatment was highly effective. Based on the preceding description, which of the following appears to be a significant limitation of the design of the study? Select all that apply. A. The use of a single-group pretest-posttest design B. The absence of a control group C. The inability to rule out the possibility that the children's language scores improved for reasons other than the treatment D. The use of random assignment to place the children into the treatment group E. The number of participants in the study

A, B & C A. The use of a single-group pretest-posttest design B. The absence of a control group C. The inability to rule out the possibility that the children's language scores improved for reasons other than the treatment

An SLP who is treating an adolescent who stutters designs a treatment plan that includes three fluency management strategies: prolonged speech, cancellation, and pullout. Which of the following is true about the use of these treatment strategies? Select all that apply. A. Use of prolonged speech is likely to reduce the frequency of part-word repetitions and sound prolongations significantly. B. Each of the three strategies entails deliberate regulation of speech motor movements. C. The client will seek to apply cancellation whenever he feels anxious about the possibility of stuttering overtly. D. The client will seek to apply pullout during the course of part-word repetition or sound prolongation.

A, B & D A. Use of prolonged speech is likely to reduce the frequency of part-word repetitions and sound prolongations significantly. B. Each of the three strategies entails deliberate regulation of speech motor movements. D. The client will seek to apply pullout during the course of part-word repetition or sound prolongation.

Fela is a third-grade student in a public school. She is a speaker of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) who has difficulty with the Standard American English (SAE) dialect used in her classroom. Her teacher believes that Fela's language skills are affecting her academic performance and has referred her to the school's speech-language pathologist. Which of the following is an appropriate rationale for providing language intervention for Fela? (multiple answer) A. It will likely foster better communication with Fela's linguistically and culturally diverse peers. B. It will likely improve Fela's code-switching ability with her teacher and other adult speakers of SAE. C. It may expand Fela's later academic and vocational opportunities. D. It will likely lead Fela to adopt SAE as her primary dialect.

A, B, C A. It will likely foster better communication with Fela's linguistically and culturally diverse peers. B. It will likely improve Fela's code-switching ability with her teacher and other adult speakers of SAE. C. It may expand Fela's later academic and vocational opportunities.

Which THREE of the following variables are considered risk factors for late language emergence? A.Male gender B.Access to print material C.Low socioeconomic status D.Moderately low birth weight E.Exposure to rich and varied vocabulary

A, C & D A.Male gender C.Low socioeconomic status D.Moderately low birth weight

Naturalistic teaching chiefly involves which of the following? A. Establishing successful and useful communication B. Using multiple trials and training techniques C. Using more adult-initiated interactions than child-initiated interactions D. Using differential reinforcement, fading, and modeling

A. Establishing successful and useful communication

A study is conducted to determine how well a dysphagia screening test predicts aspiration that is later confirmed with a videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSSV F S S). The study results are presented in the table below. -failed screen: asp: 45, no asp: 20 -passed screen: asp: 5, no asp: 30 Which THREE of the following statements about this dysphagia screening test are true? A.The screening test's sensitivity is 90% B.The screening test's sensitivity is 69% C.The screening test's specificity is 90% D.The screening test's specificity is 60% E.The number of false negatives was 5 F.The number of false negatives was 20

A, D & E A.The screening test's sensitivity is 90% D.The screening test's specificity is 60% E.The number of false negatives was 5

Which of the following, if observed in the speech of an African American child, is most likely to represent a dialectical variation rather than an articulation error? A. /f/ for /θ/ in postvocalic position B. /θ/ for /s/ in all positions C. Affricates for fricatives in word-final position D. Dentals for velars in word-initial position

A. /f/ for /θ/ in postvocalic position

Which of the following statements best reflects the role of stimulability in generating a prognosis for remediation of gliding in a 9-year-old child? A. A child who is not stimulable for /r/, as in the word run will require treatment for the sound to be acquired. B. Even if the child is not stimulable for /r/, as in the word run, the sound will still develop without treatment. C. If the child is stimulable for /l/, as in the word last, the SLPS L P can expect the /r/, as in the word run to improve at the same rate. D. Stimulability does not play a role in determining a prognosis for remediation of speech sound disorders.

A. A child who is not stimulable for /r/, as in the word run will require treatment for the sound to be acquired.

Which of the following is the ratio of reinforcement that will most quickly cause a newly acquired behavior to be habituated? A. A random ratio of tokens to correct responses B. A ratio of 1 token to 1 correct response C. A ratio of 1 token to 4 correct responses only D. A ratio of 1 token to 10 correct responses only

A. A random ratio of tokens to correct responses When the goal is to reinforce a behavior that has already been acquired, a random ratio of tokens to correct responses creates an intermittent reinforcement schedule and is the most effective. Such a reinforcement schedule decreases the client's dependence on the token reward.

Place the examples of assessment tasks with the type of attention that is primarily being evaluated. A. Alternating attention B. sustained attention C. Selective attention D. Working memory -Listening to a list of spoken words for a target word -Focusing on hearing a person speaking while the television is on -Mentally solving a complex math problem -Sorting playing cards by color, then by number, and then by color again

A. Alternating attention: Sorting playing cards by color, then by number, and then by color again B. Sustained attention: Focusing on hearing a person speaking while the television is on C. Selective Attention: Listening to a list of spoken words for a target word D. Working memory: Mentally solving a complex math problem

A client exhibits weakness, atrophy, and fasciculations of the right side of the tongue and lower face. The client also has right vocal-fold weakness and nasal regurgitation of fluid when swallowing. These problems are the result of damage to which part of the nervous system? A. Brain stem B. Cerebellum C. Left cerebral cortex D. Right cerebral cortex

A. Brain stem escribed symptoms are all consistent with a lower motor neuron locus and suspected cranial nerve abnormalities (primarily CN X and XII). These cranial nerves emerge directly from the brain stem and help mediate the transfer of messages from the brain to the brain stem and to the structures of the head and neck.

A kindergarten teacher requests a speech screening for a student who is 5 years, 2 months old. The teacher observes that the student has a lisp during conversation and reading activities. Results of the screening note an interdental sound production for /s/s, as in the word sit and /z/z, as in the word zebra in all positions of words. The oral peripheral screening appears unremarkable and adequate for speech production. Which of the following summary recommendations is most appropriate based on the student's screening results? A. Interdental production of /s/s, as in the word sit and /z/z, as in the word zebra sounds are within range of typical development. Continue to monitor and reassess in one year. B.Interdental production of /s/s, as in the word sit and /z/z, as in the word zebra sounds are not within the range of typical development. An evaluation is recommended. C. Interdental production of the /s/s, as in the word sit sound is within the range of typical development, while /z/z, as in the word zebra sound errors are not. RTIR T I intervention is recommended. D.Correct production of /s/s, as in the word sit and /z/z, as in the word zebra sounds is emerging, and the student should be rescreened in three months.

A. Interdental production of /s/s, as in the word sit and /z/z, as in the word zebra sounds are within range of typical development. Continue to monitor and reassess in one year.

An SLP must assess receptive language and expressive language in a developing language learner. Which of the following standardized assessments is best for each task? For each row, select all that apply. Some rows may be empty. (choose receptive lang, expressive lang. or both for each option) A. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test- Revised B. Clinical evaluation of Language Fundamentals- Preschool C. Preschool Language Scales

A. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test- Revised (RECEPTIVE ONLY) B. Clinical evaluation of Language Fundamentals- Preschool (expressive & receptive) C. Preschool Language Scales (expressive and receptive)

A 28-year-old female self-refers for a voice evaluation. She exhibits a variable dysphonia (it is present in some sentences but not in others) which presents as mild-to-moderate roughness. The SLPS L P desires more objective data about the patient's voice quality. Based on the information obtained so far, which of the following assessments best complements the perceptual assessment to help the SLPS L P determine the underlying physiological impairment(s)? A. Performing acoustic assessment B. Obtaining history of the problem C. Using the Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPEC A P E-V) D. Administering the Voice Handicap Index (VHIV H I)

A. Performing acoustic assessment

A clinician who employs active listening is doing which of the following? A. Responding to both the content and the affect of the client's remarks B. Listening very carefully and taking extensive notes C. Conducting a clinician-directed interview D. Directing the client to specific answers to questions

A. Responding to both the content and the affect of the client's remarks

Linguistic approaches to the treatment of sound-production errors in children are based on the notion that the errors are systematic and rule-based and that the goal of treatment is to modify a child's rule system to approximate the rule system used by adults. Which of the following is a treatment objective that reflects a linguistic approach to treatment? A. The child will contrast alveolar stops with velar stops in meaningful word pairs. B. The child will produce voiceless alveolar sibilants correctly in unstructured conversation. C. The child will coarticulate stop plus liquid clusters as easily as other children of the same age. D. The child will recognize and identify phonetic distortions of his or her error sound.

A. The child will contrast alveolar stops with velar stops in meaningful word pairs. The objective refers to speech sounds in terms of general distinctive-feature classes, rather than in terms of isolated phonemes or overly specific classifications.

An SLP receives a referral regarding a 4-year-old boy who uses two words spontaneously and functionally, who began walking at 3 years of age, and who responds to his name inconsistently. On the basis of the information alone, the SLP can legitimately conclude that the child's communication profile reflects A. a developmental delay B. autism spectrum disorder C. a chromosomal anomaly D. a metabolic disorder

A. a developmental delay

Place the names of the following theorists with their associated concepts. -piaget -skinner -vygotsky -chomsky A. discriminative stimulus B. ZPD C. Language generativity D. Object permanence

A. discriminative stimulus: skinner B. ZPD: vygotsky C. Language generativity: chomsky D. Object permanence: piaget

Immediately following removal of a benign tumor from the base of the brain, a 76-year-old client exhibits severe nasalization and a weak, breathy voice. A four-month postsurgical assessment reveals no improvement. At this time, the remediation strategy for this client should focus on A. evaluation for prosthetic or surgical intervention B. strengthening exercises for the oral articulators C. a trial period using the yawn-sign technique D. complete vocal rest

A. evaluation for prosthetic or surgical intervention The client has a resonance and phonation disorder indicative of velopharyngeal and laryngeal problems. The velopharyngeal problem could be assisted by prosthetic or surgical intervention.

A single exposure of several hours duration to continuous music with an overall level of 100 dB SPL will most likely produce A. tinnitus and a temporary threshold shift in high frequencies B. tinnitus and a distortion of speech perception C. a temporary threshold shift in the low frequencies D. a permanent threshold shift

A. tinnitus and a temporary threshold shift in high frequencies

A 9-month-old child was observed during a speech-language evaluation. To express herself, the child occasionally touched her mother, gained eye contact, and then gestured toward an object. If the child's development is normal, within the next month or so the child will begin to A. use consistent sound and intonation patterns as signals for specific intentions B. reach for objects that she desires C. establish joint reference with her caretaker D. use recognizable words and phrases to express her intentions

A. use consistent sound and intonation patterns as signals for specific intentions

Which of the following statements best represents a syntactic structure characteristic of Spanish-influenced English? A."She no do laundry today." B."He is going?" C."Lady her shoes." D."She be runnin' fast."

A."She no do laundry today."

*case study* sophia 6 y.o. short sentences and lack of details Based on Sofia's case history and presenting problem, which of the following is most likely the etiology of her suspected language disorder? A.A developmental disorder B.A psychogenic disorder C.An auditory processing disorder D.An acquired disorder

A.A developmental disorder

Which of the following statements regarding statistical significance is true? A.A statistically significant difference can occur between experimental groups and control groups even if the magnitude of difference between the groups is quite small. B.If a statistically significant difference between groups occurs, it means that large and important change occurs in at least one of the groups. C.Statistically significant findings in a clinical research study suggest that the treatment is successful and highly recommended. D.The terms "statistically significant" and "clinically significant" are interchangeable

A.A statistically significant difference can occur between experimental groups and control groups even if the magnitude of difference between the groups is quite small.

A 62-year-old male presents to an outpatient SLP following an extended stay at a rehabilitation facility. He had a left-hemisphere stroke three months ago and currently has moderate Broca's aphasia and severe apraxia of speech. It is difficult for him to participate in conversation because of the combination of his word-finding deficits and apraxia of speech. The patient's normal speech pattern consists of one- to two-word phrases, at times including paraphasias. He is able to write but often misspells words. During evaluation, the SLP finds the patient is able to initiate communication, recognize and categorize picture symbols, and comprehend familiar words and phrases. In general, his communication is fragmented and inefficient, but he will try anything to get his message across. Which of the following AAC treatment strategies would be most appropriate for the patient to start with? A.Accessing stored messages in a speech-generating device B.Learning sign language C.Answering multiple-choice questions and writing answers D.Using a 20-item picture board to convey essential wants and needs

A.Accessing stored messages in a speech-generating device

Which of the following is the most common phonological problem evidenced by young children aged 18-29 months? A.Cluster reduction B.Velar fronting C.Nasal assimilation D.Dimunitization

A.Cluster reduction A summary of various studies has shown this to be the most prevalent pattern along with liquid gliding.

Which of the following techniques is most effective when treating phonation in a patient with spastic dysarthria? A.Completing head and neck relaxation exercises B.Engaging in lip-stretching exercises C.Providing instruction in phonetic placement D.Working on pitch-range exercises

A.Completing head and neck relaxation exercises (to assist in reducing hyperadduction of the VFs)

An SLPS L P works at a voice clinic and learns that a patient, who has arrived for an initial voice evaluation, has not received medical evaluation by a laryngologist. Which of the following actions is the best plan for referring the patient to a laryngologist for a medical evaluation? A.Completing the voice evaluation and referring the patient to a laryngologist for a medical evaluation prior to initiating therapeutic intervention B.Completing the voice evaluation and treatment plan, as the SLPS L P is not required to obtain medical information from a physician and can diagnose and treat voice disorders without referring the patient C.Completing the voice evaluation and referring the patient to a laryngologist while initiating therapeutic intervention, knowing that the patient will see the laryngologist soon D.Deferring the voice evaluation until after the patient has seen a laryngologist for a medical evaluation

A.Completing the voice evaluation and referring the patient to a laryngologist for a medical evaluation prior to initiating therapeutic intervention

Which of the following conditions is primarily characterized by premature closure of the sutures of the skull? A.Craniosynostosis B.Craniopharyngioma C.Deformational plagiocephaly D.Positional plagiocephaly

A.Craniosynostosis

Inhalation during respiration is primarily carried out through the movement of which of the following muscles or muscle groups? A.Diaphragm B.Internal intercostals C.External intercostals D.Scalenes

A.Diaphragm The diaphragm is the muscle that creates the most volume in the lungs.

*case study question* 82 y.o. female pt Question: Which of the following treatment procedures is most appropriate for the patient? A.Engaging in spaced retrieval B.Naming divergent items C.Following specific directions D.Completing word searches

A.Engaging in spaced retrieval The patient's goal is to return to prior level of function (PLOF ). The patient was able to live independently before her admission, so spaced retrieval techniques will help her to return to her previous level of memory ability or at least teach her compensatory strategies to assist with her memory loss, since she does not yet have a diagnosis of dementia.

*case study question* Alan Which of the following cognitive rehabilitation practices is most appropriate for the SLP to use to help increase Alan's success in learning basic information about his external memory aid? A.Errorless learning B.Attention process training C.Method of vanishing cues D.Expanded rehearsal

A.Errorless learning

A 75-year-old man presents with conversational speech characterized by prolonged silent intervals and hypophonia. Resonance is normal, but voice quality is rough and tremulous. Pitch is relatively unaffected. There is no evidence of speech deterioration over time. Which of the following diagnoses is the most reasonable based on the patient's data? A.Hypokinetic dysarthria B.Ataxic dysarthria C.Hyperkinetic dysarthria D.Flaccid dysarthria

A.Hypokinetic dysarthria

Which of the following statements best explains why thickened liquids for adult patients with dysphagia should be used with caution? A.Patients dislike thickened liquids and therefore do not drink enough, resulting in dehydration. B.The thickened liquid becomes thinner as it sits at the bedside, negating the liquid's benefit as a compensatory diet modification. C.Patients need twice as much thickened liquid because it provides half the hydration that thin liquid provides. D.Thickened liquids are aspirated more frequently than thin liquids.

A.Patients dislike thickened liquids and therefore do not drink enough, resulting in dehydration.

Which of the following must a child first be able to do before the child can produce narratives? A.Produce several utterances on the same topic B.Use past and future tenses C.Express a sequence using "then" or "next" D.Produce compound sentences using "and"

A.Produce several utterances on the same topic

Which of the following signs of dysphagia is the most common oral-stage observation when assessing a patient with Parkinson's Disease? A.Repeated nonpropulsive lingual movements B.Eating quickly and impulsively C.Spilling liquids out of mouth because of poor labial seal D.Holding food in mouth because of poor sensation

A.Repeated nonpropulsive lingual movements (lingual festination)

Joe, an 18-year-old male, sustained a severe traumatic brain injury following a motorcycle accident. He was in a coma for approximately four weeks before being transferred to a rehabilitation program. Joe demonstrates severe attention deficits, anomia, disorientation, and poor short-term memory. Which of the following should be the initial target area in the treatment plan? A.Retraining attention as a discrete cognitive process B.Using declarative memory as an active learning strategy C.Using implicit memory as a passive learning strategy D.Reality orientation training

A.Retraining attention as a discrete cognitive process

Clinician: "What do you have there?" Child: "I had a big bus." Clinician: "Is that right?" Child: "Uh, I have a big bus." Clinician: "Now, is that right?" Child: "Yeah." What language-stimulation technique is the clinician using in the above exchange? A.Self-evaluation B.Rephrasing C.Reauditorization D.Parallel talking

A.Self-evaluation the clinician is using prompts to have the child self-evaluate his or her own statements.

An SLP receives a referral from an audiologist for a 72-year-old woman who demonstrates a moderate to severe bilateral sensorineural hearing loss preventing her from participating in social activities. Which of the following best identifies the SLP's role? A.Training in speech reading B.Prescribing hearing aids C.Performing an auditory evaluation D.Using auditory integration training

A.Training in speech reading Providing speech-reading therapy is a primary role for SLPs as it enhances the overall communicative competency for the client.

Which of the following benchmarks best aligns with current research on typical communication development for 3-year-old children? A.Understanding approximately 1,000 words B.Using irregular third-person-singular verb forms C.Having a mean length of utterance (MLUM L U) in morphemes of six D.Producing approximately ten consonant phonemes accurately

A.Understanding approximately 1,000 words

To compensate for the effects of normal aging on cognitive functions, older adults will naturally demonstrate A.greater amounts of bilateral activation of prefrontal brain regions B.significant reduction in the activation of the hippocampus C.increased activation in areas of the cortex responsible for visual-spatial processing D.an increase in semantic abilities that do not rely on long-term memory abilities

A.greater amounts of bilateral activation of prefrontal brain regions

An SLPS L P developed a new approach to the treatment of school-age children with specific language impairment. To determine whether this approach is effective, the language abilities of these children following treatment should be compared with the language abilities of A.similar children who did not receive treatment B.similar children who received a different treatment with known efficacy C.similar children who also received this treatment D.these children one year after the termination of treatment

A.similar children who did not receive treatment

The following components of a case history were collected from a medical record review and interview with a patient and the patient's caregiver. The patient has a prior history of all of the following conditions, but only three of them are significant predictors of an elevated likelihood of clinically significant dysphagia. Which THREE of the following historical items at the time of the referral to the SLPS L P are suggestive of an elevated likelihood of clinically significant dysphagia in a 70-year-old adult? A.The patient had pneumonia as a child and then again 10 years ago. B.The patient has a history of stroke or other neurological disease. C.The patient has been losing weight since recovering from anterior cervical spine fusion. D.The patient was cured of pharyngeal cancer with radiation therapy 30 years ago. E.The patient was intubated for surgery and routinely extubated postoperatively 24 hours before the SLPS L P consult. F.The patient has a history of spasmodic dysphonia and underwent botulinum toxin injection 10 years ago.

B, C, D B.The patient has a history of stroke or other neurological disease. C.The patient has been losing weight since recovering from anterior cervical spine fusion. D.The patient was cured of pharyngeal cancer with radiation therapy 30 years ago.

A two-year-old child produces the following utterances during a play-based conversation with her mother. (no kitty, my doggie, no goat, kitty house, big kitty, doggie ball) Which of the following semantic-syntactic constructions does the child show evidence of using? Select all that apply. A. Disappearance B. Denial C. Possessor + possession D. Attribute + entity E. Agent + action

B, C, D, E B. Denial: "no kitty" C. possessor + possession: "my doggie" D. attribute + entity: "big kitty" E. agent + action: "doggie ball"

*case study* infant with cleft lip Which THREE of the following treatment strategies is most appropriate for the patient if the SLPS L P finds the infant is safe for continued oral breastfeeding and follows up with the infant and mother with therapy and education prior to discharge home from the hospital? A.Introducing external pacing with the infant's intake rate to support airway protection B.Providing the mother with contact information for the local cleft lip and palate team for ongoing care and support C.Incorporating adaptive seating for the infant during oral feedings D.Positioning the infant in the optimal feeding position at the mother's breast E.Completing education with the infant's mother about feeding interactions, strategies, and oral care

B, D, E B.Providing the mother with contact information for the local cleft lip and palate team for ongoing care and support D.Positioning the infant in the optimal feeding position at the mother's breast E.Completing education with the infant's mother about feeding interactions, strategies, and oral care

A 60-year-old male is referred to the SLPS L P in an acute rehabilitation center for a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSSV F S S) following a first-time stroke: a lateral medullary stroke damaging the right nucleus ambiguus and other centers. The clinical examination revealed ptosis of the left eye, soft palate elevation to the right of midline, symmetrical lingual protrusion, and a breathy dysphonia with precise articulation of all consonants. The patient is unable to swallow his saliva and coughs when he attempts to do so. Based on the stroke type and clinical examination observations, which THREE of the following swallow impairments would the SLPS L P likely observe on the VFSSV F S S? A.Incomplete clearance of material from the oral cavity B.Impaired or absent opening of the upper esophageal sphincter C.Anterior loss of bolus contents during the oral preparatory stage D.Nasopharyngeal regurgitation during the pharyngeal stage E.Adequate excursion of the hyolaryngeal complex F.Unilateral pharyngeal paralysis

B, D, F B.Impaired or absent opening of the upper esophageal sphincter D.Nasopharyngeal regurgitation during the pharyngeal stage F.Unilateral pharyngeal paralysis

Which of the following provides the most important diagnostic information to an SLP making a differential diagnosis between childhood apraxia of speech and flaccid dysarthria in a child? A. The child's articulation performance at the sentence level B. A history of the child's development of chewing, eating, and swallowing C. A history of the child's language development D. The child's willingness to function in sociocommunicative events

B. A history of the child's development of chewing, eating, and swallowing A child with childhood apraxia of speech does not have difficulties with chewing, eating, and swallowing, whereas a child with flaccid dysarthria is likely to have such difficulties.

Cognitive therapy for stuttering focuses on which of the following? A. Extinguishing the overt, dysfluent speech behavior by withholding positive reinforcement B. Changing distorted beliefs about self-efficacy and the need to speak with complete fluency C. Providing positive reinforcement during periods of fluent speech D. Reducing dysfluent speech behavior by using visual imaging

B. Changing distorted beliefs about self-efficacy and the need to speak with complete fluency

Which of the following is most important for an SLP to do when assessing a child who has an acquired brain injury? A. Evaluate pragmatics through a structured language test B. Compare premorbid performance with present performance C. Ensure administration of an intelligence test D. Compare nonverbal performance with verbal performance

B. Compare premorbid performance with present performance

Which of the following errors is likely to persist the longest in the speech of children who are learning Standard American English (SAE) as a first language and are following the normal developmental course for speech and language acquisition? A. Assimilation B. Consonant cluster reduction C. Final-consonant deletion D. Velar fronting

B. Consonant cluster reduction

A speech-and-hearing clinic has recently opened, but referrals are slow in coming. Which of the following would be most appropriate and effective for the clinic's director to do first? A. Ask local hospitals to provide names of recent clients likely to need speech-language services B. Identify and define the major consumer groups and referral sources, and develop a plan to reach them C. Identify the weaknesses in the competition, and inform consumer groups and referral sources of the weaknesses D. Wait for demand to increase on its own, because marketing speech-language services is against the ASHA Code of Ethics

B. Identify and define the major consumer groups and referral sources, and develop a plan to reach them

Which of the following is an accurate statement about whispered speech? A. It is produced by approximating the arytenoid cartilages so that their medial surfaces are in direct contact. B. It is composed largely of aperiodic sounds. C. Spectrographic analysis of it reveals no discernible formants for the vowels. D. Most people can produce longer utterances per breath using it than they can using conventional phonation.

B. It is composed largely of aperiodic sounds.

*case study question* 82 y.o. female pt Which of the following diagnoses is most appropriate for this patient? A.Cognitive communication deficit B.Other symbolic dysfunction C.Age-related cognitive decline D.Mild cognitive impairment

B. Other symbolic dysfunction When treating a patient for a cognitive impairment not caused by a stroke, SLPs should use a diagnosis of other symbolic dysfunction.

Which of the following conditions is primarily associated with a short lingual frenulum, heart-shaped tongue tip, and a failure to elevate the tongue tip beyond the mandibular incisors, as revealed during oral-facial examination? A.Bulbar palsy B.Ankyloglossia C.Glossoptosis D.Congenital lip pitsB.Ankyloglossia

B.Ankyloglossia

*case study* VFSS pt. suspected dysphagia 2/2 stroke When the patient attempted the chin-down posture during the VFSSV F S S, which of the following observations was the SLPS L P most likely to make? A.Aspiration from the pyriform sinuses was eliminated. B.Aspiration from the pyriform sinuses was not eliminated. C.The space between the tongue base and posterior pharyngeal wall increased. D.The vallecular space became more narrow, preventing aspiration.

B.Aspiration from the pyriform sinuses was not eliminated.

Six months ago, an SLP evaluated 4-year-old Molly's speech fluency during conversation. At that time, she displayed physically relaxed repetitions of words and phrases (occurring at a frequency of 2 per 100 words), and interjections such as "um" (occurring at a frequency of 1 per 100 words). She did not display any sound prolongations or facial grimaces; she did not produce any pitch rises or phonatory breaks; and she did not appear to avoid any sounds or words. Results from several formal tests suggested that her articulation and language development were within normal limits. Molly reportedly began producing repetitions and interjections at age 24 months, and the frequency of these disfluency types reportedly has remained stable since then. The SLP did not recommend speech-language intervention following the previous evaluation; however, she did provide the parents with information about fluency development, symptoms of stuttering, and general suggestions for how to facilitate children's fluency. A reevaluation is scheduled for next week. Which of the following is most appropriate for the SLP to do if Molly's speech fluency has remained the same since the previous evaluation? A.Recommend that Molly immediately begin fluency therapy, in which the focus is on reducing the frequency of repetitions and interjections in her conversational speech B. Recommend that Molly be released from the SLP's active caseload C. Recommend that Molly be referred for psychological counseling, with a focus on on helping Molly improve speech fluency by learning how to manage anxiety more effectively D. Recommend monthly evaluations of Molly's speech fluency until she is five years old

B. Recommend that Molly be released from the SLP's active caseload Molly's fluency development was within normal limits at the previous evaluation, and, based on the parents' report, it also seemed to be within normal limits at age 2. Further, no other concerns about Molly's communication development were mentioned in the scenario. Thus, it appears that Molly has never stuttered and her communication skills have been and continue to be within normal limits. Therefore, it is unnecessary to reevaluate her speech or enroll her in fluency therapy.

Language intervention for a child at the one-word stage should be most strongly influenced by a consideration of the child's A. motor skills B. cognitive skills C. syntactic skills D. articulation skills

B. cognitive skills the cognitive skills of a child at the one-word stage will most strongly influence the child's speech-language responses, so language intervention for the child should take into account the child's cognitive skills.

Following placement of a tracheostomy tube, a patient recovering from cardiothoracic surgery is successfully weaned from mechanical ventilation. A day later the SLP receives a consult to assess patient candidacy for using a one-way tracheostomy valve. Which of the following observations is the most important contraindication for safe and successful patient tolerance of the one-way valve? A.Oxygen saturation below 95% B.Ability of patient to pass air to the oral cavity while exhaling with the tube cannula occluded by the SLP C.Patient ability to expectorate lung secretions without suctioning D.Patient tolerance of the deflated cuff

B.Ability of patient to pass air to the oral cavity while exhaling with the tube cannula occluded by the SLP

*case study question* Alan Which of the following tools is most appropriate to evaluate Alan's functional communication skills? A.Western Aphasia Battery-Revised B.Communication Activities of Daily Living-Second Edition C.Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination-Third Edition D.Test of Everyday Attention

B.Communication Activities of Daily Living-Second Edition The CADL-2 is the best tool for evaluating functional communication skills in people with neurological communication disorders. It measures receptive and expressive language, as well as social use of language, gestures, and humor.

An SLPS L P just completed an aphasia evaluation with an aphasia battery. The results of the battery show that the patient with aphasia produces very fluent speech but makes many phonemic errors. When producing phonemic errors, the patient stops to try and get the word right with multiple attempts (e.g.for example., for the word screwdriver, the patient said "Cewdriver, dewdiver, screwdriver."). The patient also had relatively good comprehension but a pronounced repetition impairment. The patient's results are most consistent with which of the following type of aphasia? A.Broca's aphasia B.Conduction aphasia C.Wernicke's aphasia D.Anomic aphasia

B.Conduction aphasia

A child with developmental apraxia of speech is not making progress in a school setting. The parents wish to schedule additional therapy. An SLPS L P in a local clinic evaluates and determines that a more individualized treatment plan is warranted. Which of the following actions is most appropriate for the SLPS L P at the local clinic to take to ensure the child receives necessary treatment? A.Recommending the parents stop school treatment given the lack of progress B.Contacting the child's school SLP to coordinate treatment plans C.Encouraging private SLP treatment using a smaller group setting D.Suggesting additional treatment at the local SLP clinic using the same tasks used by the school SLP

B.Contacting the child's school SLP to coordinate treatment plans

For a patient with potential pharyngeal phase dysphagia and pooling of secretions following open-heart surgery with suspected recurrent laryngeal nerve damage, which of the following instrumental examinations for swallowing provides the most direct view for evaluating the patient based on history and suspected difficulties? A.Upper gastrointestinal (GI) series B.Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) C.Videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) D.Videostroboscopic examination of vocal folds

B.Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) Recurrent laryngeal nerve damage during open-heart surgery would only involve the left vocal fold. This swallowing instrumental examination allows for both assessment for pharyngeal phase dysphagia, by presenting foods and liquids during the assessment procedure, and a direct view of the functioning of both vocal folds, as well as determining the pooling of secretions.

According to current research, which of the following is most contributing to a rise in oropharyngeal cancers in the United States? A.Cigarettes B.Human papillomavirus (HPV) C.Alcohol D.Smokeless tobacco

B.Human papillomavirus (HPV)

*case study* sophia 6 y.o. short sentences and lack of details To obtain the most valuable information related to Sophia's future reading skills, the SLPS L P should assess which of the following? A.Receptive vocabulary B.Morphological awareness C.Articulation skills D.Comprehension of one-step directions

B.Morphological awareness

*case study* CTE Based on the long-term prognosis for CTE, which of the following interventions by the SLP is most likely to benefit Brennan? A.Word retrieval strategies B.Patient/family counseling C.Executive function retraining D.Spaced retrieval training

B.Patient/family counseling Because CTE is a progressive neurological illness with limited empirical evidence of most effective treatments, the first step for SLPs is to provide counseling and supports.

The commonly used chin-down posture was initially developed to eliminate thin-liquid aspiration in people with delayed pharyngeal stage onset after having a stroke, and when its efficacy was investigated, it was found to be 50% effective. For whom is the chin-down posture ineffective at eliminating thin-liquid aspiration? A.People who have cricopharyngeal dysfunction B.People who aspirate residue from the pyriform sinuses C.People who have impaired lingual function D.People who aspirate residue from the valleculae

B.People who aspirate residue from the pyriform sinuses

The parents of an 8-year-old boy who stutters are upset because their child was placed in the lowest reading group at school because of his poor performance on an oral reading fluency assessment in the classroom. The parents are very sure that their child is reading at an average to above-average level compared to his classmates. The SLP'sS L P's informal observations of the boy's reading performance during fluency therapy sessions are consistent with the parents' report. Which of the following is the most appropriate way for the SLPS L P to advocate for the boy? A.Offer to conduct a reading assessment with the boy and report the score to the boy's teacher. B.Recommend that the teacher reassess the child's reading level with an assessment that uses silent reading. C.Wait until the child's speech improves in therapy, and then ask the child's teacher to readminister the oral reading assessment. D.Encourage the child to continue practicing oral reading to demonstrate to his teacher that individuals who stutter can read as well as other people.

B.Recommend that the teacher reassess the child's reading level with an assessment that uses silent reading.

An aphasia evaluation of a 68-year-old retired woman reveals utterances of one to two words, no apraxia of speech, and relatively good comprehension. When the patient makes production errors, they are typically semantic errors and she attempts to correct them, often with success. Her goal is to use more words to convey ideas using complete sentences. She is active and wants to communicate in various settings, such as at her volunteer job, with her family, and when traveling. Which of the following treatments best prioritizes the patient's language needs and personal goals? A.Providing a script for the patient to recite that allows her to tell people about her stroke B.Starting Verb Network Strengthening Treatment (VNeST) to increase word retrieval in untrained discourse C.Engaging the patient in semantic feature analysis (SFA) to teach her self-cuing techniques and aid with word retrieval D.Having the patient use melodic intonation treatment (MITM I T) to increase fluency of commonly uttered phrases

B.Starting Verb Network Strengthening Treatment (VNeST) to increase word retrieval in untrained discourse

During an examination of the oral peripheral mechanism of an adult who has had a right hemisphere stroke in the territory of the middle cerebral artery, testing for lingual motor function reveals protrusion of the tongue to the left of midline. Which of the following is true? A.The patient has a lesion affecting the left hypoglossal nucleus. B.The patient exhibits unilateral left lingual weakness. C.Left vocal fold paralysis should be expected because of the site of the lesion. D.The right hypoglossal nerve is damaged.

B.The patient exhibits unilateral left lingual weakness. he right side of the tongue is stronger and forces (or pushes) the tongue to the left. The imbalance in strength causes the tongue to deviate from midline to the left upon protrusion, hence left lingual weakness.

During videofluoroscopic evaluation of an adult patient, the SLP notices material in both pyriform sinuses after the patient swallows. Upon review, the SLP sees that both pyriform sinuses clear during the pharyngeal swallow but then refill quickly as the structures return to rest. Which of the following statements best explains this observation? A.Pharyngeal stripping was not adequate to fully clear the pyriform sinuses, so there was material in the pyriform sinuses after each swallow. B.The patient had small pharyngeal pouches (pharyngoceles) that filled with barium during the swallow and then emptied into the pyriform sinuses after each swallow. C.Hyolaryngeal elevation was not sufficient, leaving material in the pyriform sinuses after each swallow. D.The patient had a tracheoesophageal fistula, and contrast was deposited in the pyriform sinuses after each swallow.

B.The patient had small pharyngeal pouches (pharyngoceles) that filled with barium during the swallow and then emptied into the pyriform sinuses after each swallow.

ABAB tx wernicke korsakoff's case study Which of the following statements is best supported by the data shown? A.The subject performed substantially better the second time treatment was received. B.The subject made fewer errors, on average, during treatment than outside of treatment. C.The subject demonstrated a substantial practice effect. D.There were substantial carryover effects for the treatment.

B.The subject made fewer errors, on average, during treatment than outside of treatment.

Which of the following structures is a relay center for sensory information? A.The reticular formation B.The thalamus C.The putamen D.The hippocampus

B.The thalamus

Which of the following strategies is most appropriate for an SLP to try in an effort to minimize the perception of mild nasal emission in a patient? A.Increasing fundamental frequency B.Using light articulatory contacts C.Reducing mouth opening D.Increasing rate of speech

B.Using light articulatory contacts

As part of a routine preschool screening, an SLPS L P tests a 4 year old whose speech is characterized by sound omissions, hypernasality, nasal emission, and weak consonants. Which of the following would be most appropriately evaluated initially? A.Oral-motor behavior B.Velopharyngeal function C.Laryngeal function D.Phonological awareness

B.Velopharyngeal function

Sensorineural hearing loss resulting from Ménière's disease causes A.a sudden hearing loss without warning B.fluctuating levels of hearing loss C.complete hearing loss at all frequencies D.bilateral progressive hearing loss

B.fluctuating levels of hearing loss

A 6-year-old child who is a bilingual English-Spanish speaker produced the following statements during a speech-language assessment. I cutted the finger. I played with her yesterday. She eated too much candy. You like ice cream? Maria is going? Father is happy. Buy a new car. Based on the sample, the speech-language pathologist should begin remediation by focusing on A.adjectives and imperatives B.irregular verbs C.prepositional phrases D.conjunctions and embedding

B.irregular verbs

Children with semantic-pragmatic language disorders often have difficulty learning deictic words because such terms A.require an understanding of indirect directives B.take the perspective of the communication partner C.refer to object permanence D.have many alternate form

B.take the perspective of the communication partner

Which THREE of the following statements are true regarding the treatment of swallowing disorders? A.Thickened liquids cause dehydration because they require more water to be metabolized. B.The chin-down posture eliminates thin-liquid aspiration from the pyriform sinuses. C.Supraglottic swallow may cause cardiac arrhythmia in patients with coronary artery disease or stroke history. D.Mass practice and task specificity are important principles of exercise therapy. E.Periodontal disease due to poor oral hygiene increases aspiration risk in people with dysphagia. F.Shaker and jaw-opening exercises are designed to increase the upper esophageal sphincter opening.

C, D & F C.Supraglottic swallow may cause cardiac arrhythmia in patients with coronary artery disease or stroke history. D.Mass practice and task specificity are important principles of exercise therapy. F.Shaker and jaw-opening exercises are designed to increase the upper esophageal sphincter opening.

To best apply the multiple oppositions method for phonological errors when treating a child, an SLPS L P should use pairs of words such as A. "son" and "ton," "fun" and "pun," and "zoo" and "do" to help discriminate stops from fricatives B. "torn" and "sore," "soup" and "two," and "fast" and "pat" to help produce final consonants C. "doe" and "go," "doe" and "though," and "doe and Joe" to address using /d/, as in the word dog for various sounds D. "key" and "tea," "cone" and "tone," and "cap" and "tap" to address the use of velar fronting

C. "doe" and "go," "doe" and "though," and "doe and Joe" to address using /d/, as in the word dog for various sounds

Which of the following groups of phonemes can best be described as the Six-Sound Test by Ling? A. /u/u, as in the word ooze, /e/e, as in the word way, /o/o, as in the word own, /a/a, as in the word path, /æ/latin small letter a e, as in the word hat, /ə/latin small letter schwa, as in the word again B. /f/, /s/, /θ/, /ʃ/, /z/, /h/f, as in the word fast, s, as in the word sit, greek small letter theta, as in the word thumb, latin small letter esh, as in the word she, z, as in the word zebra, h, as in the word hot C. /m/, /a/, /u/, /i/, /s/, /ʃ /m, as in the word mat, a, as in the word path, u, as in the word ooze, i, as in the word he, s, as in the word sit, latin small letter esh, as in the word she D. /d/, /g/, /e/, /o/, /s/, /ʃ/d, as in the word dog, g, as in the word go, e, as in the word way, o, as in the word own, s, as in the word sit, latin small letter esh, as in the word she

C. /m/, /a/, /u/, /i/, /s/, /ʃ /m, as in the word mat, a, as in the word path, u, as in the word ooze, i, as in the word he, s, as in the word sit, latin small letter esh, as in the word she

A 4;6 y.o. boy has significant speech and language difficulties exemplified by poor oral-motor control, slight difficulty in swallowing, high palate, poor tongue mobility, and fasciculation on protrusion. During an evaluation, the speech-language pathologist notes very poor paper-and-pencil grasp, poor posture, and an inability to complete performance tasks requiring fine motor control. To which of the following should the child be referred in order to obtain additional diagnostic information? A. An otolaryngologist B. A physical therapist C. A neurologist D. A physiologist

C. A neurologist The boy's deficits as noted are most indicative of a neurological disorder, and a neurologist can best provide the additional diagnostic information needed

When completing a videofluoroscopic swallow study on a geriatric patient, which of the following findings is most appropriately considered typical development? A.Vallecular retention of more than 50 percent of vallecular height B.Nasopharyngeal regurgitation C.Liquid bolus enters pharynx before hyolaryngeal excursion begins D.Oral pocketing

C.Liquid bolus enters pharynx before hyolaryngeal excursion begins

An otolaryngologist has referred a 45-year-old man for voice treatment following medialization thyroplasty for a paralyzed vocal fold. Which of the following is the most appropriate therapeutic strategy for the SLP to use? A. Assisting the patient to produce a soft glottal attack B. Digitally manipulation of the patient's neck to reduce strap-muscle tension C. Assisting the patient to produce a hard glottal attack D. Employing techniques aimed at increasing airflow

C. Assisting the patient to produce a hard glottal attack Medialization thyroplasty moves the paralyzed vocal fold closer to the mid-glottis to allow better compensation by the unaffected fold. Only the production of a hard glottal attack addresses the compensatory behavior.

A 67-year-old male patient with no history of swallowing problems has undergone a cardiothoracic surgical procedure. Postoperatively, he is found to be aspirating while swallowing and is diagnosed with a left vocal-fold paralysis and left pharyngeal paresis. Which of the following is the most likely etiology? A. An intraoperative CVA in the right pons B. Damage to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve C. Damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve D. A left hemispheric stroke

C. Damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Which of the following formants typically characterizes a high vowel? A.High-frequency second formant (F2) B.High-frequency first formant (F1) C.Low-frequency first formant (F1) D.Low-frequency second formant (F2)

C. Low-frequency first formant (F1) the F1 is inversely associated with tongue height, such that high vowels tend to have low F1 frequencies.

Which of the following muscles produces the opposing action to those that produce velopharyngeal closure? A. Musculus uvulae B. Levator veli palatini C. Palatoglossus D. Stylopharyngeus

C. Palatoglossus

According to research on the development of Brown's morphemes in young children, which of the following is a determinant of acquisition order? A. Phonological ease of production B. Figurative-language ability C. Semantic and syntactic complexity D. Sequencing and segmentation strategies

C. Semantic and syntactic complexity

Excessive nasality is associated with inadequate velopharyngeal closure. An SLP is training a client to self-monitor nasality during speech. Which of the following tactics will best allow the speaker to determine whether there is excessive nasal airflow? A. Looking in a mirror while speaking B. Being aware of vowel-sound productions C. Speaking/phonating while alternately leaving the nostrils open and pinching them closed D. Monitoring production of consonant blends

C. Speaking/phonating while alternately leaving the nostrils open and pinching them closed

To provide greater independence for a client who has a brain injury and is in a late stage of speech-language treatment, which of the following techniques is most appropriate? A. Increasing memory-retention span B. Using word-repetition drills C. Teaching compensatory strategies D. Training visual-perceptual skills

C. Teaching compensatory strategies Functional independence is a main goal for a client shortly before dismissal from treatment achieved by compensatory strategies

A disfluent 4-year-old child is referred to an SLP for assessment. Which of the following is most important for the SLP to consider in deciding whether the child is developmentally nonfluent or stuttering? A. The length of time the child has been disfluent B. The rate at which the child talks C. The nature and frequency of the child's disfluencies D. The child's comments to the clinician about the disfluencies

C. The nature and frequency of the child's disfluencies

A 4-year-old child presents with general speech patterns that include liquid gliding, stridency deletion, final-consonant deletion, and consonant-cluster reduction. Which of the following is the speech-language pathologist's most appropriate recommendation for the child? A. Treatment is not needed, because the child's speech will improve during the next year. B. Treatment should focus on the production of /p/, because /p/ is one of the earliest acquired phonemes. C. Treatment should use a phonological approach and focus initially on the production of final consonants. D. Formal treatment is not needed not, but the parents should be counseled to read aloud to the child, correct the child's errors, elicit correct repetitions, and, when needed, interpret to other people what the child is trying to say.

C. Treatment should use a phonological approach and focus initially on the production of final consonants. A 4-year-old child should have already developed final consonants.

A 35-year-old female is referred for an outpatient swallowing evaluation after having a thyroidectomy. Her complaints include coughing when drinking and dysphonia. Which of the following evaluation options is the most appropriate post-treatment follow-up for the patient? A. Completing a clinical swallow evaluation B. Setting up an appointment for a pharyngeal manometry test C. Using the fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEESF E E S) D. Recording the patient during a videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSSV F S S)

C. Using the fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEESF E E S)

Treatment for apraxia of speech most appropriately emphasizes A. coordination of respiration with phonation and articulation B. auditory discrimination, resonance, and respiration C. auditory-visual stimulation, oral-motor repetition, and phonetic placement D. rate of speech, range of movement, strength, and coordination of the oral mechanism

C. auditory-visual stimulation, oral-motor repetition, and phonetic placement

A physician told the spouse of a client that melodic intonation therapy (MIT) would improve the client's speech considerably. The most appropriate next action by the SLP would be to A. provide MIT, as recommended B. tell the physician that it is inappropriate for the physician to make recommendations for a speech treatment C. consider the potential value of incorporating MIT into the client's treatment D. explain MIT to the client's spouse to assist in the decision-making process about the type of therapy to use

C. consider the potential value of incorporating MIT into the client's treatment

When treating a client who is using an electronic augmentative-communication device, the speech-language pathologist's primary goal should be to A. ensure that the client develops skill in using every technical aspect of the aid B. ensure that the client's caregivers learn how to modify the aid's hardware and any applicable software to meet the client's communication needs C. train the client to use the aid as independently and interactively as possible in a variety of settings D. help the client develop the skills necessary for moving on to a more sophisticated device

C. train the client to use the aid as independently and interactively as possible in a variety of settings

Over the past six weeks, the general education teacher implemented evidence-based classroom and teaching modifications for a student struggling in a language arts class. Careful observation has not shown an increase in the student's performance. The teacher informs the student's parents of plans to refer the student to the speech-language pathologist at school. The teacher then makes an official referral to the local educational agency. Which of the following choices is the maximum time allowed by IDEA from the official referral for eligibility determination to completion of the evaluation? A.14 days B.30 days C.60 days D.120 days

C.60 days

*case study Q*- about vocal loudness to increase intelligibility. Ten young, healthy women were audio-recorded while they read aloud a paragraph at what each considered normal loudness, twice-normal loudness, and half-normal loudness. Which of the following best describes the experimental design of the Watson and Hughes study? A.A multiple-baseline design B.A between-subjects design C.A within-subjects design D.A mixed between- and within-subjects design

C.A within-subjects design The researchers use the same group of subjects who recite a paragraph under three conditions: at normal, twice-normal, and half-normal loudness. This is an example of a within-subjects design, in which the dependent variables (in this case, prosodic F0 and durational variables) are measured repeatedly in the same subjects under different task conditions (in this case, vocal loudness).

Joanna is a 36-month-old child who is enrolled in a treatment program for stuttering. The SLPS L P is involving Joanna's parents and 5-year-old brother in treatment activities. Every time Joanna's brother participates in a treatment activity, Joanna begins to stutter much more severely than she does when interacting with her parents. Which of the following actions is the most appropriate for the SLPS L P to take next? A.Helping the parents devise strategies for limiting how often Joanna and her brother converse with each other at home B.Engaging Joanna in a role-playing activity that seeks to identify how she would like her brother to interact with her during conversations C.Analyzing recorded conversations between Joanna and her brother to identify discourse factors that might affect the severity of Joanna's stuttering D.Teaching her brother to produce statements that support Joanna's attempts to talk

C.Analyzing recorded conversations between Joanna and her brother to identify discourse factors that might affect the severity of Joanna's stuttering

A 75-year-old patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease underwent a three-vessel coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The patient needed to be intubated for three days following surgery. After extubation, the medical team requested a swallow consultation to determine if it was safe for the patient to take oral medications and initiate oral nutrition. Based on the patient's condition, which of the following assessment procedures is most appropriate for an SLPS L P to practice? A.Administering a clinical bedside swallow evaluation and recommending an oral diet as there were no clinical signs or symptoms of aspiration during the evaluation B.Deferring the evaluation for 24 hours because the patient was just extubated to allow a possible improvement in the patient's swallow function before evaluation C.Completing a clinical bedside swallow evaluation to determine patient readiness for an instrumental evaluation and then completing the instrumental evaluation if the patient is ready D.Determining any preexisting dysphagia with the patient and the patient's family; if there is no history of dysphagia, recommending to advance the patient's diet

C.Completing a clinical bedside swallow evaluation to determine patient readiness for an instrumental evaluation and then completing the instrumental evaluation if the patient is ready

Which of the following activities is an example of a metalinguistic strategy used to assist a student with language difficulties? A.Providing a definition of a word B.Placing story elements in sequential order C.Editing the writing of same-aged peers D.Discussing similarities and differences between two pictures

C.Editing the writing of same-aged peers

A 23-year-old client recently completed an intensive 3-week-long summer program for stuttering and now exhibits stuttering symptoms on fewer than 3 percent of syllables during both in-clinic conversations with the SLP and beyond-clinic conversations with family members. The SLP is concerned that the client might relapse now that intervention has ended and wishes to enact a plan to help the client maintain fluency gains. Which of the following plans is the most likely to result in maintenance of the fluency gains? A.Recommending that the client participate in an annual intensive review of stuttering management skills B.Recommending that the client practice fluency management skills during monthly telephone calls with the SLP C.Ensuring the client understands the need for continued use of stuttering management techniques and referring to a local SLP for ongoing treatment D.Scheduling the client for reenrollment in the intensive 3-week-long intervention program

C.Ensuring the client understands the need for continued use of stuttering management techniques and referring to a local SLP for ongoing treatment Continuing to regularly participate in scheduled intervention activities under the direction or supervision of an SLP is essential to maintaining fluency gains. It provides a client with the opportunity to address ongoing fluency challenges or new ones that may arise after completion of the intensive intervention program. This type of continued treatment does not necessarily imply that the client must participate in ongoing weekly or intensive intervention.

Which of the following phonological processes is a child expected to suppress by 3 years of age? A.Displaying stopping patterns B.Using vocalization substitutions C.Exhibiting weak syllable deletions D.Having consonant cluster reductions

C.Exhibiting weak syllable deletions -should be gone by 3

Patient is a 77-year-old female with a left hemisphere stroke. Sensorimotor clinical examination revealed right lower facial droop, impaired oral sensation, absence of dentition, need for frequent prompts to engage the patient in evaluation procedures, and aphasia. Bedside swallow evaluation with pureed food and nectar-thick liquids revealed food remnants in right lateral sulcus, drooling from the right oral cavity, and intermittent cough that was not present before the swallow evaluation. Prior medical history includes COPD, diabetes, and congestive heart failure. Patient does not want an instrumental examination. Based on the data above, which of the following is most likely to lead to a clinically significant dysphagia-related adverse event? A.Impaired oral sensorimotor function B.Prior medical history C.Impaired level of alertness D.Aphasia

C.Impaired level of alertness

The head lift exercise published by Shaker et al. (2002) was designed to produce which of the following changes in swallow biomechanics? A.Increase in laryngeal closure duration B.Strengthening of the base of the tongue C.Increase in diameter and duration of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening D.Prolonged relaxation of the cricopharyngeal portion of the inferior constrictor muscle

C.Increase in diameter and duration of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening The results of Shaker et al. (2002) demonstrated a significant (p<.01p left angle bracket period zero one) increase in the opening duration of the UES.

Which of the following is an example of a reversible passive? A.The balloon was broken by the pin. B.The kite was flown by Ben Franklin. C.Jared was bullied by Michael. D.The girl put her doll by her friend.

C.Jared was bullied by Michael.

Which of the following conditions is singularly caused by a genetic abnormality? A.Cleft lip and palate B.Specific language impairment C.Prader-Willi syndrome D.Cerebral palsy

C.Prader-Willi syndrome

An assessment of a patient with suspected neurodegenerative disease who presents with language problems as the primary symptom reveals the following. Impaired single-word retrieval in speech Naming that includes phonological errors Impaired repetition of sentences and phrases Spared single-word comprehension and object knowledge Spared motor speech abilities Which of the following disorders is the most accurate diagnosis of the patient? A.Broca's aphasia B.Anomic aphasia C.Primary progressive aphasia D.Transcortical motor aphasia

C.Primary progressive aphasia

*case study* 81 y.o. female in rehab hospital post severe L MCA stroke Which of the following tasks is most appropriate to include when assessing the patient's phrase length? A.Completing divergent naming tasks B.Maintaining a conversation with a known partner C.Responding to open-ended questions D.Repeating sentences of varying lengths

C.Responding to open-ended questions When an SLP assesses phrase length, it is important to task the patient with open-ended questions to assess the patient's ability to spontaneously produce speech.

Compensatory swallowing maneuvers and interventions are designed to mitigate a biomechanical impairment during the swallow; however, some of them have unintended consequences that have been documented in scientific literature. Which of the following swallow maneuvers has been found to produce cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) in patients with stroke or cardiovascular diseases? A.Mendelsohn maneuver B.Chin-down posture C.Supraglottic swallow maneuver D.Head rotation toward the weak side

C.Supraglottic swallow maneuver

Which of the following statements accurately describes state licensure requirements that must be met for an SLPS L P to legally provide services via telepractice within the state or across state lines? A.An SLPS L P is required to hold a specialty certification to provide services via telepractice because this service delivery method requires additional skills. B.No state licensure requirements apply to individual SLPsS L Ps providing services via telepractice, as long as their employers can obtain reimbursement. C.The SLPS L P should check with all relevant state licensure boards before delivering telepractice services. D.As long as the SLPS L P has the ASHAA S H A Certificate of Clinical Competence and is licensed in the SLP'sS L P's state of residence, the SLPS L P can legally provide services via telepractice anywhere.

C.The SLPS L P should check with all relevant state licensure boards before delivering telepractice services.

moderate Broca's aphasia. Which of the following is the primary goal of intervention for the client? A.To improve the client's pragmatics skills and abilities B.To increase the client's ability to express functional comprehension abilities C.To improve the client's ability to express production of syntactically appropriate sentences D.To enable the client's ability to use a digital augmentative communication system

C.To improve the client's ability to express production of syntactically appropriate sentences

When assessing the ability of a student with cerebral palsy to access an augmentative and alternative communication device, which of the following physical factors must be evaluated first? A.Upper extremity range of motion B.Lower extremity strength C.Trunk stability and control D.Fine motor dexterity

C.Trunk stability and control Trunk stability will guide the clinician in making an appropriate recommendation for the type of device a client can access as it influences more distal movements.

Kimberly, a patient who suffered a brain stem stroke and has had a fairly successful recovery, complained of food sticking in her throat and needing to swallow two to three times to clear liquid and solid boluses. She underwent a videofluoroscopic swallowing study that showed a limited duration of upper esophageal sphincter opening. The SLPS L P decides to employ an intervention plan that includes the Mendelsohn maneuver. Which of the following strategies is most likely to be effective in accomplishing this goal? A.Completing a fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEESF E E S) to determine if the patient is performing the maneuver properly B.Performing cervical auscultation (CAC A) to quantify improved swallowing with the maneuver C.Using submental surface electromyography (sEMGs E M G) as biofeedback during attempts to perform the maneuver D.Teaching the patient to use palpation of her neck and a mirror to help her master the maneuver

C.Using submental surface electromyography (sEMGs E M G) as biofeedback during attempts to perform the maneuver

Which of the following strategies to treat compensatory articulation errors is most appropriate for a child with hypernasality and glottal stop substitutions following surgery for velopharyngeal insufficiency? A.Using oral motor exercises B.Using a straw to elicit /s/ C.Using tactile cues to elicit phonemes D.Using negative practice

C.Using tactile cues to elicit phonemes

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) guarantees parents access to their child's educational records. However, this mandate does not apply to the daily records kept by an SLP working in a school setting if these records A.are not used for treatment-related reimbursement from state or local government B.remain within the school district in which the SLP works C.are kept in the sole possession of the SLP D.are not distributed to anyone outside of the child's school

C.are kept in the sole possession of the SLP

To justify providing individual treatment for a 2½ year old with apraxia of speech, which of the following would be LEAST important for the SLP to include in the evaluation report? A.A description of the child's typical interaction with peers B. Relevant prognostic data C. Information about apraxia of speech D. A description of the language development of the child's older siblings

D. A description of the language development of the child's older siblings

Which of the following is the most important acoustic cue that distinguishes between an unreleased final /p/ and an unreleased final /b/, as in "cap" versus "cab"? A. Locus frequency of burst B. Voice onset time C. Vocal fundamental frequency D. Duration of the preceding vowel

D. Duration of the preceding vowel

Which of the following is a type of perturbation that can be measured to determine the amount of noise in the voice? A. Changes in the frequency range between F1 and F2 over time B. Changes in the frequency range between F2 and F3 over time C. F3 cycle-to-cycle variations in sound energy over time D. F0 cycle-to-cycle variations in sound energy over time

D. F0 cycle-to-cycle variations in sound energy over time

If a child's language exhibits the phonological process of gliding, the child might say [wɛd] for "red." When asked, "Do you mean wed?" the child may respond, "No! [wɛd]!" Such a response demonstrates which of the following? A. Phonological development lags behind semantic development. B. Semantic development lags behind phonological development. C. Linguistic competence lags behind linguistic performance. D. Linguistic performance lags behind linguistic competence.

D. Linguistic performance lags behind linguistic competence.

In the treatment of voice disorders, the chewing technique is used to do which of the following? A. Improve control of loudness B. Increase pitch range during voice production C. Increase air supply during voice production D. Reduce tension in the laryngeal area

D. Reduce tension in the laryngeal area

A 12-year-old native speaker of Spanish who has been studying English as a second language for three years is most likely to do which of the following when speaking English in casual conversation with teachers at school? A. Use the auxiliary "have" in place of "be" in progressive tenses B. Use incorrect word order within prepositional phrases C. Use conjunctions in place of prepositions D. Use multiple negation improperly

D. Use multiple negation improperly Multiple negation is a grammatical feature of Spanish but not of Standard English.

Which of the following actions will most effectively control the problem of overreferral in school screening programs that use impedance/immittance measurements? A. Obtaining the measurements in a professional sound-insulated room B. Including 500 Hz in the audiometric screening procedure C. Retesting immediately those who did not pass the first screening D. Waiting three to five weeks to retest those who did not pass the first screening

D. Waiting three to five weeks to retest those who did not pass the first screening Some children may have a temporary problem due to a cold or ear infection, which may resolve in a few weeks.

*case study* michael 32 month boy. hx of ear infections and is unintelligible As part of ongoing assessment, the SLP's most appropriate action is to have Michael's parents consult with his primary-care provider for referral to A. a special educator B. a neurologist C. a psychologist D. an otolaryngologist

D. an otolaryngologist Michael's history of recurrent middle ear infections, an otolarygologist would be able to clinically manage otitis media and make provisions to obtain an audiological assessment.

A prospective client is described as a man in his forties who is under chronic stress. He uses his voice extensively in daily life has a hard-driving personality, and exhibits glottal fry. The client has the classic profile of a person at high risk for A. spastic dysphonia B. acute laryngitis C. vocal nodules D. contact ulcers

D. contact ulcers

An SLP is planning treatment for a 5-year-old child with multiple speech-production errors. The most effective strategy the clinician can use to treat the child is to A. arrange error sounds by developmental pattern and correct them sound by sound B. start with sounds the child can make and use them as bridges to error sounds C. teach sounds in isolation, then use nonsense syllables, and then build to words D. delineate phonological processes in operation and address them through minimal-contrast pairs

D. delineate phonological processes in operation and address them through minimal-contrast pairs

Following anoxic encephalopathy, clients are likely to experience the most significant long-term impairments in the area of A. prosody B. resonance C. aphonia D. memory

D. memory Anoxic encephalopathy, or brain damage resulting from oxygen deprivation, typically leads to global impairment that affects memory. It is difficult to reverse the effects of memory loss, so the impairment is usually long-term.

Research regarding the use of intensive phonemic-awareness treatment for children who have difficulty learning to read has demonstrated that the treatment A. is effective only for children from 4 to 8 years old B. is effective mainly with children who have remediated all phonological process errors C. is effective only when combined with a supplemental literacy program D. might have no direct relationship to improvement in reading abilities

D. might have no direct relationship to improvement in reading abilities

When completing an oral mechanism examination on a patient presenting with stroke-like symptoms, which of the following findings would be most likely to predict aspiration during an instrumental swallow evaluation? A.Inability to swallow on command B.Facial droop C.Absent gag reflex D.Breathy phonation

D.Breathy phonation

An SLP plans to give Cody, an 8-year-old boy with autism spectrum disorder, tangible reinforcement in conjunction with the use of manual signs during an object labeling task. At first, reinforcement will be presented every time Cody produces a sign correctly. After several sessions, however, reinforcement will be given after every third instance of correct labeling. Which of the following choices best describes the SLP's reinforcement schedule? A.Fixed-ratio schedule followed by variable-ratio schedule B.Fixed-ratio schedule followed by continuous schedule C.Continuous-ratio schedule followed by fixed-interval schedule D.Continuous-ratio schedule followed by fixed-ratio schedule

D.Continuous-ratio schedule followed by fixed-ratio schedule

A 3-year-old child was seen at the speech-and-language clinic for a speech assessment to address teacher and parent concerns about speech intelligibility. During the initial interview and observation, the SLP noted that the child exhibited inconsistent errors of vowel and consonant production during repetitive speech tasks, inappropriate prosody, and prolongations of speech sounds. The SLP chooses an assessment to determine the presence of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) Which of the following procedures is most appropriate for this type of assessment? A.Analyzing place, manner, and voicing of all consonant sounds at the word level B.Evaluating fluency of speech during structured and unstructured conversational activities C.Testing stimulability of later-developing speech sounds in multiple phonetic contexts D.Determining speech production in a variety of syllables-to-sentence combinations

D.Determining speech production in a variety of syllables-to-sentence combinations A hallmark of childhood apraxia of speech is inconsistent consonant and vowel productions in repeated production of words or syllables. One appropriate way to identify areas of need based on these productions is to look at speech production in a progression of tasks from simple to complex.

*case study*, 24 y.o. stuttering male Which of the following approaches is the most appropriate initial therapy focus for the patient? A.Improving the naturalness of the speech B.Implementing use of the cancellation technique in conjunction with conversational disfluencies C.Improving the ability to pause at appropriate linguistic boundaries when speaking D.Reinforcing the patient's attempts to produce words without the use of fillers, pauses, or word substitutions

D.Reinforcing the patient's attempts to produce words without the use of fillers, pauses, or word substitutions

Of the following, which is generally the most appropriate treatment goal for clients who have had a laryngectomy? A.Acceptance of the alaryngeal status B.Production of an esophageal voice C.Use of a voice prosthesis D.Restoration of oral communication

D.Restoration of oral communication

Which of the following is typical of spondee words? A.They are phonetically balanced two-syllable words. B.They are phonetically balanced monosyllabic words. C.They represent twenty of the most common English words. D.They are two-syllable words produced with equal stress.

D.They are two-syllable words produced with equal stress.

Elisions and transpositions are referred to as phoneme A.additions B.blending C.deletions D.manipulations

D.manipulations

Two months after undergoing surgery to improve velopharyngeal function, a client continues to exhibit nasal airflow only on the production of /s/ and /sh/, and also exhibits glottal stops for several pressure consonants. The most appropriate next action for the SLP to take is to A.request consideration of prosthetic management B.request a nasoendoscopic study C.inform the surgeon that the client is not making satisfactory progress D.provide speech treatment to correct compensatory articulation errors

D.provide speech treatment to correct compensatory articulation errors