EURO REVIEW

E.

European overseas expansion was facilitated by all of the following innovations except the A) use of sail power. B) caravel. C) mounting of cannon on naval vessels. D) astrolabe. E) galley.

E.

How did medieval Arab chroniclers tend to describe people from sub-Saharan Africa? A) As their equals in intellect and civilization. B) As primitive people who nonetheless had the same intellectual and cultural potential as Arab Muslims. C) As an inferior race. D) As descendants of Cain. E) As physically repulsive, mentally inferior people with few cares and no worries.

B.

Italy achieved unification in A) 1459. B) 1870. C) 1610. D) 1703. E) 1945.

B.

John Knox was influential in the Reformation in A) Ireland. B) Scotland. C) Switzerland. D) Sweden. E) Swabia.

B.

Recent research on the English church before Henry VIII's break with Rome indicates that A) a vast gap existed between the clergy and the English people. B) the church was in a very healthy condition. C) conditions in England mirrored those on the continent. D) clerical abuse and ignorance was worse in England than on the continent. E) a majority of English Catholics were Lollards.

B.

The Protestant Reformation in Germany A) weakened the power of secular states. B) compounded problems that had existed since the Middle Ages. C) destroyed Habsburg influence in the Empire. D) helped pave the way for a unified nation. E) did not take root.

A.

The Quakers trace their origins, in part, to A) the Anabaptists. B) Lutheranism. C) Calvinism. D) Zwinglism. E) Lollardism.

C.

According to Calvin, the elect were A) the leaders of the Genevan Consistory. B) the intellectual leaders of the Reformation. C) those individuals chosen for salvation. D) all Protestants. E) the elected ministers of the church.

B.

According to Laura Cereta, the inferiority of women was a consequence of their A) biologic reproductive function. B) own failure to live up to their potential. C) lack of economic rights. D) overzealous commitment to religion. E) creation from Adam's rib.

D.

According to Machiavelli, the sole test of "good" government was whether it A) provided the necessary public services. B) was based on Christian morality. C) protected the liberty of its citizens. D) was effective. E) improved the economy.

D.

According to studies of the Florentine Office of the Night, the most common form of homosexual relationship between males was between A) noble and noble. B) noblemen and manual laborers. C) noblemen and servants. D) adult men and boys. E) artist and patron.

A.

According to the Dutch humanist Erasmus, the key to reform was A) education. B) control of the papacy. C) a pious life. D) the concerted effort that only a strong state could afford. E) adherence to church dogma.

E.

According to the text, Catholic historians have tended to view the Reformation as A) a radical break with the past. B) a wrongheaded return to the kerygma of Paul of Tarsus. C) an extension of the Albigensian heresy. D) a plot on the part of Henry VIII. E) continuous with earlier reform movements that remained within the church.

A.

According to the text, Thomas More's Utopia was remarkable for its time because it asserted A) that flawed social institutions were responsible for human corruption. B) that North America would one day be the site of the greatest power in world history. C) that native Americans could be saved through conversion to Christianity. D) that flaws in the divine nature were responsible for human corruption. E) that human beings evolved from "lower" animals.

A.

According to the text, how have Protestant historians tended to view the Reformation? A) as a revolutionary break with the past. B) as continuous with earlier reform movements that remained within the Catholic church. C) as a return to the Christianity of the late Roman Empire. D) as primarily driven by politics. E) as a long-term consequence of the 1054 schism with Orthodoxy.

E.

According to the text, the Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to A) a mood of fatalism among Calvin's followers. B) a withdrawal from the world of business and politics. C) a mass exodus from the city of Geneva. D) a fashion for astrology. E) a confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation.

E.

All of the following ethnic groups were imported into western Europe as slaves during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries except A) Africans. B) Greeks. C) Albanians. D) Slavs. E) Portuguese.

C.

All of the following were among the Italian powers that dominated the peninsula except A) the Papal States. B) Florence. C) Ferrara. D) Venice. E) Naples.

B.

All of the following were aspects of the centralizing efforts of Charles VII of France except A) reform of the royal council. B) redistribution of feudal lands. C) publication of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. D) a permanent royal army. E) establishment of new taxes on salt and land.

E.

Anabaptists generally favored all of the following except A) opening the ministry to women. B) religious tolerance. C) self-governing congregations. D) pacifism. E) abolition of baptism.

D.

As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany A) remained Catholics. B) were able to practice the religion of their choice. C) converted to Lutheranism. D) became either Lutheran or Catholic depending on the preference of their prince. E) threw off the papal yoke.

A.

As consumer habits changed, an aristocrat's greatest expense was usually his A) urban palace. B) military hardware and training. C) daughter's dowry. D) food. E) jewelry and clothing.

D.

At the end of the sixteenth century, the commercial capital of the European world was A) Lisbon. B) Madrid. C) London. D) Amsterdam. E) Seville.

A.

Before the Portuguese gained control of the spice trade in the Indian Ocean, the trade had been controlled by the A) Muslims. B) Venetians. C) Spanish. D) Byzantines. E) Ming Chinese.

C.

Black slaves were _________ in the Renaissance courts of northern Italy. A) unknown B) little valued C) greatly in demand D) used only for manual labor E) unfashionable

B.

By 1300, most of the Italian citystates were ruled by either signori or A) kings. B) oligarchies. C) elected assemblies. D) ecclesiastical princes. E) bishops.

C.

Calvin's reform movement A) was suppressed by the civil authorities in Geneva. B) was restricted to Switzerland and France. C) was thoroughly integrated into the civil government of Geneva. D) rejected any role in the secular government of Geneva. E) was quickly rejected by the citizens of Geneva.

E.

Castiglione's manual on gentlemanly conduct A) focused on ridding oneself of vermin. B) suggested that early choice of a profession was crucial in becoming a gentleman. C) asserted that real men need not learn French. D) insisted that the real gentleman show Christian humility and kindness toward the downtrodden. E) suggested that gentlemen cultivate their abilities in a variety of fields, athletics to music to art to mathematics.

A.

Communes that won independence from surrounding nobles in the twelfth century include all of the following except A) Venice. B) Milan. C) Florence. D) Siena. E) Pisa.

E.

During the Renaissance, the status of upper-class women A) improved. B) remained unchanged. C) improved relative to medieval women. D) varied from city to city. E) declined.

A.

For ordinary women, the Renaissance A) had very little impact. B) improved the material conditions of their lives. C) worsened their status. D) allowed them access to education for the first time. E) opened up access to new livelihoods.

E.

France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to A) spread Protestantism. B) prevent English influence from increasing in Germany. C) contain Protestantism east of the Rhine. D) facilitate the Turkish attack on the Habsburgs. E) keep Germany politically fragmented.

A.

In 1521, Charles V ordered Luther to appear before the A) Diet of Worms. B) Council of Augsburg. C) Diet of Wittenburg. D) Tribunal of the Holy Office. E) Court of the Holy Office.

E.

In northern Italy, the assimilation of the feudal nobility and the commercial elites of the cities was accomplished largely by A) merchants' purchase of noble titles. B) nobles' joining the merchant guilds. C) the abolition of property requirements for citizenship in cities. D) merchants' construction of lavish castles in the countryside. E) intermarriage.

C.

In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that A) supported the efforts of the Puritans. B) emphasized personal and public religious conformity. C) was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes. D) favored Catholics over Protestants. E) imported Scottish Presbyterianism into England.

C.

In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that A) men and women were equals in intellectual pursuits. B) the status of women had improved since the Middle Ages. C) men and men alone should act in the public sphere. D) women should have equal opportunity in marital and extramarital sexual relations. E) women lacked immortal souls.

A.

In the early sixteenth century, critics of the church attacked all of the following except A) the academic pursuits of the clergy. B) clerical immorality. C) the ignorance of the parish clergy. D) the problems of pluralism and absenteeism. E) the way money changed hands when a bishop entered office.

A.

In the fifteenth century, many clerics held more than one benefice, a practice known as A) pluralism. B) simony. C) investiture. D) indulgence. E) councilarism.

A.

In the fourteenth century, Genoa and __________ dominated the Mediterranean slave trade. A) Venice B) Rome C) Milan D) Naples E) Pisa

E.

In the seventeenth century, the Dutch East India Company A) established outposts in New York (New Amsterdam) and elsewhere in the Americas. B) handled the shipment of gold and silver bullion from Spanish America to Spain. C) took over the Philippines from Spain. D) established bases in the Caribbean. E) took over much of the East Indies from Portugal.

C.

In which century did the mechanical clock become commonplace in European cities? A) twelfth B) thirteenth C) fourteenth D) fifteenth E) sixteenth

A.

Italian balance-of-power diplomacy A) was designed to prevent a single Italian state from dominating the peninsula. B) successfully prevented foreign domination of Italy. C) was primarily concerned with controlling the papacy. D) was critical to the economic success of Italy. E) led to Venetian domination of the Italian peninsula.

A.

Italian humanists stressed the A) study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature. B) study of the classics in order to understand the divine nature of God. C) absolute authority of classical texts. D) role of the church in the reform of society. E) study of Revelation for a clue to the date of the Second Coming.

E.

Luther and Zwingli disagreed on which of the following issues? A) priestly celibacy. B) the authority of Scripture. C) indulgences. D) monasticism. E) the Eucharist.

E.

Luther believed that the church consisted of A) the entire body of clergy. B) the elect. C) all those who supported his views. D) the saints and Christ, not of human beings. E) the entire community of Christian believers.

B.

Luther saw the _________ as the special domain of women. A) church B) home C) public market D) convent E) pulpit

D.

Luther viewed sex as A) an abomination. B) inevitable but condemned by God. C) allowed between consenting adults. D) a good and natural thing within marriage. E) an invention of the devil.

A.

Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany A) appealed to the political aspirations of German princes. B) were met with dismay by the ruling elite. C) led to administrative reform in the Empire. D) found an audience only among the peasantry. E) are generally considered paranoid by modern historians.

D.

Martin Luther wrote his letter entitled "NinetyFive Theses" to Archbishop Albert in response to A) Luther's personal struggle with the question of salvation. B) the election of Charles V. C) the draining of Germany's wealth by the papacy. D) a new campaign to sell indulgences. E) the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

E.

Martin Luther's father was a A) priest. B) minor noble. C) poor peasant. D) wool merchant. E) miner.

E.

Martin Luther's first response to the demands made by the Swabian peasants of their lords was A) a call to the nobles to crush the peasants. B) a call for the peasants to rebel. C) a call for peasants and nobles to unite in a Crusade against the Turks. D) a call for the confiscation of Catholic nobles' estates. E) sympathy for the peasants.

D.

Moveable type was invented in the West around A) 1593. B) 1412. C) 1502. D) 1454. E) 1309.

B.

Prince Henry of Portugal is significant for his A) role in subduing the Dutch revolt. B) support of exploration. C) support of the Protestants in the Thirty Years' War. D) opposition to slavery. E) rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in 1498.

C.

Rich individuals sponsored artists and works of art A) because it was good for business. B) in order to please God. C) to glorify themselves and their families. D) to control unemployment. E) to enlighten the masses.

C.

Royal authority in Spain was enhanced by all of the following except A) the revival of the hermandades. B) the retention of the confederation structure among the kingdoms. C) recruitment of men trained in Roman law into the government bureaucracy. D) control of the church hierarchy. E) the restructuring of the royal council.

C.

The Brethren of the Common Life represent A) the extent of Protestant conversions in Italy. B) the power and appeal of John Calvin's message. C) an example of pre-Reformation reform movements within the church. D) a typical response of the papacy to the Reformation. E) the persistence of Lollardism in England.

C.

The Catholic Reformation, started the 1540s as a response to the Protestant Reformation, A) sought to reform the liturgy of the Catholic church. B) sought to restore the conciliar movement. C) sought to initiate institutional reform. D) sought to stimulate a new spiritualism. E) was ineffectual.

E.

The Concordat of Bologna between France and ___________ helps explain why France did not become a Protestant country. A) Spain B) England C) the Holy Roman Empire. D) Portugal E) the papacy

A.

The European kingdom that took the lead in overseas exploration was A) Portugal. B) Spain. C) France. D) England. E) the Netherlands.

A.

The Florentine Office of the Night was created to control A) homosexual activities (sodomy). B) prostitution. C) radical elements in the popolo. D) the outbreak of heresy during the Renaissance. E) taverns.

A.

The French invasion of Italy at the end of the fifteenth century was predicted by A) Savonarola. B) Dante. C) Machiavelli. D) Lorenzo de Medici. E) Francesco Sforza.

B.

The Genevan Consistory A) regulated the behavior of Genevans in a manner consistent with other European cities. B) severely regulated the conduct of Genevans. C) routinely harbored religious dissenters from around Europe. D) attempted to suppress Calvinism. E) included Calvinist, Lutheran, and Zwinglian representatives.

D.

The Index was A) a list of official doctrines of the Catholic church. B) a list of individuals condemned by the Roman Inquisition. C) the cardinals who directed the Roman Inquisition. D) a catalog of forbidden reading. E) Luther's commentaries on the Scriptures.

C.

The Italian Renaissance had as one of its central components A) Christian humility. B) a concern for the improvement of society in general. C) a glorification of individual genius. D) the attempt to use art to educate the urban masses. E) rejection of Scriptural authority.

B.

The Italian popolo A) established democracies in the Italian city-states. B) desired government offices and equality of taxation. C) were never able to influence Italian politics. D) controlled the wool industry. E) intermarried with the nobility.

C.

The Pilgrimage of Grace attested to A) the continued strength of Catholicism in southern Europe. B) the popularity of John Calvin. C) popular opposition in northern England to Henry VIII's Reformation. D) popular support of Luther in his conflict with the pope. E) the piety of Teresa of Avila.

A.

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of A) dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII. B) the missionary activity of the Lollards. C) the terrible conditions then existing in the English churches. D) efforts by Luther and his followers. E) Elizabeth I's conversion to Presbyterianism.

A.

The Star Chamber A) dealt with noble threats to royal power in England. B) was dominated by the great nobles of England. C) was the English equivalent of the Spanish Inquisition. D) dealt with the finances of the English government. E) was largely staffed by conversos.

A.

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis between France and _________ was signed in 1559. A) Spain B) the Holy Roman Empire C) England D) Portugal E) the papacy

A.

The Tridentine decree Tametsi stipulated that A) for a marriage to be valid, it had to be witnessed by a priest. B) each diocese had to establish a seminary. C) bishops had to live in their own dioceses. D) the sale of indulgences was illegal. E) no church offices would be sold.

B.

The Tudors won the support of the upper middle class by A) reforming the church. B) promoting peace and social order. C) restricting the wages of the working classes. D) lowering taxes and subsidizing the wool industry. E) opening up officerships in the Navy to them.

B.

The Twelve Articles were A) the charter of the Lutheran church. B) grievances of the Swabian peasants. C) part of the political settlement of Augsburg. D) the pope's rebuttal to the NinetyFive Theses. E) the resolutions of the Council of Trent.

C.

The __________, summoned in 1529, aimed to unify Protestant opinion. A) Diet of Worms B) Council of Wittenburg C) Colloquy of Marburg D) Summit of Geneva E) Diet of Burgundy

D.

The ______________ recognized the French king's right to select French bishops and abbots. A) Concordat of Worms B) Peace of Paris C) Treaty of Milan D) Concordat of Bologna E) Accord of Naples

D.

The decision to burn Michael Servetus at the stake reflected A) Calvin's hatred of Roman Catholicism. B) the religious intolerance of the Catholic Inquisition. C) Luther's rejection of other Protestant theologians. D) Calvin's harsh view of religious dissent. E) the pan-European persecution of Anabaptists.

A.

The dissolution of the English monasteries A) resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth. B) resulted in a more equitable distribution of land. C) deeply disturbed the English upper classes. D) was the result of rebellious activities by the monks. E) was reversed by Elizabeth I.

B.

The doctrine of indulgence rests on all of the following principles except A) belief that God is both merciful and just. B) belief in salvation by faith alone. C) belief that Christ and the saints established a treasury of merit. D) belief that the church has the authority to grant sinners access to the treasury of merit. E) The doctrine rests on all four of these principles.

A.

The first artistic and literary manifestation of the Italian Renaissance appeared in A) Florence. B) Rome. C) Venice. D) Naples. E) Siena.

D.

The group of people who benefited the most from large price increases in the sixteenth century was the A) Spanish bureaucracy. B) nobility. C) urban working class. D) middle class. E) upper-level clergy.

D.

The invention of movable type led to all of the following except A) increased literacy. B) the use of government propaganda. C) the inculcation of national loyalties. D) the use of French as the language of polite society. E) the creation of invisible publics of silent readers.

C.

The leaders of the Catholic church A) ignored the Renaissance. B) attempted to crush the secularism of the Renaissance. C) readily adopted the Renaissance spirit, especially when it came to art. D) used Renaissance ideals to promote moral reform. E) came to believe that the Renaissance had caused the Reformation.

C.

The most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the A) decline of religious feeling. B) political disunity of Italy. C) great commercial revival in Italy. D) creation of powerful, centralized monarchies. E) French patronage of Italian artists.

A.

The new religious order for women that emerged in the sixteenth century was the A) Ursuline Order. B) Society of Jesus. C) Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office. D) Colloquy of Marburg. E) Evangelines.

B.

The northern humanists believed that human nature A) was fundamentally corrupt. B) was fundamentally good. C) was incapable of improvement. D) remained unaffected by Adam and Eve's fall. E) was fixed and unchangeable.

C.

The official attitude toward rape indicates that A) the status of women had improved. B) it was a serious crime against the victim and society. C) it was not a seen as a serious crime against either the victim or society. D) prostitution was designed to eradicate the crime. E) homosexual rape was a worse offense than heterosexual rape.

D.

The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the sixteenth century was A) institutional reform. B) reconciliation with Protestantism. C) to combat heresy and Protestantism. D) to uplift the spiritual condition of both clergy and laity. E) conversion of Asians and Africans.

A.

The parliamentary acts that removed the English church from papal jurisdiction A) were probably misunderstood by most members of Parliament. B) were passed unanimously. C) made the archbishop of Canterbury the leader of the church. D) also forbade all Catholic ritual and doctrine in the new Anglican church. E) were applied also to Scotland.

A.

The primary motivation for European explorers was A) material profit. B) population pressure. C) crusading zeal. D) Renaissance curiosity. E) fear of the Black Death.

B.

The social group that most often resisted the centralizing efforts of the "new monarchs" was the A) peasantry. B) nobility. C) bourgeoisie. D) urban workers. E) clergy.

D.

The subjugation of the Italian peninsula by outside invaders was A) the product of the invaders' overwhelming superiority. B) the result of the economic collapse of Italy. C) inevitable. D) the result of the Italians' failure to coordinate a common defense. E) the result of a papal invitation to the French king to intervene.

E.

The term humanism, as used in the context of the Renaissance, refers to A) insistence that Italian cities respect individual human rights. B) the belief that man was responsible for his own fate and God was dead. C) an anthropomorphic conception of God. D) belief in the perfectability of man. E) study of the Latin classics for moral education and insights into human nature.

C.

The term international style refers to A) Italian balance-of-power diplomacy. B) the use of movable-type printing in Europe. C) the spread of artistic techniques and ideals. D) the tactics of the centralizing monarchs. E) the increasing use of Latin among scholars to communicate.

B.

The victory of the Ottomans over the Hungarians on the plain of __________ led to a great advance of Protestantism in Hungary. A) Budapest B) Mohács C) Suleiman D) the Danube E) Cracow

C.

Thomas More's Utopia placed the blame for society's problems on A) human nature. B) God's will. C) society itself. D) the individual. E) King Henry VIII.

C.

Ulrich Zwingli attacked all of the following except A) indulgences. B) monasticism. C) the doctrine of the Trinity. D) clerical celibacy. E) the Mass.

E.

_________ factors proved decisive in shaping the course of the Reformation in eastern Europe. A) Religious B) Political C) Economic D) Social E) Ethnic

B.

_________'s On the Dignity of Man argued that there are no limits on what humans can achieve. A) Lorenzo Valla B) Pico della Mirandola C) Da Vinci D) Dante E) Petrarch

A.

__________'s Decameron embodied the new secular spirit. A) Boccaccio B) Pico della Mirandola C) Petrarch D) Da Vinci E) Lorenzo Valla

B.

__________'s Institutes of the Christian Religion laid out the core elements of his theology. A) Luther B) Calvin C) Zwingli D) Knox E) Servetus

A.

___________'s Gargantua and Pantagruel is a comic masterpiece. A) Rabelais B) Moore C) Erasmus D) Colet E) Van Eyck