Euro Unit 8 Test

Unemployment in the United States averaged only 5 percent in the 1920s but in 1933 soared to about

30 percent.

Who was Alexander Kerensky?

An agrarian socialist who became prime minister of Russia in July 1917

What was the February Revolution in Russia in 1917

An unplanned uprising of hungry and angry people in the capital

What did orthodox economists believe in the 1930s?

Balanced budgets were the key to economic growth.

What was the primary consequence of the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905

Britain, France, and Russia began to see Germany as a threat to dominate all of europe

What idea does the functionalist architecture of Le Corbusier promote?

Buildings should be built without ornamentation and instead be practical structures with clean, straight lines.

What nations joined the war on the side of the Central Powers?

Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire

What was an important factor in both the rapid growth of the American stock market in the 1920s and its collapse in October 1929?

Buying on margin

Using Map 26.1: The Great Depression in the United States and Europe, 1929-1939, explain the relationship between unemployment and rioting.

Countries with moderate unemployment experienced more strikes and riots.

What agreement did the United States develop to resolve the economic problems of Germany and international tensions in Europe in 1924?

Dawes Plan

According to Map 25.4: Territorial Changes after World War I, which new states were once part of the Russian Empire

Finland, Estonia Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland

What did the "war guilt clause" in the Treaty of Versailles declare?

Germany (with Austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations

What were the two-front wars that military planners had anticipated prior to the First World War

Germany had assumed a two-front war against France and Russia, and Italy had assumed a two front war against Austria-Hungary and France

According to Primary Source 25.1 why did Kaiser Wilhelm offer Austria-Hungary unconditional support in its actions against Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand?

Germany would stand by Austria-Hungary in case of war with Russia, but the Kaiser did not believe Russia was at all ready for war

What issue contributed to the tension between Germany and Great Britain in the first decade of the 1900s?

Germany's decision to build a large fleet of battleships

Which nations made up the Central Powers and allies according to Map 25.3: World War I in Europe and the Middle East, 1914-1918?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire

The nineteenth-century Danish theologian Søren Kierkegaard taught that

God's existence could not be proven, but believers must take a leap of faith and accept the existence of a majestic God.

Which countries are in the Triple Entente according to map 25.1: European Alliances at the Outbreak of World War I, 1914?

Great Britain, France, and Russia

How did Lenin respond to the peasants' seizure of land when he rose to power in 1917?

He mandated land reform in order to offer his approval for what the peasants had already done

What was French premier Georges Clemenceau's opinion at the Paris Peace Conference?

He wanted to create a buffer state between Germany and France

What is the composer Arnold Schönberg known for?

His creation of twelve-tone music that abandoned traditional harmony and tonality

What did the Popular Front do after its 1936 victory in France?

It encouraged the union movement and launched a far-reaching program of social reforms that included a forty-hour workweek

What was the result of Allied support of the White armies in the Russian civil war?

It helped the Bolsheviks, who could appeal to patriotic nationalism against the Allies

Why did Austria-Hungary deliberately choose war in July 1914

It hoped to stem the tide of hostile nationalism within its borders

Why did Italy, after declaring neutrality in 1914, decide to join the Triple Entente in 1915

It was promised Austrian territory in return

Who was the director of Triumph of the Will, a brilliant piece of cinematic propaganda based on the 1934 Nazi Party rally at Nuremberg?

Leni Riefenstahl

What did the theories of Albert Einstein assert?

Matter and energy are interchangeable, linking the apparently infinite universe with the subatomic world.

What did the Petrograd Soviet Army Order No. 1 state

Military officers were stripped of their authority and power was placed in the hands of elected committees and soldiers

Who assassinated Grigori Rasputin in 1916?

Nationalistic Aristocrats

According to Map 26.1: The Great Depression in the United States and Europe, 1929-1939, which American states contain the highest percentage of population receiving unemployment relief?

North Dakota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, and New Mexico

How did Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludenoroff react to Germany's loss in the war in the fall of 1918

Not wanting to shoulder the blame, they insisted moderate politicians should take responsibility for the defeat

What was the principle of national self-determination promoted by Woodrow Wilson?

People should be able to choose a national government through a democratic process and live free from outside interference

What did President Franklin Roosevelt's National Recovery Administration (NRA) attempt to do?

Plan and control the U.S. economy

Following the First World War, what was one of the most difficult domestic problems faced by governments?

Returning to peacetime economic production

What did Jean-Paul Sartre mean by the expression "existence precedes essence"?

Since there are no timeless or absolute truths, people must struggle to define their essence after they are born, completely on their own.

The German Communist Party, noisy and active in the 1920s, reserved their greatest hatred and sharpest barbs for

Social Democrats.

Which European nations were neutral in World War I according to Map 25.3: World War I in Europe and the Middle East, 1914-1918?

Spain, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, and Switzerland

What does Wilfred Owen want the reader to understand in "Dulce et Decorum Est"

That it is neither sweet nor fitting to die for one's country

How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks' view of the Marxist party in Russia differ from the Mensheviks' view of the party

The Bolsheviks wanted a small, disciplined party, while the Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership

Why were the Balkans considered the "powder keg of Europe"?

The Ottoman Empire had been forced to give up its territory in the region, leading to growing ethnic nationalism

What happened to Armenian inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire during World War I

The Ottoman Empire ordered their mass deportation from their homeland, resulting in about a million Armenian deaths from murder, starvation, and disease

What does the "middle way" refer to?

The Scandinavian response to the Great Depression

As noted in Primary Source 25.5 the General Syrian Congress in July 1919 sought "absolutely complete political independence for Syria" How did it reconcile this demand with the mandate system?

The mandate system was to be understood as nothing other than economic and technical assistance that did not prejudice the complete independence of Syria

In Primary Source 26.4: Keynes on German Reparations after World War I, why does Keynes believe that the Versailles peace treaty is rapidly depressing the European standard of life?

The treaty destroyed the organization of the complicated European economy, depriving part of the population of its means of livelihood.

What was the fatal turning point in the Russian prosecution of the war

The tsar's decision to assume command of Russia's armies, leaving the government in the hands of the strong-willed, autocratic tsarina

As excerpted in Primary Source 26.5: George Orwell on Life on the Dole, in what way does Orwell see the working class in England coming to terms with the Great Depression?

The working class has settled down to make the best of life on the dole.

In Primary Source 26.5: George Orwell on Life on the Dole, what significant contrast does George Orwell draw between the industrial North and London?

There are fewer people who are obviously destitute in the industrial North than in London.

Throughout the First World War, what mistake did military commanders repeatedly make

They attempted to mount massive offensives designed to break through entrenched lines

Why did the German military command recommence submarine warfare in the Atlantic despite knowing that it would lead the United States to enter the war against them

They believed that improved submarines could starve Britain into submission before the United States could come to Britain's rescue

How did the moderate Social Democrats in Germany put down the radical Communist Spartacist Uprising

They called on bands of demobilized soldiers called free Corps to crush the uprising

What was the common effect of the western-front offensives during the First World War

They caused the slaughter of massed infantry units

What was the primary political weakness of the White forces as they fought against the Bolsheviks?

They had a poorly defined political program that failed to unite the enemies of the Bolsheviks

Why did the Germans accept the Treaty of Versailles?

They had little alternative, especially as the naval blockade was still in place and the German people were starving

How did the Western powers react to the declarations of independence by Syria and Iraq shortly following the First World War

They invaded the two regions and defeated the independence movements

How did Jean-Paul Sartre think that people could live authentically in the twentieth century?

They must passively accept the loneliness and meaninglessness of human existence.

How did France and Belgium react when Germany refused to make its second reparations payment?

They occupied the Ruhr district.

For artists such as the Dadaists and Surrealists, what was the purpose of art?

To expose the bankruptcy of modern society and produce radical social change

In Primary Source 26.2: The Futurist Manifesto, what does Filippo Tommaso Marinetti have to say about war?

War and its ideals will be idolized by Futurists.

What did the Schlieffen Plan call for in 1914?

a lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia

he American stock market crash of October 1929 was primarily the result of

an imbalance between real investment and speculation.

James Joyce's Ulysses weaves ironic parallels between the adventures of Homer's hero Ulysses and

an ordinary man's aimless wanderings through the streets and pubs of Dublin.

The German government's printing of money to pay unemployment benefits to workers striking in the Ruhr against the Franco-Belgian occupation of 1923 led to

hyperinflation

In Civilization and Its Discontents (1930), Freud argued that civilization required

individuals to renounce their irrational instincts in order to live peaceably in groups.

Bismarck's alliance system was designed to isolate France and to

maintain peace between Russia and Austria-Hungary

In the early twentieth century, the traditional arts and amusements of people in villages and small towns was overshadowed by

modern mass media such as cinema and radio.

The signatories of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, initiated by French prime minister Aristide Briand and U.S. secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg, agreed to

renounce war as an instrument of international policy.

Walter Rantheau is remembered for his

role in Germany's total war mobilization

With the United States' failure to ratify the Versailles treaty, many French leaders placed their hopes for future security on

strict implementation of the treaty.

Gabriel Marcel found the answer to the postwar broken world in

the Catholic Church

What was the immediate cause of the British entry into the First World War

the German invasion of neutral Belgium

Germany's initial offensive was stopped on the outskirts of Paris at the Battle of ...

the Marne

In his philosophical writings, Friedrich Nietzsche argued that

the Western world had overemphasized rationality and stifled the authentic passions that drive human activity and true creativity

In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted that

the id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts.

John McCrae's poem "In Flanders Fields," as shown in Primary Source 25.2, states that the dead want

the living to fight those who killed them

How did the war on the eastern front differ from the western front

the war on the eastern front remained more mobile, with Germany in a more dominant position