Europe, 1500-1650: Expansion, Reformation, and Religious Wars (Ch 16)

John Calvin

A Protestant reformer (1509-1564) who established a reformed church in the city of Geneva. He enforced strict moral disciple with harsh punishments and emphasized the doctrine of Predestination.

Martin Luther

A former Catholic monk (1483-1546) who became the first to establish a reformed Christian Church that was free of Catholic control. He was critical of indulgences and emphasized "justification by faith alone."

Thirty Years' War

Fought in Europe from 1618 to 1648, this was the final and most destructive of the wars of religions. The was was ended with the Treaty of Westphalia, which recognized the rights of rulers to determine the religion within their lands.

Huguenots

French Calvinists.

Justification by faith

The righteousness that God demands did not result from performance of many religious works and cermonies, but was given in full measure to those who believed and trusted in Jesus Christ.

Portuguese Voyages of Discovery

In the late fifteenth century, Europe began to expand around the globe. Driven by both mercenary and religious motives, the Portuguese pioneered a sea route around Africa to India and the Far East, and the Spanish discovered the Americas. Social, political, and biological consequences were immense for Europeans, Native Americans, Africans, and Asians. In time, a truly global world would emerge.

Society of Jesus

Jesuits. Founded by Ignatius of Loyola.

Treaty of Augsburg

Peace of Augsburg also called Augsburg Settlement. A treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and the Schmalkaldic League, signed September 1555 at the imperial city of Augsurg.

English Reformation

Reformation parliament. Legislation that ultimately gave Henry VIII sole authority over the church of England.

Reformation

Sixteenth-century religious movement that sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church and led to the establishment of Protestantism. Began in Germany with Martin Luther's attack on indulgences in 1517. Despite Emperor Charles V's opposition, Luther had the support of many German princes. Shattered the religious unity in Europe. In Switzerland, Zwingli and Calvin launched their own versions of Protestantism. In England, Henry VIII repudiated papal authority when the pope refused to grant him a divorce. The different Protestant sects were often as hostile to each other as they were to Catholicism. Led to far-reaching changes in religious practices and social attitudes, including steps toward the advancement of women.

Ulrich Zwingli

The leader of the Swiss Reformation (1484-1531) whose influence was centered in Zurich. He looked for literal support in Scripture to determine what was to be believed or practiced by Christians.

Peace of Augsburg

Treaty signed in 1555 that recognized the permanent division within Christendom. It allowed each ruler to determine the religion his kingdom with the Holy Roman Empire. Cuis regio, eius religo (his kingdom, his religion)

Printing press

Well established by the mid-fifteenth century. It made possible the diffusion of both secular and religious learning. Also, served the educational and propaganda campaigns of princes and religious reformers, increasing literacy in both Latin and vernacular languages.