European History AP Unit 3

We were not many days in the merchant's custody before we were sold after their usual manner, which is this: On a signal given, (as the beat of a drum) the buyers rush at once into the yard where the slaves are confined, and make choice of that parcel they like best. The noise and clamor with which this is attended and the eagerness visible in the countenances of the buyers serve not a little to increase the apprehensions of the terrified Africans, who may well be supposed to consider them as the ministers of that destruction to which they think themselves devoted. In this manner, without scruple, are relations and friends separated, most of them never to see each other again... Is it not enough that we are torn from our country and friends to toil for your luxury and lust of gain? Must every tender feeling be likewise sacrificed to your avarice? Are the dearest friends and relations, now rendered more dear by their separation from their kindred, still to be parted from each other and this prevented from cheering the gloom of slavery with the small comfort of being together and mingling their sufferings and sorrows? Why are parents to lose their children, brothers their sisters, or husbands their wives? Surely this is a new refinement in cruelty which, while it has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress and adds fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery... —Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 1789 The passage undermines what commonly held European view of African slaves?

Africans were inferior to whites and unable to develop higher skills like reading and writing.

The Industrial Revolution came first to

Britain

Which philosophe is credited with a profound effect on the constitutional form of liberal democracies (with separated branches of government) for more than two centuries?

Charles de Montesquieu

During the period when these nations dominated foreign trade in the South, the French and the English had a small share of the trade in the North. But for the French this share supplied only an insignificant fraction of their material needs. As for the English, this share provided them with virtually all their needs and in addition met part of the needs of the other northern nations, for the English have always had good trade relations with the North. At first, Bruges was the principal exchange mart for this trading activity. Then the inhabitants of Antwerp took advantage of their port, facilities and attracted trade there. After the wars between the Spanish and the Dutch, the self-discipline, the moderation and the zeal of the Dutch attracted world trade to Amsterdam and to the other cities of Holland. But they were not satisfied with being the central exchange mart for all Europe and especially for the North. They decided to gain control of foreign trade at its very source. To this end they ruined the Portuguese in the East Indies. They inhibited or disturbed in every possible way the business ventures which the English had established there. They employed and are still employing every means, are exerting every effort, are applying their full resources to assume full control of world trade and to keep it out of the hands of all other nations. Their whole government is based upon this single principle. They know that as long as they maintain their commercial superiority, their power on both land and sea will keep on increasing and will make them so powerful that they will become the arbiters of peace and war in Europe. They can set whatever limits they please upon the law and the design of kings. —Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Dissertation on Alliances, 1669 How did the system of world trade in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries affect the European inhabitants of New World colonies?

Colonial people sought to trade with each other, often regardless of home country restrictions on such trade.

Agricultural techniques are illustrated in this plate from Diderot's Encyclopedia. In the foreground, a man steers a high-wheeled horse-drawn plow, while a woman operates a hopper device to sow seeds. What historical evidence supports the contention that the image was not a scene from mid-eighteenth century England?

English farmland would most likely show enclosures.

Now I hear the cry from all sides: "Do not argue!" The officer says: "Do not argue—drill!" The tax collector: "Do not argue—pay!" The pastor: "Do not argue—believe!" Only one ruler in the world says: "Argue as much as you please, but obey!" We find restrictions on freedom everywhere. But which restriction is harmful to enlightenment? Which restriction is innocent, and which advances enlightenment? I reply: the public use of one's reason must be free at all times, and this alone can bring enlightenment to mankind. -excerpt from a late eighteenth century writer from a west European state. A ruler who lived by the doctrine of "Argue as much as you please, but obey!" would most likely be a practitioner of

Enlightened absolutism

In what sense was the war associated with the American Revolution a continuation of the Seven Years' War?

France sought to weaken Great Britain after its triumph in 1763.

Now I hear the cry from all sides: "Do not argue!" The officer says: "Do not argue—drill!" The tax collector: "Do not argue—pay!" The pastor: "Do not argue—believe!" Only one ruler in the world says: "Argue as much as you please, but obey!" We find restrictions on freedom everywhere. But which restriction is harmful to enlightenment? Which restriction is innocent, and which advances enlightenment? I reply: the public use of one's reason must be free at all times, and this alone can bring enlightenment to mankind. -excerpt from a late eighteenth century writer from a west European state. The reference to "Only one ruler in the world" is most likely a reference to

Frederick the Great of Prussia.

Now I hear the cry from all sides: "Do not argue!" The officer says: "Do not argue—drill!" The tax collector: "Do not argue—pay!" The pastor: "Do not argue—believe!" Only one ruler in the world says: "Argue as much as you please, but obey!" We find restrictions on freedom everywhere. But which restriction is harmful to enlightenment? Which restriction is innocent, and which advances enlightenment? I reply: the public use of one's reason must be free at all times, and this alone can bring enlightenment to mankind. -excerpt from a late eighteenth century writer from a west European state. Who is the most likely source of the excerpt?

Immanuel Kant

Jean-Antoine Watteau, The Music Party (1718) What characteristics make this work part of the Rococo style of the early eighteenth century?

It depicts an aristocratic family engaged in leisure activities.

The Seven Years' War, 1756-1783 What claim about the Seven Years' War is correct?

It was the greatest of the European wars of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries and thus could be classified as a "world war."

Oh, miserable mortals! Oh wretched earth! Oh, dreadful assembly of all mankind! Eternal sermon of useless sufferings! Deluded philosophers who cry, "All is well," Hasten, contemplate these frightful ruins, This wreck, these shreds, these wretched ashes of the dead; These women and children heaped on one another, These scattered members under broken marble; One-hundred thousand unfortunates devoured by the earth Who, bleeding, lacerated, and still alive, Buried under their roofs without aid in their anguish, End their sad days! —Voltaire, "Poem on the Lisbon Disaster, or: An Examination of that Axiom 'All Is Well," 1755 Which Enlightenment-era thinker would have most likely expressed disagreement with Voltaire's poem?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Of the following, where would discussion of scientific or Enlightenment-era ideas most likely be found?

London coffeehouses

What irony accompanied the dissemination of Enlightenment thought during the eighteenth century?

Much of the wealth that supported and sustained the Enlightenment was derived from trade based at least in part on slavery.

Jean-Antoine Watteau, The Music Party (1718) The Rococo style of this period gave way to an artistic reaction known as

Neoclassicism.

Which of the following styles of art utilizes lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light?

Rococo

Agricultural techniques are illustrated in this plate from Diderot's Encyclopedia. In the foreground, a man steers a high-wheeled horse-drawn plow, while a woman operates a hopper device to sow seeds. . In what way did rural, agricultural family life impede the adoption of innovative practices associated with what became known as the Agricultural Revolution?

Rural families were focused on maintaining a stable food supply and resisted changes that might threaten it.

We were not many days in the merchant's custody before we were sold after their usual manner, which is this: On a signal given, (as the beat of a drum) the buyers rush at once into the yard where the slaves are confined, and make choice of that parcel they like best. The noise and clamor with which this is attended and the eagerness visible in the countenances of the buyers serve not a little to increase the apprehensions of the terrified Africans, who may well be supposed to consider them as the ministers of that destruction to which they think themselves devoted. In this manner, without scruple, are relations and friends separated, most of them never to see each other again... Is it not enough that we are torn from our country and friends to toil for your luxury and lust of gain? Must every tender feeling be likewise sacrificed to your avarice? Are the dearest friends and relations, now rendered more dear by their separation from their kindred, still to be parted from each other and this prevented from cheering the gloom of slavery with the small comfort of being together and mingling their sufferings and sorrows? Why are parents to lose their children, brothers their sisters, or husbands their wives? Surely this is a new refinement in cruelty which, while it has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress and adds fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery... —Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 1789 In what way did slavery and the transatlantic slave trade contribute to changes in the European economy?

Slavery increased production of certain commodities, like sugar, coffee and tea, which in turn generated a consumer economy in Europe.

Agricultural techniques are illustrated in this plate from Diderot's Encyclopedia. In the foreground, a man steers a high-wheeled horse-drawn plow, while a woman operates a hopper device to sow seeds. What is the best explanation for the appearance of this image in Diderot's Encyclopedia?

The Encyclopedia strove to document innovations that later became known as the Agricultural Revolution.

The Seven Years' War was preceded by numerous other general European wars. What best explains the role played by the European concept of "balance of power"?

The conflicts were fought in order to prevent any one nation from becoming Europe's hegemonic power.

The Spinning Jenny, 1765 What other mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth century development came alongside improvements in productivity?

The growth of existing large cities expanded rapidly.

What was one of the most important causes that drove European nations to increase their taxes in the mid-eighteenth century?

They had to pay off their war debts from prolonged wars.

Agricultural techniques are illustrated in this plate from Diderot's Encyclopedia. In the foreground, a man steers a high-wheeled horse-drawn plow, while a woman operates a hopper device to sow seeds. Which statement about European women by the middle of the eighteenth century is supported by the image?

Women were an integral part of a "family economy."

In which arena would women be most likely to participate in discussion of Enlightenment ideas or science?

a Parisian salon

We were not many days in the merchant's custody before we were sold after their usual manner, which is this: On a signal given, (as the beat of a drum) the buyers rush at once into the yard where the slaves are confined, and make choice of that parcel they like best. The noise and clamor with which this is attended and the eagerness visible in the countenances of the buyers serve not a little to increase the apprehensions of the terrified Africans, who may well be supposed to consider them as the ministers of that destruction to which they think themselves devoted. In this manner, without scruple, are relations and friends separated, most of them never to see each other again... Is it not enough that we are torn from our country and friends to toil for your luxury and lust of gain? Must every tender feeling be likewise sacrificed to your avarice? Are the dearest friends and relations, now rendered more dear by their separation from their kindred, still to be parted from each other and this prevented from cheering the gloom of slavery with the small comfort of being together and mingling their sufferings and sorrows? Why are parents to lose their children, brothers their sisters, or husbands their wives? Surely this is a new refinement in cruelty which, while it has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress and adds fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery... —Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 1789 The description in the passage suggests that slavery in the Atlantic world of the eighteenth century was

a well-developed, organized and extensive system of forced labor.

Oh, miserable mortals! Oh wretched earth! Oh, dreadful assembly of all mankind! Eternal sermon of useless sufferings! Deluded philosophers who cry, "All is well," Hasten, contemplate these frightful ruins, This wreck, these shreds, these wretched ashes of the dead; These women and children heaped on one another, These scattered members under broken marble; One-hundred thousand unfortunates devoured by the earth Who, bleeding, lacerated, and still alive, Buried under their roofs without aid in their anguish, End their sad days! —Voltaire, "Poem on the Lisbon Disaster, or: An Examination of that Axiom 'All Is Well," 1755 Voltaire's reaction to this event has often been characterized as

deism

What was the principal reason for the changes depicted in the images?

exploitation of a weaker state by stronger states

Monarchs such as Joseph II and Catherine II made "enlightened" reforms part of their drive to ________.

increase revenues and gain political power

In the 1700s, the middle classes were distinguished from the nobility by _________.

inherited privilege

Deism reflected Enlightenment intellectual currents in ___________.

its rational approach

...the French and the English had a small share of the trade in the North. But for the French this share supplied only an insignificant fraction of their material needs. As for the English, this share provided them with virtually all their needs and in addition met part of the needs of the other northern nations, for the English have always had good trade relations with the North. At first, Bruges was the principal exchange mart for this trading activity. Then the inhabitants of Antwerp took advantage of their port, facilities and attracted trade there. After the wars between the Spanish and the Dutch, the self-discipline, the moderation and the zeal of the Dutch attracted world trade to Amsterdam and to the other cities of Holland. But they were not satisfied with being the central exchange mart for all Europe and especially for the North. They decided to gain control of foreign trade at its very source. To this end they ruined the Portuguese in the East Indies. They inhibited or disturbed in every possible way the business ventures which the English had established there. They employed and are still employing every means, are exerting every effort, are applying their full resources to assume full control of world trade and to keep it out of the hands of all other nations. Their whole government is based upon this single principle. They know that as long as they maintain their commercial superiority, their power on both land and sea will keep on increasing and will make them so powerful that they will become the arbiters of peace and war in Europe. They can set whatever limits they please upon the law and the design of kings. —Jean Colbert, French Finance Minister, Dissertation on Alliances, 1669 What feature of European history in this period is being described?

mercantilism

The Seven Years' War, 1756-1783 The Seven Years' War was important in the European balance of power because it

occasioned a diplomatic "revolution" that aligned Great Britain with Prussia and France with Austria.

The issue most relevant to physiocrats was ________.

property rights

Under mercantilism, colonies existed to provide markets and natural resources for the industries of the home country, and in turn, the home country was to ________.

protect and administer the colonies

The steam engine was revolutionary because it _________.

provided a virtually unlimited source of power

. The term "Old Regime" has come to refer to the ________.

social, political, and economic relationships in Europe just prior to the French Revolution

We were not many days in the merchant's custody before we were sold after their usual manner, which is this: On a signal given, (as the beat of a drum) the buyers rush at once into the yard where the slaves are confined, and make choice of that parcel they like best. The noise and clamor with which this is attended and the eagerness visible in the countenances of the buyers serve not a little to increase the apprehensions of the terrified Africans, who may well be supposed to consider them as the ministers of that destruction to which they think themselves devoted. In this manner, without scruple, are relations and friends separated, most of them never to see each other again... Is it not enough that we are torn from our country and friends to toil for your luxury and lust of gain? Must every tender feeling be likewise sacrificed to your avarice? Are the dearest friends and relations, now rendered more dear by their separation from their kindred, still to be parted from each other and this prevented from cheering the gloom of slavery with the small comfort of being together and mingling their sufferings and sorrows? Why are parents to lose their children, brothers their sisters, or husbands their wives? Surely this is a new refinement in cruelty which, while it has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress and adds fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery... —Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 1789 Of the following, what commodity did more to entrench the institution of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade than any other?

sugar

During the period when these nations dominated foreign trade in the South, the French and the English had a small share of the trade in the North. But for the French this share supplied only an insignificant fraction of their material needs. As for the English, this share provided them with virtually all their needs and in addition met part of the needs of the other northern nations, for the English have always had good trade relations with the North. At first, Bruges was the principal exchange mart for this trading activity. Then the inhabitants of Antwerp took advantage of their port, facilities and attracted trade there. After the wars between the Spanish and the Dutch, the self-discipline, the moderation and the zeal of the Dutch attracted world trade to Amsterdam and to the other cities of Holland. But they were not satisfied with being the central exchange mart for all Europe and especially for the North. They decided to gain control of foreign trade at its very source. To this end they ruined the Portuguese in the East Indies. They inhibited or disturbed in every possible way the business ventures which the English had established there. They employed and are still employing every means, are exerting every effort, are applying their full resources to assume full control of world trade and to keep it out of the hands of all other nations. Their whole government is based upon this single principle. They know that as long as they maintain their commercial superiority, their power on both land and sea will keep on increasing and will make them so powerful that they will become the arbiters of peace and war in Europe. They can set whatever limits they please upon the law and the design of kings. —Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Dissertation on Alliances, 1669 What was the consequence for international relations of the system described in Colbert's Dissertation?

tariff protection and other discriminatory trade practices that facilitated mistrust, competition and war

The Spinning Jenny, 1765 The spinning jenny resulted in major changes in

textile manufacturing.

What industry pioneered the Industrial Revolution?

textiles

The Spinning Jenny, 1765 What type of production became obsolete as a result of changes after 1765?

the "putting out" or domestic system

Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d'Alembert are best known for their great work: ________.

the Encyclopedia

The heart of the eighteenth-century colonial rivalry in the Americas lay in ________.

the West Indies

"The Cake of Kings," 1773 Engraving What development is portrayed in both the map and the engraving?

the partitions of Poland

Maria Theresa's great achievement was ________.

the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as a major political power