eus 2201 final exam

WWI disillusionment x

Unique in that it began with great enthusiasm and expectations of a short war. Development of new, more efficient methods of killing & misery of trench warfare led to lost generation and Age of Uncertainty. People became sick of the war as it dragged on. WWI gave war itself a very bad name and the idea that "we are cannon fodder" arose

Vietnam disillusionment x

Vietnam was similar to the post-WWI disillusionment- many soldiers didn't even know where Vietnam was and they became cynical, especially with the class divide in drafting ("Fortunate Son"). Soldiers didn't come home to a warm atmosphere, but rather widespread protests

Cultural impact of WWII on ideas of race and progress

WWII gave racism a bad name, putting racism on defensive. Concept of progress takes a hit, and the crack left by WWI becomes an abyss- Auschwitz and Hiroshima

V.I. Lenin

(1870-1924) The Bolshevik leader who made the Marxist revolution in November 1917 and modified orthodox Marxism in doing so. Shrewd tactician who believed that intellectuals were the vanguards of revolution. He was imported from exile by the Germans (basically used as a biological agent) and he rallied around "peace, land, and bread" for the people

Origin of species

1859: Charles Darwin's book explained how various species evolve over time and only those with advantages can survive and reproduce. Evolution does not have one end goal and is not teleological, which was shocking at the time

Bloody Sunday

1905; peaceful march by Russians turned deadly when Czar's guards fire on crowd, killing hundreds. Protestors were fighting to give poor the very basics

The Hollow Men

1925 poem by T.S. Eliot which is about a decaying, disorganized world, and it often uses specific poetic devices to emphasize the disorder and chaos of the world it describes. The "hollow men" are stuck in limbo/a purgatory of meaninglessness. Post-WWI uncertainty and fragmentation

Chaplin's Modern Times

1936 movie depicting Charlie Chaplin as a factory worker, getting lost in the machinery. It depicted the trajectories of change and questioned what we mean by modern and progress (does technological progress have a momentum of its own?). Does it mean more/bigger machines? Better lives? Also led to the questioning of whether there is a point where technology degrades human life rather than improves it

"New romanticism"

1960s counterculture was a new romanticism in that it rebelled against urban life/society, returned to nature, looked inwards, made emotion a good thing, and believed in sexual freedom and frequent drug usage

Student movement

1968, was dedicated to resolving issues involving civil rights, poverty and liberating college students. Students for a Democratic Society was one of these organizations, although it fractured as the 60s went on and the Vietnam War ramped up

Core tenets of Marxist theory

19th century philosophy by Karl Marx (and Friedrich Engels) that combines utopianism and science in that society is organized among the competing classes with the working class/proletariat being exploited, which would then lead to them banding together to overthrow the system. According to Marx, this revolution is inevitable and the real engine of change is the people and how we organize ourselves.. "The working man has no country"

Russo-Japanese War

A 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries' efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea. Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its growing empire. The shock of this defeat was felt throughout the world and collapsed morale, leading to the "Bloody Sunday" massacre, assassination, mutinies, rebellions, and labor strikes. It was the 2nd time a major European power was defeated by non-European power in big military confrontation

Battle of the Somme

A 1916 WWI (1914-1918) battle between German and British forces. Ending in a stalemate, the bitter three-month conflict is notable for the high number of casualties- 1.25 million men killed or wounded - and the first use of tanks in warfare. Britain lost 60k men in one day and afterwards, Europeans began to question where they were headed

Zeppelin x

A German floating airship

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler during WWII to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. The Holocaust brought together some of the most quintessential elements of modernity (immense power of the modern bureaucratic state, modern transportation to death and labor camps, factories, labor, and sciences), so this severely marred the idea of modernity and progress since it was used in the name of German progress

Industrial revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing, production, and agriculture that began in the mid-1700s. It precipitated an energy/electricity revolution through the use of coal, making electricity far more flexible. Transportation methods advanced as well as the field of medicine. Some inventions include the steam engine, mechanical loom, etc. As a result, Europe projected its power outwards.

12-tone music x

A predetermined set of 12 different pitches used consecutively within a piece

Teleology

A reason or explanation for something as a function of its end, purpose, or goal, as opposed to as a function of its cause. Darwin showed that evolution is not teleological

Ulysses

A stream of consciousness book with shifting points of view by James Joyce that mirrored Homer's book. The last sentence of the book is 3000 words long. Reflects the trend of writers to abandon the basic structure of language. Addresses the themes of internalization and externalization and illustrates a new perspective on reality that combines the internal and external workings of an individual. This reality more closely mirrors what Joyce saw in the world around him

Total war

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields. WWI was the first total war and there was the establishment of a home front: rationalization of industry, command economy, women brought into industry, centralization of state, and rationing

The unconscious

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. His hypothesis was that a hidden realm/events in our mind, the unconscious, influence the visible events in our lives/behavior

Directionless evolution

Addressed in Darwin's Origin of Species in which his studies showed that evolution is not teleological/toward an end goal, and this purposelessness added another unsettling element to the new developments of the time/contributed to the FNDE barrier

Progress

After the Enlightenment (which was marked by progress in a myriad of fields), European countries also thought that they were bringing "progress" to the African countries that they colonized. By the late 1800s/early 1900s, there was a creeping sense that something went wrong and Europe "took a wrong turn," a crack made visible during WWI. People then began to question progress and what it really meant

Enola Gay

American B-29 bomber that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945. The crew was not fully briefed on what they were carrying. First aircraft to drop an atomic bomb in warfare

T.S. Eliot

American poet, essayist, publisher, playwright, literary critic and editor who wrote The Hollow Men and The Waste Land

James Joyce

An Irish novelist who wrote Ulysses, a stream of consciousness book that mirrored Homer's book. The last sentence of the book is 3000 words long. Reflects the trend of writers to abandon the basic structure of language

Self-referential social order

Anthropological idea introduced by Marcel Mauss in his book The Gift which claims that the structure of social order relies on components/internal rules inside, making it a self-containing structure. This social order is circular, self-referential, and basically hangs in the void, making meaning relative to the structure that creates it

Sigmund Freud

Austrian natural scientist and medical doctor whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis and used the talking cure. He theorized that there was a hidden level of psyche within humans, and that the hidden realm/events in it influence the visible events in our lives/behavior. Believed that the human self was fragmented into the id, ego, and superego, and that a rational person no longer has full order/control over themselves, there is an irrational aspect

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Austrian philosopher who asserted that what we think is restricted by our language so we can only gesture at it. We circulate language and create meaning through linguistic structure, so sometimes we are stuck within confines of language in certain areas. This lends itself to the idea that human knowledge is a circular, self-referential system and some things are incommunicable

Todd Gitlin

Author of The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage; one of the leaders of the sixties New Left movement through the Students for a Democratic Society

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition. Ruled over the Communist party from the late 20s to 1953- his death left a power vacuum

Mensheviks vs. Bolshevisks x

Bolsheviks: -supported the overthrow of capitalism -more radical group that believed in party discipline -with them or against them Menshevik: -minority group that supported a gradual progressive change with collaboration between middle class and bourgeoise -accepted differing beliefs -didn't support using revolts to solve problems

Dreadnought

British response in 1906 to the buildup of the German naval fleet, it is a battleship with increased speed and power over conventional warships, developed by both Germany and Great Britain to increase their naval arsenals. Carried 10 300mm guns mounted in 5 turrets.

Sarajevo

Capital of the Bosnian province in Austria-Hungary; site of Ferdinand's assassination.

Anti-materialism

Children in the 1960s disdained parents for materialist upbringing- hollow values and excess of belongings. Counterculture went against materialism and "dropped out" of society

Social impact of WWII

Civil rights and women's rights leaped forward due to war, African Americans move from south to urban areas north, and expectations for women are dramatically changed

Diderot's Encyclopedia

Collection of Enlightenment writings by Denis Diderot in 1751 into 28 volumes in order to spread Enlightenment ideas to educated people all over the world. Implicit optimism in the book in that it relied on the rational unity of knowledge, faith in communicable ability of knowledge, and perfectibility of human nature. He wanted to compile all human knowledge, harking back to the idea of the Renaissance man

Anton Webern x

Composer of Kinderstuck in 1924, "child's piece" and 12 tone music- dissonances are rampant

German expansionism (WWI)

Desire to unite German states, Otto von Bismarck, increase territory and unite Germany through strategic wars

The Eastern Question x

Diplomatic problem posed in the 19th and early 20th centuries by the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, centering on the contest for control of former Ottoman territories. What to do with the ferment of nationalism in the Balkans?

Franz Blaha

Doctor that testified at the Neuremburg trials. He was a physician and prisoner at the Dachau concentration camp, outside of Munich. Cold water experiments.

Not with a bang but a whimper

End of "The Hollow Men" - This is the way the world ends // Not with a bang but a whimper. Describes how the world is slowly petering out

Charles Darwin

English naturalist and author of On the Origin of Species (study of plants and animals of South America) in which he showed that species are constantly changing (evolving, but not in any specific direction), challenging the Biblical account of creation. Showed that evolution is not teleological/toward an end goal, and this purposelessness added another unsettling element to the new developments of the time/contributed to the FNDE barrier

Four reasons why the sixties movement faded away

Exhaustion, success of movements (Vietnam withdrawal), internal divisions, excesses (drugs and radicalization ex. SDS fracturing into radical groups), repression (COINTELPRO)

Dostoevsky and the firing squad

Experience in 1849 when Fyodor Dostoevsky was sentenced to death by firing squad for allegedly engaging in antigovernment activities inside a radical intellectual circle. The prisoners were separated into groups of three and Dostoevsky stood to the side, forced to watch as the first group of his intellectual peers was lined up and tied to the posts. They never fired as the Tsar had written an order of reprieve beforehand, and wanted it delivered at the last possible second so as to make a spectacle of the "conspirators"

"Events of May"

France, May 1968: Workers and students movement that spread beyond student protests and rapidly took over entire country. De Gaulle tried to suppress, sent in CRS but the attempts backfired and sympathy spread. On May 17: 10 million workers striked and demanded corporate democracy. It came to a surprisingly tame end and De Gaulle stepped down. Called for educational and social reforms

Mission civilisatrice

French and Portuguese ideal to civilize the peoples that they controlled in Africa during the Age of imperialism; "civilization mission." Comparable to the "white man's burden" which was the idea of the superiority of European civilization, leading the push to forcibly Europeanize "backwards civilizations." Notion of bringing light into a "land of darkness," progress, and mastery over nature

Charles de Gaulle

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)

Andre Breton

French writer, poet, and founder of surrealism. Explored the unconscious and subliminal (implicit impact of Freud), and utilized automatic writing. Reason was an obstacle, wrote stream of consciousness

"We'll be home by Christmas"

Frequently used term at the beginning World War One that signals that most countries underestimated how long the war will last. Refers to the nationalist sentiment and excitement that the European countries had going into the war. Usually this comment is made by politicians and not by military leaders. Positive outlook ended by stalemate at the border trenches

Anti-Vietnam war movement

Gained strength in the late 1960s as the Vietnam War became more unpopular, centered on college campuses, and opposed to the draft (selective service). Protests and marches were seen throughout the U.S, draft cards were burned and some deserted to avoid going to fight

Schlieffen Plan

German attack plan proposed by General Schlieffen to create a two front war with France//GB and Russia (since Russia will take longer to mobilize since it wasn't fully industrialized yet). It was unsuccessful in that it prematurely demanded more troops for eastern front and the French had an excellent railway system that could quickly move troops to meet the northern invasion. Went through neutral Belgium to attack France, Belgium resisted and other countries came to their aid

General Schlieffen

German general who created the Schlieffen plan of creating a two front war with France//GB and Russia (since Russia will take longer to mobilize since it wasn't fully industrialized yet), It was unsuccessful in that it prematurely demanded more troops for eastern front and the French had an excellent railway system that could quickly move troops to meet the northern invasion

Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher who emphasized the constant struggle to refine one's understanding and struggle within one's self. He challenged universal truths and posited that humans must create their own values and apply them. He showed how moral values have changed and since truth is rooted in historical and cultural context, we must overcome and apply our own values to life

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. This was the final nail in coffin of Enlightenment worldview through the breakdown of the Newtonian model. Shows that physics study is not universal and depends on the conditions in which something is studied. Pulled the carpet out from under Enlightenment ideas- there are no universal truths

Geopolitical impact of WWII

Global politics became bipolar, not multipolar - US and USSR called shots. Nations knocked into decline (regions were eclipsed or rose to new prominence and European power declined). Third World slowly began to coalesce. UN membership increased

Admiral Tirpitz

Guided Germany's decision to add a large, enormously expensive fleet of big-gun battleships to its already expanding navy in order to defeat the Brits in the event of war (began this program in the 1890s). This large navy was seen as a legitimate mark of a great world power and as a source of pride and patriotic unity, establishing Germany as a new power

Alexandar Kerensky

Headed the Provisional Government in 1917. Refused to redistribute confiscated landholdings to the peasants. Thought fighting in WWI was a national duty. Ousted by Bolsheviks

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Anti-militarism of the sixties

Huge student (as well as other members of society i.e. priests, mothers, businessmen, etc.) protests against both Vietnam War and nuclear proliferation. They did not blindly accept what the government said was "good for you" and wanted to create new social order based on morality

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Humiliating treaty in 1918 in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans (Lithuania, Poland, Finland) in order to gain peace. This ended Russian participation in the war and although Lenin supported peace many other Bolsheviks were not prepared to lose one third of the population to Germany

"God is dead"

Idea expressed by Hegel and stated by Nietzsche meaning that there is no single source of static truth lying outside history (like through a divine being); rather, the universe is change and humanity must apply our own meanings and morals to our lives

Long-term impact of the sixties counterculture

Ideas and values absorbed, permeated society. Advanced civil rights, feminist agenda, left world a different place, challenged governmental status quo

Subverting the structure of language

In order to answer the question of how art was going to represent a world where we don't know where we stand, language was used to reflect uncertainty and anxiety in living without Truth. Art took up the subject of meaninglessness and authors began to undermine the old uses of language itself- take old words and fragment, distort, and subvert the old language, syntax. The basic structure was abandoned by many writers. Cubism of language, everything in flux

18th century Enlightenment

Intellectual movement in Europe in the 18th century that precipitated an efflorescence of/emphasis on reason, progress, rational thought, and natural law. Truth meant repeatable conclusions, and it was largely optimistic in that it posited that the world has reason embedded in it and the mind reflects that order. There was a new emphasis on humans solving own problems as well as a new conception of God as the "divine clockmaker"

Hot Autumn

Labor/student protests in Italy and unrest that occurred until 1970. Temporary alliance between students and workers and the country plodded on through protests. The Red Brigades in this movement were notorious for kidnappings, murder, and sabotage. Kidnapped and murdered former prime minister Aldo Moro

Hiroo Onoda

Last Japanese soldier to surrender, surrendered in 1974. Japanese soldiers had lasting loyalty to the emperor. Was found in the Jungle on an island in the pacific. They had to find his commanding officer and bring him to the island because he would not surrender without orders from his superiors.

Tsar Nicholas II

Last Tsar of Russia (abdicated in 1917, then a provisional government was formed) and then end of the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin.

Economic impact of WWII

Lifted world out of Great Depression- extraordinary leap forward of American economy, helping the nation emerge as a military and economic power (shook the American attitude of isolationism, knew more about globalization). American power flows outward into world through military, diplomacy, and culture ("The American Century")

Einsteinian relativity

Model of relativity that works at cosmic/ subatomic level, physics depends on frame of reference

Civil rights movement

Movement in the United States beginning in the 1950s (mainly in the 1960s) led primarily by black people in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens; employed nonviolence through protests, sit-ins, economic boycotts, voter registration drives (i.e. Freedom Summer 1964), etc. Also used government institutions like the courts

Sixties music

Musical revolution i.e. Woodstock. Psychedelic rock. Bob Dylan, Beatles, Joan Byaz created music that reflected countercultural themes

Little Boy

Name of the bomb that exploded over Hiroshima

The FNDE barrier

New wave of scientists and philosophers between 1850-1950 that led people to reassess their definitions of truth and science and realize their own insignificance. It was how Enlightenment worldview came to be eroded and marked a fundamental break from familiar zone to unfamiliar territory that we are still in it today. These thinkers weren't trying to sabotage the Enlightenment, it was just the cumulative effect of their writings that shook foundations

Modernity

New wave of technology in the late 1800s-early 1900s that led the public to consider if more technology is better and question the idea of progress- what is modernity?

The Alliance System

One of the causes of WWI, Germany and Austria-Hungary; France and Russia (common interest against Germany); France and Great Britain (military global interest and fear of Germany outweighed rivalry). In 1907, France, GB, and Russia banded together against Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Human agency

People turned inward during the early 20th century to weigh the role of individuals versus seemingly huge impersonal forces

Paul Tibbets

Pilot of the Enola Gay, The plane that carried and dropped the first atomic bomb

Transhumanists

Popular modern intellectual movement that echoes some of the naivete of Enlightenment thinkers in their pursuit to make people better than they are/make better people. Want to shape humankind through eugenics, which was the basis behind the Holocaust. Very slippery slope

Peter Stolypin

Prime minister of Russia from 1906-1911. He was very involved in fighting radical groups and he also took upon himself various agrarian reforms - which he thought and were proven to be essential for the Russian economy. Launched series of reforms: 1906-11, also wanted to nudge Russia toward European institutions. After his assassination, the czar clamped down again

Gavrilo Prinkip

Proximate cause of WWI was his assassination of Franz Ferdinand in 1914. The Austria-Hungarians crack down on Serbs and the Germans give them a "blank check." Member of the Black Hand

"All that is solid melts into air"

Quote by Karl Marx through his witness of rapid societal change and the transformative power of capitalism and technology, also the title of Marshall Berman's Experience of Modernity that examined social and economic modernization and its conflicting relationship with modernism. Premise of this book is that the power capitalism has released creates inequality

4 features of Enlightement concept of progress

Rational unity of knowledge, communicability of knowledge, power of education, and the perfectibility of human nature. Can see these ideas in Diderot's Encyclopedia

Cultural consequences of WWI

Rationalization of industry, women in new roles, centralization of the state. There were also many rebellions and revolutions, 4 monarchies collapsed, new nations were created, and the victors enjoyed expanded power

The "prison-house of language"

Reality is constructed through the linguistic medium but does not give us the tools to express what matters in life

Political impact of WWII

Redefinition of conservatism (moderate conservative becomes a force, new center-right power emerges and shares similarities with moderate center-left). Belief in welfare state, debate over it (keeps democracy safe in a capitalist society and compresses the ups and downs of the economy). Idea of government economic intervention. Use of science and technology for power

Rite of Spring

Revolutionary work which depicts pagan ritual in which a sacrificial virgin dances herself to death. Reflected the trend of the loosening of form and structures in music. In the Paris performance, the audience were so outraged by the avant-garde score and choreography, that many people thought it seemed like the work of a madman, so they incited a riot

4 main aspects of long-term significance of Russian revolution

Russia became split between Communist and socialism, fear of workers revolting caused fascism to rise, attraction in the colonial world and third world (ideological political detonation), strong pull on Left everywhere/beacon for leftists

Igor Stravinsky

Russian composer who composed the Rite of Spring, music reflected the trend of the loosening of form and structures in music. In the Paris performance, the audience were so outraged by the avant-garde score and choreography, that many people thought it seemed like the work of a madman, so they incited a riot

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution (he organized the Red Army post-revolution), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin. Trotsky wrote against Stalin and he was assassinated

U.S.S. Indianapolis

Ship that delivered the atomic bomb to Tinian Island and was sunk by a Japanese sub.

Tinian

Small island that served as launching point for the Enola Gay, the plane carrying the atomic bomb. Looked like a giant aircraft carrier

Revolution of 1905

Strikes by urban workers and peasants in Russia; prompted by shortages of food and by Russia's loss to Japan in 1905. Result of discontent from Russian factory workers and peasants as well as an emerging nationalist sentiment among the empires minorities. Liberalized the political atmosphere somewhat- created political parties, promoted open discussion of political matters, etc.

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. Largely built off of the "mission to civilize" or "white man's burden"

3 features of Enlightenment concept of truth

Truth is universal, mechanistic, and empirically verifiable

George C. Marshall

The head of allied forces in World War II with a brilliant vision of statesmanship; proposed the Marshall Plan of economic aid to to rebuild Western Europe and prevent the region from falling to Communism and Fascism. He looked at the punitive Treaty of Versailles and its effects and wanted to help Europeans, even the losers, rather than punish. Fostered decades of goodwill, all involved nations stayed democratic and capitalist, and there is now an enduring transatlantic relationship

Free trade

The movement of goods and services among nations without government interference through political or economic barriers. The global network of financial institutions (with London as a hub) during the industrial revolution was built on free trade, growing the British economy. It helped to facilitate European colonization abroad by making movement of goods and monopolization easier.

Home front

The name given to the part of war that was not actively involved in the fighting but which was vital to it. Had some elements of the home front in WWI, but mainly in WWII- rationalization of industry, command economy, women brought into industry, centralization of state, and rationing. The government also sold war bonds to finance the war and men were expected to enlist or sign up for the Selective Service (to be drafted)

Self-overcoming

The process through which the individual, via self-examination and inner struggle, strives to become greater. Nietzsche engages with this idea when he discusses the significance of suffering in forging a noble character. The re-creation of one's own being in this world into something more exalted.

Marcel Mauss

This French sociologist wrote the essay, The Gift, in which he argued that gift giving necessitates reciprocity, which in turn creates relationships of obligation and dependency between people.