evo

This therapsid had large canine teeth, large maxilla bones and longfaces * a. Haptodus b. Biarmosuchus c. Procynosuchus d. Thrinaxodon

b. Biarmosuchus

It is a term which associated with high rates of origination and highrates of extinction. A. extinction B. turnover C. growth rate D. carrying capacity

B. turnover

By the _________, most families of living insects, including ants and social bees, had evolved. * A. early Cretaceous B. late Cretaceous C. early Triassic D. late Triassic

B. late Cretaceous

The most complete fossil record has been left by _____ animals with hard parts such as shells or skeletons A. terrestrial B. marine C. desert D. freshwater

B. marine

This one substitutes a purine for a pyrimidine A. transition B. transversion C. synonymous D. nonsynonymous

B. transversion

The varied plumages of the willow ptarmigan are due to different genotypes. * A. true B. false

?

The angiosperms, or flowering plants first appeared in the __________. A. early Cretaceous B. Triassic C. Jurassic D. Tertiary

A. early Cretaceous

What was the prevailing notion prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin? A) Earth is 6,000 years old, and populations are unchanging. B) Earth is 6,000 years old, and populations gradually change. C) Earth is millions of years old, and populations rapidly change. D) Earth is millions of years old, and populations are unchanging. Earth is millions of years old, and populations gradually change.

A) Earth is 6,000 years old, and populations are unchanging.

Upon their discovery by Europeans, koalas were classified as bears (Ursidae). Later, it became apparent that koalas are not bears, but marsupial mammals of the family Phascolarctidae. For as long as the koalas were classified as bears, what was true of the family Ursidae? * A) It was polyphyletic B) Its classification had a better basis in fact than the current one C) Its classification was more in line with molecular evidence than the current one D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

A) It was polyphyletic

In a comparison of birds with mammals, having four appendages is * A) a shared primitive character. B) a shared derived character. C) a character useful for distinguishing the birds from mammals. D) an example of analogy rather than homology. E) a character useful for sorting bird species.

A) a shared primitive character.

Which of these is most likely to increase the rate of a molecular clock? * A) genes being replicated by DNA polymerases that have no proofreading capability B) genes with a high proportion of guanine-cytosine pairs C) the absence of introns from genes D) when the amino acid sequence of the gene product is critical for proper functioning E) the absence of functional telomerases

A) genes being replicated by DNA polymerases that have no proofreading capability

It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that * A) island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors B) common environments are inhabited by the same organisms C) the islands were originally part of the continent D) the island forms and mainland forms are converging E) island forms and mainland forms have identical gene pools

A) island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors

What is the most important missing evidence or observation in Darwin's theory of 1859? * A) the source of genetic variation B) evidence of the overproduction of offspring C) evidence that some organisms became extinct D) observation that variation is common in populations E) observation that competition exists in populations

A) the source of genetic variation

This positive relationship between body size and latitude is so common in mammals and birds that it has been named __________ Rule. * A. Bergmann's B. Hardy-Weinberg's C. Dollo's D. Cope's

A. Bergmann's

What probably accounts for the switch to DNA-based genetic systems during the evolution of life on Earth? * A. DNA is chemically more stable and replicates with fewer errors (mutations)than RNA. B. Only DNA can replicate during cell division. C. RNA is too involved with translation of proteins and cannot provide multiplefunctions. D. DNA forms the rod-shaped chromosomes necessary for cell division. E. Replication of RNA occurs too quickly.

A. DNA is chemically more stable and replicates with fewer errors (mutations)than RNA.

A rare mutation in the human _____ gene causes severe speech and language disorders * A. FOXP2 B. Alu C. Antennapedia D. none of these is correct

A. FOXP2

The early atmosphere of Earth probably retained all of the followingmolecules in substantial amounts except * A. H2 B. CH4 C. CO2 D. N2 E. H2O

A. H2

This group of fishes originated during the Ordovician and that survived the mass extinction flourished and became diverse in the subsequent environment. * A. Heterostraci B. Placodermi C. Osteichthyes D. Sarcopterygii

A. Heterostraci

It is a symbol associated with carrying capacity * A. K B. N C. S D. R

A. K

Which gas was probably least abundant in Earth's early atmosphere? A. O2 B. CO2 C. ) CH4 D. H2O E. NH3

A. O2

The first monkeys are known from the __________. A. Oligocene B. Miocene C. Paleocene D. Pleistocene

A. Oligocene

By the beginning of the __________, the continents were situated asthey are now. * A. Pleistocene B. Oligocene C. Pliocene D. Miocene

A. Pleistocene

In South America, marsupials experienced a great adaptive radiation;some resembled kangaroo rats, others saber-toothed cats. Most South,American marsupials became extinct by the end of the ________. * A. Pliocene B. Pleistocene C. Miocene D. Holocene

A. Pliocene

If E is a symbol for extinction, then ____ would be the symbol for origination. * A. S B. K C. D E. E

A. S

Climates and the distribution of oceans and land masses havechanged over time,affecting the geographic distributions of organisms. * A. True B. False

A. True

Molecular phylogenetic studies of prokaryotes and of the nucleargenes of eukaryotes show that Archaea and Eucarya arc more closelyrelated to each other than to Bacteria * A. True B. False

A. True

REPLACEMENT HYPOTHESIS, or OUT-OF-AFRICA HYPOTHESIS, holds that after archaic sapiens spread from Africa to Asia and Europe, modern sapiens evolved from archaic sapiens in Africa, spread throughout the world in a second expansion, and replaced the populations of archaic sapiens without interbreeding with them to any substantial extent. A. True B. False

A. True

The MULTIREGIONAL HYPOTHESIS hold that archaic sapienspopulations in Africa, Europe, and Asia all evolved into modern sapiens,with gene flow spreading modern traits among the various populations. * A. True B. False

A. True

The evolution of tissues and organs required the evolution of gene regulation: ways of controlling the expression of different genes indifferent cells. * A. True B. False

A. True

Certain taxa are ____________, meaning that they originated elsewhere. * A. allochthonous B. autochthonous C. vicariant D. allopatric

A. allochthonous

In the laboratory simulations of the early Earth, Miller observed the abiotic synthesis of * A. amino acids B. complex organic polymers C. DNA D. liposomes E. nucleoli

A. amino acids

Extinctions other that the five major ones are otherwise called A. background B. aftershock C. minor D. foreground

A. background

The ancestors of which free-living cells were the earliest autotrophs to contribute to the formation of Earth's oxidizing atmosphere? * A. cyanobacteria B. chloroplasts C. mitochondria D. seaweeds E. endosymbionts

A. cyanobacteria

A character may show a more or less mosaic pattern, often correlated with the patchy distribution of an environmental factor or habitat. Such habitat-associated phenotypes are often called __________. * A. ecotypes B. clines C. polymorphisms D. none of these choices is correct

A. ecotypes

The _____extinction was the most drastic, eliminating about 54percent of marine families, 84 percent of genera, and 80-90percent ofspecies. * A. end-Permian B. Ordovician C. Devonian D. end-Cretaceous

A. end-Permian

In eukaryotes, the transcribed sequence of a gene consists of coding regions separated by noncoding regions called * A. introns B. exons C. enhancers D. repressors

A. introns

Distinct forms or populations have overlapping geographic distributions, such that they occupy the same area and can frequently encounter each other, * A. sympatric B. parapatric C. allopatric D. none of these is correct

A. sympatric

This kind of point mutation have no effect on the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide or protein. * A. synonymous B. nonsynonymous C. transition D. transversion

A. synonymous

A point mutation that substitutes a purine for another purine * A. transition B. transversion C. synonymous D. nonsynonymous

A. transition

Ecologically specialized species are more likely to be vulnerable to extinction than generalized species to changes in their environment A. true B. false

A. true

It is referred to as the most common allele * A. wild-type B. mutant C. both are correct D. none of these is correct

A. wild-type

Who was the naturalist who synthesized a concept of natural selection independently of Darwin? A) Charles Lyell B) Gregor Mendel C) Alfred Wallace D) John Henslow E) Thomas Malthus

Alfred Wallace

The ostrich and the emu look very similar and live in similar habitats, however they are not very closely related. This is an example of * A) divergent evolution. B) convergent evolution. C) exaptation. D) adaptive radiation. E) sympatric speciation.

B) convergent evolution.

Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? * A) All organisms require energy. B) All organisms use essentially the same genetic code. C) All organisms reproduce. D) All organisms show heritable variation. E) All organisms have undergone evolution.

B) All organisms use essentially the same genetic code.

Some claim that the birds should continue to be placed in a class (Aves) separate from the Reptilia, despite evidence from molecular systematics indicating a close relationship between birds and crocodiles. Their claim is based on the extent of the adaptations that birds have undergone for flight. The logic of their claim is most similar to that found in which statement? * A) Dolphins should be classified as fish because of their streamlined bodies and dorsal fins. B) Humans should be placed in their own order because no other member of the order Primates features so many modifications for bipedalism. C) Koalas (Australian marsupials that feed on Eucalyptus leaves) should be placed in a new family because they are so similar in appearance to true (eutherian) bears. D) Convergent evolution has made the cacti of the New World and the euphorbia of the Old World so alike in appearance that they ought to be placed together in the same taxon. E) Pterodactyls are an extinct group of reptiles that were well-adapted for flight and, thus, were the first birds.

B) Humans should be placed in their own order because no other member of the order Primates features so many modifications for bipedalism.

Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based? * A) There is heritable variation among individuals. B) Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring. C) There is a struggle for limited resources, and only a fraction of offspring survive. D) Individuals whose characteristics are best suited to the environment generally leave more offspring than those that are less well suited. E) Organisms interact with their environments.

B) Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.

In science, the term theory generally applies to an idea that * A) is a speculation lacking supportive observations or experiments. B) attempts to explain many related phenomena. C) is synonymous with what biologists mean by a hypothesis. D) is considered a law of nature. E) all of the above.

B) attempts to explain many related phenomena.

Monkeys of South and Central America have prehensile tails, meaning that their tails can be used to grasp objects. The tails of African and Asian monkeys are not prehensile. Which discipline is most likely to provide an explanation for how this difference in tails came about? * A) aerodynamics B) biogeography C) physiology D) biochemistry E) botany

B) biogeography

Which hypothesis of inheritance, common at Darwin's time, caused many to question the ability of natural selection to bring about adaptation in populations? * A) particulate hypothesis B) blending hypothesis C) chromosomal hypothesis D) nucleic acid hypothesis E) proofreading hypothesis

B) blending hypothesis

The correct sequence from the most to the least comprehensive of the taxonomic levels listed here is * A) family, domain, phylum, class, kingdom, order, species, and genus B) domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species C) domain, kingdom, phylum, order, class, family, genus, and species D) phylum, domain, kingdom, order, class, species, family, and genus E) phylum, family, class, order, kingdom, genus, domain, and species

B) domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

The camera-type eyes of octopuses are very complicated and have many of the same features as the camera-type eyes of vertebrates. Yet, the eyes of invertebrates and vertebrates are not homologous. This situation is an example of * A) misalignment of sequences B) homoplasy C) substitution mutations D) gene duplication E) homogeneity

B) homoplasy

If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that * A) they live in very different habitats. B) they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms. C) their chromosomes should be very similar. D) they shared a common ancestor relatively recently. E) they should be members of the same genus.

B) they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms.

A rule which states that populations of birds and mammals in colder climates tend to have shorter appendages. * A. Bergmann's B. Allen's C. Gloger's D. Cope's

B. Allen's

Thus contemporary differences in diversity among these regions (Europe, eastern North America, and eastern Asia) appear to have been caused by two factors: a long ________ history of differences in opportunities for dispersal, adaptation, and diversification and a recent history of differential extinction. A. Mesozoic B. Cenozoic C. Paleozoic D. Pleistocene

B. Cenozoic

Although chemical evidence suggests that eukaryotes may have evolved by about 1.5 billion years ago, the earliest eukaryote fossils area bout 2.7 billion years old. * A. True B. False

B. False

Either the similarity or the dissimilarity of the inhabitants of various regions can be wholly accounted for by climatic and other physical conditions * A. True B. False

B. False

Extinct taxa have always been replaced by unrelated but ecologically similar taxa. * A. True B. False

B. False

The early Earth formed a solid crust as it cooled, releasing gases that included water vapor and vast amounts of oxygen. A. True B. False

B. False

The grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus expanded its range chiefly from the Balkans, crossed the Pyrenees from Iberia and the Alps from Italy. * A. True B. False

B. False

The white and "blue" forms of the snow goose are caused by environmental factors. Hence, the two forms occur within the same population and but cannot interbreed. A. True B. False

B. False

The Wallace's line separates the _____ and the _____ realms A. Palearctic; Nearctic B. Oriental; Australian C. Palearctic; Ethiopian D. Nearctic; Neotropical

B. Oriental; Australian

All of the following are important assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle except * A. There is random mating B. There is gene flow C. There must be no mutation D. There must be no natural selection

B. There is gene flow

It is a gradual change in a character or in allele frequencies over geographic distance. * A. ecotype B. cline C. tribe D. haplotype

B. cline

Some taxa have ________ distribution; that is their distribution have gaps * A. vicariant B. disjunct C. cosmopolitan D. endemic

B. disjunct

It is estimated that in this, the most massive extinction event in the history of the Earth so far, at least 52 percent of the families, and perhaps as many as 96 percent of all species, of skeleton-bearing marine invertebrates became extinct over a span of 5 to 8 Myr. * A. Triassic B. end-Permian C. K/T D. Ordovician

B. end-Permian

A case of deletion which results in high cholesterol levels is due to the lack of _____ in a low-density lipoprotein gene. * A. exon 3 B. exon 5 C. exon 7 D. none of these is correct

B. exon 5

It is the usual consequence if a nucleotide is deleted from or inserted into a DNA sequence recombination A. recombination B. frameshift mutation C. unequal crossing over D. transversion

B. frameshift mutation

These are groups of genes that are similar in sequence and often have related functions. * A. transposable elements B. gene families C. tandem repeats D. microsatellites

B. gene families

Populations of a species typically exchange genes with one another to a greater or lesser extent. This process is called __________. * A. character displacement B. gene flow C. genetic drift D. migration

B. gene flow

Records of fossil taxa are often described at the level of the stages into which each _____ period is divided A. ecological B. geological C. anatomical D. morphological

B. geological

The change of the codon GAA to GUA causes valine to be incorporated instead of ______ which results to sickle-cell anemia in humans. * A. proline B. glutamic acid C. glutamine D. aspartic acid

B. glutamic acid

A particular DNA sequence that differs by one or more mutations from homologous sequences is called a _____. * A. allele B. haplotype C. microsatellites D. pseudogene

B. haplotype

However, some DNA sequences provide conflicting evidence aboutrelationships both among and within the empires, implying that therewas considerable ________ of genes during the early history of life, whenwell-defined, integrated genomes did not yet exist * A. vertical transfer B. horizontal or lateral C. transduction D. transformation E. conjugational transfer

B. horizontal or lateral

It occurs if random mating does not occur A. panmixia B. inbreeding C. genetic drift D. gene flow

B. inbreeding

When matings are consanguineous, they often manifest a decline in components of fitness, such as survival and fecundity. Such decline is known as * A. inbreeding B. inbreeding depression C. hybridization D. outcrossing

B. inbreeding depression

Because the more ancient a taxon is, the less likely it is to still be extant, diversity will seem to increase as we approach the present, a bias called the __________. * A. inflation of the ancient B. pull of the present C. pull of the recent D. inflation of the recent

C. pull of the recent

Analysis of forelimb anatomy of humans, bats, and whales shows that humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, while whales have diverged considerably in the shapes and proportions of their bones. However, analysis of several genes in these species suggests that all three diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the best explanation for these data? * A) Humans and bats evolved by natural selection and whales evolved by Lamarckian mechanisms. B) Evolution of human and bat forelimbs was adaptive, but not for whales. C) Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy. D) Genes mutate more rapidly in whales than in humans or bats. E) Whales are not properly defined as mammals.

C) Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to

Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping of species T, X, Y, and Z make up * A) a valid taxon. B) a monophyletic clade. C) a paraphyletic clade. D) a polyphyletic grouping. E) an ingroup for comparison with species U as the outgroup.

C) a paraphyletic clade.

As adults, certain species of whales possess baleen instead of teeth. Baleen is used to filter the whales' diet of planktonic animals from seawater. As embryos, baleen whales possess teeth, which are later replaced by baleen. The teeth of embryonic baleen whales are evidence that * A) all whales are the descendants of terrestrial mammals. B) baleen whale embryos pass through a stage when they resemble adult toothed whales. C) baleen whales are descendants of toothed whales. D) ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. E) among ancient whales, baleen evolved before teeth.

C) baleen whales are descendants of toothed whales.

In evolutionary terms, the more closely related two different organisms are, the: A) more similar their habitats are. B) less similar their DNA sequences are. C) more recently they shared a common ancestor. D) less likely they are to be related to fossil forms. E) more similar they are in size.

C) more recently they shared a common ancestor.

When using a cladistic approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification? * A) shared primitive characters B) analogous primitive characters C) shared derived characters D) the degree of evolutionary divergence E) overall phenotypic similarity

C) shared derived characters

Phylogenetic hypotheses (such as those represented by phylogenetic trees) are strongest when * A) they are based on amino acid sequences from homologous proteins, as long as the genes that code for such proteins contain no introns. B) each clade is defined by a single derived character. C) they are supported by more than one kind of evidence (such as when fossil evidence corroborates molecular evidence). D) they are accepted by the foremost authorities in the field. E) they are based on a single putatively homologous DNA sequence.

C) they are supported by more than one kind of evidence (such as when fossil

If you were using cladistic analysis to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would make the best outgroup? * A) lion B) domestic cat C) wolf D) leopard E) tiger

C) wolf

What is the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth? 1. origin of mitochondria 2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes 3. origin of chloroplasts 4. origin of cyanobacteria * A. 4,3,2,1 B. 4,1,2,3 C. 4,1,3,2 D. 4,3,1,2 E. 3,4,1,2

C. 4,1,3,2

The oldest fossils of multicellular animals are about _____ Myr old. A. 542 B. 740 C. 640 D. 842

C. 640

During the __________ (354-290 Mya), land masses were aggregated into the supercontinent Gondwanaland in the Southern Hemisphere and several smaller continents in the Northern Hemisphere. * A. Ordovician B. Devonian C. Carboniferous D. Permian

C. Carboniferous

It a rule which states that animal populations in more arid environments are paler in color. * A. Bergmann's B. Allen's C. Gloger's D. Dollo's

C. Gloger's

Cichlids are freshwater fishes found in tropical America, Africa, Madagascar, and _____. * A. North America B. Australia C. India D. Europe

C. India

Ammonoids, rudists, marine reptiles, and many families of invertebrates and planktonic protists became entirely extinct during this time. * A. Triassic B. end-Permian C. K/T D. Ordovician

C. K/T

The last of the non-avian dinosaurs became extinct at this time. * A. Triassic B. Permian C. K/T D. Ordovician

C. K/T

Rodents (Rodentia), related to Primates, are recorded first from thelate __________. * A. Pliocene B. Pleistocene C. Paleocene D. Miocene

C. Paleocene

A period in the Phanerozoic where number of insects families showed a steady increase * A. Cambrian B. Ordovician C. Permian D. Triassic

C. Permian

The first genetic material was most likely a(n) * A. DNA polymer. B. DNA oligonucleotide. C. RNA polymer. D. protein. E. protein enzyme.

C. RNA polymer.

It is the simplest expression of taxonomic diversity A. Density B. Dominance C. Richness D. Frequency

C. Richness

Early studies of __________ variation showed that about 85 percent of the genetic variation in the human species is among individuals within populations, and only about 8 percent is among the major "races". * A. hair texture B. skin color C. allozyme D. stature

C. allozyme

The arrival of the cattle egret in the New World is an example of * A. vicariance B. range expansion C. jump dispersal D. none of these

C. jump dispersal

Among the first animal fossils are the creatures known as the EDIACARAN FAUNA of the _____ and _____. * A. early Proterozoic; late Cambrian B. middle Proterozoic; early Cambrian C. late Proterozoic; early Cambrian D. late Proterozoic; middle Cambrian

C. late Proterozoic; early Cambrian

An example of allochthonous taxa/species that entered from North America during the Pleistocene A. monkeys B. guinea pigs C. mountain lion D. none of these

C. mountain lion

What condition would have made the primitive atmosphere of Earth more conducive to the origin of life than the present one? The primitive atmosphere * A. had a layer of ozone that shielded the first fragile cells. B. removed electrons that impeded the formation of protobionts. C. removed electrons that impeded the formation of protobionts. D. had more oxygen than the modern atmosphere, and thus it successfully sustained the first living organisms. E. had less free energy than the modern atmosphere, and thus newly formed organisms were less likely to be destroyed.

C. removed electrons that impeded the formation of protobionts.

Which of the following statements about the origin of genetic material is most probably correct? The first genes were * A. DNA produced by reverse transcriptase from abiotically produced RNA. B. DNA molecules whose information was transcribed to RNA and later translated inpolypeptides. C. self-replicating, catalytic RNA molecules. D. RNA produced by autocatalytic, proteinaceous enzymes called ribozymes. E. protobionts produced by dehydration syntheses of nucleic acids.

C. self-replicating, catalytic RNA molecules.

Within a few weeks of treatment with the drug 3TC, a patient's HIV population consists entirely of 3TC-resistant viruses. How can this result best be explained? * A) HIV has the ability to change its surface proteins and resist vaccines. B) The patient must have become reinfected with 3TC-resistant viruses. C) HIV began making drug-resistant versions of reverse transcriptase in response to the drug. D) A few drug-resistant viruses were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency. E) The drug caused the HIV RNA to change.

D) A few drug-resistant viruses were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency.

DDT was once considered a "silver bullet" that would permanently eradicate insect pests. Today, instead, DDT is largely useless against many insects. What would need to be true for pest eradication efforts to have been successful in the long run? * A) Larger doses of DDT should have been applied. B) All habitats should have received applications of DDT at about the same time. C) The frequency of DDT application should have been higher. D) All individual insects should have possessed genomes that made them susceptible to DDT. E) DDT application should have been continual.

D) All individual insects should have possessed genomes that made them susceptible to DDT.

How would one apply the principle of parsimony to the construction of a phylogenetic tree? * A) Choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable. B) Choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible. C) Base phylogenetic trees only on the fossil record, as this provides the simplest explanation for evolution. D) Choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, either in DNA sequences or morphology. E) Choose the tree with the fewest branch points.

D) Choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, either in

The average mutation rate of a gene can be used as a molecular clock. Which type of mutation would cause an underestimate of the time that elapsed since two related species diverged from their common ancestor? * A) a mutation to the third base of a nucleotide codon B) a mutation to the second base of a nucleotide codon C) a mutation to the first base of a nucleotide codon D) a mutation that returns a mutated nucleotide to its original state E) a mutation that substitutes a different amino acid in place of the original amino acid

D) a mutation that returns a mutated nucleotide to its original state

Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the raccoon family (Procyonidae). The morphological similarities of these two species must therefore be due to * A) inheritance of acquired characteristics B) sexual selection C) inheritance of shared derived characters D) convergent evolution E) possession of shared primitive characters

D) convergent evolution

Which process hinders clarification of the deepest branchings in a phylogenetic tree that depicts the origins of the three domains? * A) binary fission B) mitosis C) meiosis D) horizontal gene transfer E) gene duplication

D) horizontal gene transfer

The four-chambered hearts of birds and the four-chambered hearts of mammals evolved independently of each other. If one were unaware of this independence, then one might logically conclude that * A) the common ancestor of birds and mammals had a three-chambered heart. B) birds and mammals are more distantly related than is actually the case. C) early mammals possessed feathers. D) the common ancestor of birds and mammals had a four-chambered heart. E) birds and mammals should be placed in the same class.

D) the common ancestor of birds and mammals had a four-chambered heart.

"Allometric" growth refers to * A) the retention of juvenile characteristics in the adult. B) growth in height. C) large genetic changes. D) the variation in growth rate of various parts of the body. E) growth in girth.

D) the variation in growth rate of various parts of the body.

There are five mass extinctions that are generally recognized: at the end of the Ordovician, in the late Devonian, at the Permian/Triassic boundary , at the end of the Triassic, and at the _____. * A. Cambrian B. Mississipian C. Silurian/ Devonian D. Cretaceous/ Tertiary

D. Cretaceous/ Tertiary

For most of the Mesozoic, the flora was dominated by ___________. A. Charales B. Coleochaetales C. Angiosperms D. Gymnosperms

D. Gymnosperms

During the ________, the continents approached one another and by its end they formed a single world continent, Pangaea * A. Ordovician B. Devonian C. Carboniferous D. Permian

D. Permian

Since the ______, the rate of origination of marine animal taxa has been greater than the rate of extinction, resulting in an increase in diversity during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. * A. Cambrian B. Ordovician C. Permian D. Triassic

D. Triassic

The high correlation between extinction and origination could be due to the following * A. Degree of ecological specialization B. Population dynamics C. Geographic range D. all of these

D. all of these

These are restricted to the Neotropical realm, except * A. armadillo B. anteater C. armored catfish D. cattle egret

D. cattle egret

It is one of the sequences of a gene or DNA segment that can be distinguished from homologous sequences by molecular methods such as DNA sequencing. * A. genotype B. phenotype C. allele D. haplotype

D. haplotype

What was the consequence of the release of oxygen gas by plant and bacterial photosynthesis? It * A. made life on land difficult for aerobic organisms. B. changed the atmosphere from oxidizing to reducing. C. made it easier to maintain reduced molecules. D. made Earth an oxidizing environment. E. prevented the formation of an ozone layer.

D. made Earth an oxidizing environment.

These are examples taxa with disjunct distributions, except A. alligators B. skunk cabbages C. tulip trees D. none of these

D. none of these

Ratites or flightless birds, which originated before the breakup of Gondwana are the following, except: * A. ostriches B. emus C. cassowaries D. penguins

D. penguins

The conifers and other gymnosperms declined as angiosperms diversified, and mammals radiated after the late Cretaceous extinction of the nonavian dinosaurs. This is an example of A. ecological divergence B. coevolution C. provinciality D. release from competition

D. release from competition

As rat pups mature growth of their snouts and tails outpaces the growth of the rest of their bodies, producing the appearance of sexually mature males. It is found that sexually mature female rats prefer to mate with mutant, sexually mature males that possess snouts and tails with juvenile proportions. Which of the following terms is (are) appropriately applied to this situation? * A) sexual selection B) paedomorphosis C) allometric growth D) B and C only E) A, B, and C

E) A, B, and C

Ichthyosaurs were aquatic dinosaurs. Fossils show us that they had dorsal fins and tails just as fish do, even though their closest relatives were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish are * A) homologous B) examples of convergent evolution C) adaptations to a common environment D) A and C only E) B and C only

E) B and C only

What is true of the modern evolutionary synthesis? * A) It is about to be declared a scientific law. B) It is nearing final completion. C) It has not been able to improve upon Darwin's original ideas about evolution. D) It remains unable to account for Mendel's findings concerning the genetics of pea plants. E) It exemplifies the tentative nature of scientific knowledge.

E) It exemplifies the tentative nature of scientific knowledge.

Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the wing of a bat? * A) dorsal fin of a shark B) tail of a kangaroo C) wing of a butterfly D) tail fin of a fish E) arm of a human

E) arm of a human

Natural selection is based on all of the following except * A) variation exists within populations. B) the fittest individuals tend to leave the most offspring. C) there is differential reproductive success within populations. D) populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support. E) individuals must adapt to their environment.

E) individuals must adapt to their environment.

Which of the following statements provides the strongest evidence that prokaryotes evolved before eukaryotes? A. the primitive structure of plants B. meteorites that have struck Earth C. abiotic laboratory experiments that produced liposomes D. Liposomes resemble prokaryotic cells. E. The oldest fossilized cells resemble prokaryotes.

E. The oldest fossilized cells resemble prokaryotes.

The following are examples of Ediacaran fauna * A. Mawsonites spriggi B. Calymene blumenbachii C. Dickinsonia costata D. both A and B E. both A and C

E. both A and C

These two animals groups first appeared the Cambrian explosion * A. Mawsonites B. Mucrospirifer C. Calymene D. both A and B E. both B and C

E. both B and C

How did mutation influence evolution?

Mutation influence evolution because it is the source of all genetic variation. As defined, mutation causes a change in the DNA of a gene or chromosome. Mutations are the raw elements of evolution, and it goes hand in hand with natural selection. As individuals who carry the mutated genes continue to reproduce, the favorable trait will increase until the difference becomes evident in a population.

Are mutations beneficial or harmful? Explain your answer well.

Mutations can be both beneficial and harmful. We can prove this by using Mexican hairless dogs as an example. Taking care of these dogs, aside from them being a loyal companion, will not trigger allergic reactions because of them being hairless (which is beneficial for us, humans). On the other hand, these dogs, like us humans, are sensitive to sunlight. UV radiation is a mutagen, and if these dogs are exposed for too long under the sun, they will also get a sunburn, which makes their hairless characteristic harmful for them.

How do mutations occur? *

Mutations can be inherited, which means a parent with a mutation in his or her DNA can pass it to his or her children. Mutation can also be acquired, which means that environmental agents can damage DNA.

What are mutations?

Mutations causes change in the DNA of a gene or chromosome.

What are examples of mutations that have benefitted living organisms? *

There were many examples shown in the video about mutations that have benefited living organisms. First, as mentioned above, the Mexican hairless dogs that do not trigger allergic reactions towards humans. Second, Lactose tolerance in humans and cats in northern European countries. Lastly, the survivors of the plague that carried mutations in their DNA.

Charles Darwin was the first to propose A) that evolution occurs. B) a mechanism for how evolution occurs. C) that the Earth is older than 6,000 years. D) a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence. E) a way to use artificial selection as a means of domesticating plants and animals.

a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence.

The universe originated in a "big bang" about * a. 14 billion years ago b. 4.6 billion years ago c. 3.8 billion years ago d. 800 million years ago

a. 14 billion years ago

Which of the following is a synapsid? * a. Haptodus b. Biarmosuchus c. Procynosuchus d. Thrinaxodon

a. Haptodus

The earliest hominin fossil is believed to date from the late _____ a. Miocene b. Pliocene c. Pleistocene d. Holocene

a. Miocene

Which do not belong to the group? * a. Miocene b. Cretaceous c. Jurassic d. Triassic

a. Miocene

Continents began to aggregate during this era * a. Paleozoic b. Mesozoic c. Cenozoic d. Permian

a. Paleozoic

Form of rock which means "from fire" * a. igneous b. sedimentary c. metamorphic d. none of the above

a. igneous

We know that the fossil record is extremely incomplete for the following reasons except, * a. many time periods are not represented by few sedimentary formations worldwide b. many lineages are represented only at very widely separated time intervals, even though they have been present in the meantime c. many extinct species of large, conspicuous organisms are known from only one or a few specimens d. new fossil taxa have been found at a steady rate, indicating that many forms have yet to be discovered

a. many time periods are not represented by few sedimentary formations worldwide

Early amniotes have a single bone that transmits sound, whereas mammals have three such bones in the middle ear a. true b. false

a. true

Mammals teeth are differentiated whereas most other tetrapods have uniform teeth. * a. true b. false

a. true

The study on the change of the dorsal fin rays of the Miocene fossilsof stickleback fish showed independent, gradual change over a period oftime * a. true b. false

a. true

Whales and dolphins, traditionally distinguished as the order _____,evolved from terrestrial ancestors * a. Sirenea b. Cetacea c. Carnivora d. Atriodactyla

b. Cetacea

Complex characters, once lost are not regained- a principle called ____ * a. Cope's rule b. Dollo's law c. phyletic gradualism d. punctuated equilibrium

b. Dollo's law

This Period marked the Mesozoic marine revolution a. Cretaceous b. Jurassic c. Triassic d. Permian

b. Jurassic

This dinosaur from the early Cretaceous had flight feathers on all four limbs * a. Archaeopteryx b. Microraptor c. Sinosauropteryx d. Caudipteryx

b. Microraptor

The Eocene fossils, discovered in Pakistan have shed light on theevolutionary history of cetaceans. The oldest of these was _____ * a. Ambulocetus b. Pakicetus c. Rodhocetus d. Dorudon

b. Pakicetus

The decay of Uranium-235 to _____ occurs within a period of _____. * a. C-14; 5,730 years b. Pb-207; 0.7 billion years c. C-14; 1,000 years d. Pb-207; 100,000 years

b. Pb-207; 0.7 billion years

Therapsids lived in the * a. Carboniferous b. Permian c. Permian to late Triassic d. middle to late Triassic

b. Permian

The eras: paleozoic, mesozoic and cenozoic belong to which eon? * a. Archean b. Phanerozoic c. Proterozoic d. Hadean

b. Phanerozoic

Humans evolved from Homo erectus to H. sapiens in the _____ Epoch of the _____ Period. * a. Pliocene: Tertiary b. Pleistocene: Quaternary c. Holocene: Tertiary d. Paleocene: Tertiary

b. Pleistocene: Quaternary

This eon shows fossils on the earliest record of eukaryotes * a. Archean b. Proterozoic c. Phanerozoic d. Hadean

b. Proterozoic

All early hominins have been found in Africa, the earliest of these is a. Orrorin tugenensis b. Sahelanthropus tchadensis c. Ardipithecus kadabba Australopithecus afarensis

b. Sahelanthropus tchadensis

They had large canine teeth and the center of the palate was recessed, suggesting that the breathing passage was partially separated from the mouth cavity * a. Synapsid b. Therapsid c. Early cynodont d. Cynodont

b. Therapsid

All types of rocks can be radiometrically dated * a. true b. false

b. false

Evolutionary changes within Ordovician trilobites were documentedin fossil record which showed the gradual decrease in the number of ribson the rear dorsal exoskeleton * a. true b. false

b. false

The fossil of a mid-Cretaceous and Sphecomyrma freyi helpedconfirm the evolutionary hypothesis that wasps came from ants. * a. true b. false

b. false

The Rhipidistians and Ichthyostega had the same characteristics inalmost every respect, except * a. tail fin b. larger pectoral and pelvic girdles c. braincase d. lateral line canals

b. larger pectoral and pelvic girdles

Rock name that came from "settle" or "sink" * a. igneous b. sedimentary c. metamorphic d. none of the above

b. sedimentary

When two plates come together, the leading edge may be plunged under the other resulting to this phenomenon a. hot spot b. subduction c. plate tectonics d. mountain building

b. subduction

Darwin had initially expected the living plants of temperate South America to resemble those of temperate Europe, but he was surprised to find that they more closely resembled the plants of tropical South America. The biological explanation for this observation is most properly associated with the field of? A) meteorology. B) embryology. C) vertebrate anatomy. D) bioengineering. E) biogeography.

biogeography

Based on fossil record, living things existed by about * a. 14 billion years ago b. 4.6 billion years ago c. 3.8 billion years ago d. 800 million years ago

c. 3.8 billion years ago

When did the Carboniferous period start? * a. 2,500 Mya b. 145 Mya c. 359 Mya d. 65.5 Mya

c. 359 Mya

What is the abbreviation for the Cretaceous Period? * a. C b. J c. K d. Tr

c. K

This period highlights the diversification of echinoderms, otherinvertebrates, agnathan vertebrates. a. Cambrian b. Jurassic c. Ordovician d. Tertiary

c. Ordovician

Cynodont therapsids lived in the * a. Carboniferous b. Permian c. Permian to late Triassic d. middle and late Triassic

c. Permian to late Triassic

Which of the following is an early cynodont * a. Morganucodon b. Thrinaxodon c. Procynosuchus d. Probainognathus

c. Procynosuchus

He was the first to propose the idea that the continents are moving. * a. Hutton b. Darwin c. Wegener d. Lyell

c. Wegener

The lithosphere lies above this denser, more plastic layer a. crust b. mantle c. asthenosphere d. outer core

c. asthenosphere

Based on molecular phylogenetic analyses, the closest relatives to Cetaceans are * a. rhinoceroses b. sharks and rays c. hippopotamuses d. crocodiles

c. hippopotamuses

The type of rock that was derived from the Greek, "changed form" * a. igneous b. sedimentary c. metamorphic d. none of the above

c. metamorphic

The transition from rhipidistians to ichthyostegids is marked by * a. convergent evolution b. adaptive radiation c. mosaic evolution d. evolutionary trends

c. mosaic evolution

The earliest fossils that are usually assigned to the genus Homo range from about _____ Mya. * a. 5.2-5.8 b. 4.2-3.9 c. 2.6-2.3 d. 1.9-1.5

d. 1.9-1.5

The probable ancestor of cetaceans was the _____ * a. Dorudon b. Rodhocetus c. Ambulocetus d. Elomeryx

d. Elomeryx

This advanced cynodont shows complex cusp patterns whichenhanced chewing and the dentary formed an articulation with thesquamosal. * a. Morganucodon b. Thrinaxodon c. Procynosuchus d. Probainognathus

d. Probainognathus

Jawed fishes and earliest terrestrial plants first appeared in this period * a. Permian b. Carboniferous c. Devonian d. Silurian

d. Silurian

When did Pangaea begin to separate? * a. Tertiary b. Cretaceous c. Jurassic d. Triassic

d. Triassic

These characters typify living birds from their ancestors, except a. keeled breastbone b. loss of teeth c. loss of claws on the hand d. fusion of the tail vertebrae

d. fusion of the tail vertebrae

Other features that distinguish most mammals from reptiles are the following, except * a. enlarged braincase b. temporal fenestra c. a secondary palate d. lower jaw consist of several bones

d. lower jaw consist of several bones

Advanced cynodonts appeared in the * a. Carboniferous b. Permian c. Permian to late Triassic d. middle and late Triassic

d. middle and late Triassic

These are layers of sedimentary rocks deposited at different times * a. periods b. epochs c. eras d. strata

d. strata

On which of the following did Linnaeus base his classification system? A) morphology and anatomy B) evolutionary history C) the fossil record D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

morphology and anatomy