EVR 1001 Ch. 13

You enjoy travelling. Where are you likely to be exposed to the highest concentration of PM 2.5? You enjoy travelling. Where are you likely to be exposed to the highest concentration of PM 2.5? India Chile Germany Australia

India

What are the effects of carbon monoxide? A bluish haze that gives the Blue Ridge Mountains their name It causes acid rain that can damage plants. Suffocation in mammals Damaged respiratory tissue

Suffocation in mammals

Which of the following statements properly describes the cause of a temperature inversion or its effects? Temperature inversions typically happen in open places as weather fronts move through. Temperature inversions are the main cause of cold fronts. Temperature inversions are caused by the rising air of convection currents. Temperature inversions can trap air pollution in one place for many days.

Temperature inversions can trap air pollution in one place for many days.

John Walke supports government regulation as the most effective approach for reducing air pollution. Which of the following statements expresses one of his reasons? Health risks of air pollution are linked to short-term exposure to high concentrations of pollution. There is little or no economic incentive for polluters to pay pollution costs. The origins of air pollutants are generally known. Air pollution remains concentrated at its source.

There is little or no economic incentive for polluters to pay pollution costs.

The most obvious cause of industrial smog is ________. burning trash fires for heating food indoor air pollution burning fossil fuels generation of nuclear power

burning fossil fuels

Which of the following chemicals is NOT a VOC (volatile organic compound)? carbon monoxide evaporated gasoline terpenes from plants cleaning solvents

carbon monoxide

In general, China's air pollution __________. View Available Hint(s) In general, China's air pollution __________. falls out in rain over the ocean increases the amount of ice that forms in the Arctic region decreases rainfall in California increases the amount of snowfall in eastern Europe

decreases rainfall in California

Rank the biomes in terms of how much you expect plant growth to increase as a function of increased CO2 in the atmosphere. SMALLEST TO LARGEST grassland/tropical/desert/temperate

desert, grassland, temperate, tropical

In developed countries, the two most deadly sources of indoor pollution are ________. synthetic furniture materials and radiation from electronic equipment radiation from electronic equipment and pesticides pesticides and cleaning agents pesticides and cigarette smoke radon and cigarette smoke

radon and cigarette smoke

A(n) ________ is a device designed to remove airborne pollutants from smokestack emissions. A(n) ________ is a device designed to remove airborne pollutants from smokestack emissions. air filter tall stack coal washer scrubber boiler

scrubber

Point sources of air pollution are __________. the release of pollution from many unidentifiable sources specific spots--such as a factory's smokestacks--where large quantities of pollution are discharged all the hydrocarbons produced by trees in the Smoky Mountains the diffuse release of pollution from autos and homes into the atmosphere

specific spots--such as a factory's smokestacks--where large quantities of pollution are discharged

The primary causes of acid deposition are ________. soil dust and sand radon gas and fuel wood smoke tropospheric ozone sulfur and nitrogen oxides carbon monoxide and formaldehyde

sulfur and nitrogen oxides

In the troposphere ________. ozone levels increase with altitude warmest temperatures reflect an absence of ozone temperature decreases nearly linearly with altitude temperatures never dip below freezing ozone levels decrease with altitude

temperature decreases nearly linearly with altitude

Occasionally, a layer of cool air forms under a layer of warmer air in the troposphere. This change from the normal temperature profile in the troposphere is called a ________. temperature or thermal inversion cold front temperature or thermal subversion low-pressure system tornado or supercell

temperature or thermal inversion

Which piece of legislation set strict standards for air quality and pollution control in the United States? the Clean Water Act the Endangered Species Act the Montreal Protocol the Clean Air Act

the Clean Air Act

Which of the following results in increased levels of pollution caused by automobile exhaust? greater use of biofuels the use of higher octane gasoline the construction of new highways the use of electric vehicles

the construction of new highways

Snow and ice accumulations in California's mountains are carefully monitored because __________. View Available Hint(s) Snow and ice accumulations in California's mountains are carefully monitored because __________. winter sports activities are the most important economic activities in the state they contribute to the main water source for most of the residents of the state deaths from avalanches and floods are the leading killer of people living in California they produce essential water for agriculture in Utah and New Mexico

they contribute to the main water source for most of the residents of the state

What was the percent change from 1970 to 2006 for vehicle miles traveled? What was the percent change from 1970 to 2006 for vehicle miles traveled? +200% -50% +50% +175%

175

If the U.S. population in 1970 was approximately 200 million people, what was the approximate population by 2006? If the U.S. population in 1970 was approximately 200 million people, what was the approximate population by 2006? 250 million people 600 million people 300 million people 200 million people

300 million peeps

Energy consumption and aggregate emissions have also changed over time. Whereas the ratio of energy consumption to emissions was 1:1 in 1970, by 2006 the ratio was _________. Energy consumption and aggregate emissions have also changed over time. Whereas the ratio of energy consumption to emissions was 1:1 in 1970, by 2006 the ratio was _________. 3:1 1:3 still 1:1

3:1

The Chinese winter monsoon continues to push east. What can people in Korea and Japan expect? An average winter. A warm winter. Unpredictable conditions. A cold winter.

A cold winter.

In an effort to further reduce emissions, a government panel is considering several policy options. For the trends on the graph, which of the following policies could have the biggest long-term impact on lowering emissions? In an effort to further reduce emissions, a government panel is considering several policy options. For the trends on the graph, which of the following policies could have the biggest long-term impact on lowering emissions? Tax rebates for citizens who have one child per family A mandated switch to electric cars with a solar and wind-powered electrical grid to "fuel" the cars A high-speed train network that reduces vehicle miles traveled by 25% Subsidies supporting research to cut emissions by 10%

A mandated switch to electric cars with a solar and wind-powered electrical grid to "fuel" the cars

Which of the following is likely to have the highest concentration of PM 2.5 in China? A fishing province. A farming province. A province being rapidly deforested. A steel manufacturing province.

A steel manufacturing province.

Based on the success of the Pollution Potential Index in China, it is implemented in parts of Africa to study air pollution and climate change. Which of the following will be needed to calculate the PPI? Weekly humidity average and changes in barometric pressure. Surface wind speeds and weekly humidity averages. Air temperature gradient anomalies and surface wind speeds. Changes in barometric pressure and air temperature gradient anomalies.

Air temperature gradient anomalies and surface wind speeds.

A haze hangs over the East China plains in winter. Which of the following will most likely disperse this haze? Record high temperatures. Heavy rainfall. Several days of light wind. An extended blast of cold air.

An extended blast of cold air.

Based strictly on increases in air pollution over the past few decades, where would we expect to see the greatest decrease in life spans? We would expect to see a decrease in life span in __________. Miami, Florida Beijing, China Detroit, Michigan Honolulu, Hawaii

Beijing, China

Which of the following pollutants has the longest residence time? NO SO2 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) NO2 CO

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

What process depends on the cyclical, vertical movement of air currents: sinking cold, dense and rising warm, less dense air masses? Convective circulation Thermal inversion Coriolis effect Polar cells

Convective circulation

Doing which of the following would reduce deaths from PM 2.5 in China by the most? Eliminate the burning of wood. Eliminate the use of natural gas. Eliminate the use of coal. Eliminate the use of oil.

Eliminate the use of coal.

Which of the following conditions would most likely lead to extreme winter haze in the East China plains? Little snow in Siberia and elevated levels of Arctic sea ice. Heavy snow in Siberia and elevated levels of Arctic sea ice. Heavy snow in Siberia and low levels of Arctic sea ice. Little snow in Siberia and low levels of Arctic sea ice.

Heavy snow in Siberia and low levels of Arctic sea ice.

Taylor's statements in a debate. Taylor mentions the reduced demands on natural resources due to both reduced use of natural resources and the shift away from manufacturing economies to service economies. Imagine how Walke might respond to Taylor's statements in a debate. I disagree; the shift to a service economy simply means that manufacturing has moved to other countries. Because air pollution does not respect borders, we will still need pollution regulation. I agree; creating incentives for companies to outsource manufacturing will solve our pollution problems. I agree; shifts from manufacturing to service are an effective strategy for pollution control. I disagree; our economy has only shifted from manufacturing to service because our GDP was declining.

I disagree; the shift to a service economy simply means that manufacturing has moved to other countries. Because air pollution does not respect borders, we will still need pollution regulation.

One key to the puzzle of Los Angeles's smog is the fact that ________. the offshore breezes carry inland pollution to coastal Los Angeles incoming tides in the harbor push air pollution ahead of them the Hadley cell for that area drops cool air, and pollution, right over Los Angeles there are so many rainy days, increasing the acidic deposition Los Angeles and its suburbs are all ringed by mountains

Los Angeles and its suburbs are all ringed by mountains

Which gas makes up 78% of the molecules in the atmosphere? View Available Hint(s) CO2, carbon dioxide H2O, water vapor O2, oxygen N2, nitrogen

N2, nitrogen

How does radon originate? View Available Hint(s) Natural decay of uranium Volatile organic compounds Burning wood indoors Cigarette smoke

Natural decay of uranium

Jerry Taylor considers better air quality a luxury good. What evidence does he give for this reasoning? Once per capita income reaches a certain level, concentrations of pollutants begin to decline as rapidly as they had increased. Pollution declines generally occur after the passage of pollution control laws. Property values tend to be unaffected by pollution levels. Declines are linked to industry demands for better environmental quality.

Once per capita income reaches a certain level, concentrations of pollutants begin to decline as rapidly as they had increased.

Developing a technique to effectively and economically remove which of the following from the atmosphere would directly decrease haze in an area the most? Carbon monoxide Particulate matter Carbon dioxide Nitrogen

Particulate matter

What happens when acids from acid deposition hit topsoil? Fish populations increase because of runoff from the soil. Plants and soil organisms are harmed. Plants grow due to increased fertilizers from the acid. Toxic metals are tied up by acids and become less available.

Plants and soil organisms are harmed.

The authors of the two essays are quite opposite in their views, with Walke pro-regulation and Taylor anti-regulation. If you had to select a type of regulation that both authors would approve, which of the following might work? A voluntary regulation in which polluters agree to reduce emissions by 10% Regulatory incentives that award subsidies to companies demonstrating technological changes in their processes that measurably reduce pollution Comprehensive regulation with mandatory pollution limits and fines for exceeding limits A regulation that cuts taxes for polluters so their profits will increase and pollution will decline

Regulatory incentives that award subsidies to companies demonstrating technological changes in their processes that measurably reduce pollution

Based on the graph, which of the criteria air pollutants declined the most significantly relative to the most recent national standard between 1980 and 2015? ozone CO SO2 NO2

SO2

In which layer of the atmosphere is the ozone layer found? Thermosphere Tropopause Troposphere Stratosphere

Stratosphere

Why do pollution and smog often become trapped in Los Angeles and other similar urban areas? The combination of temperature inversions (because of being surrounded by mountains) and extended periods of sunlight result in the buildup of smog in Los Angeles. Increased electromagnetic radiation because of Los Angeles's low altitude. There are no winds in Los Angeles. The pollution that occurs there is heavier than the surrounding air, which leads to the buildup of smog.

The combination of temperature inversions (because of being surrounded by mountains) and extended periods of sunlight result in the buildup of smog in Los Angeles.

Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is responsible for the weather that we experience on the surface of Earth? Thermosphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Troposphere

Troposphere

Which of the following countries likely has the highest level of premature deaths due to PM 2.5? Sweden United States Guyana Turkey

Turkey

What would do the most to reduce indoor air pollution in the developing world? Using solar energy to heat homes Reducing inhalation of second-hand smoke Reducing the use of products in the home that contain volatile organic compounds Building new homes with radon-resistant features

Using solar energy to heat homes

Both authors refer to voluntary actions and their effect on pollution control. Which of the following statements best describes one author's viewpoint? Taylor: Voluntary attempts by companies to reduce their resource impacts are driven by genuine interest in environmental quality. Taylor: The voluntary choices of individuals for better environmental quality are not always met by the market. Walke; Voluntary programs are unsuccessful. For example, in a voluntary EPA program, only one-fourth of the participants committed to reducing emissions. Walke: Voluntary approaches to air pollution control are proven successes, as seen in a voluntary program in Texas.

Walke; Voluntary programs are unsuccessful. For example, in a voluntary EPA program, only one-fourth of the participants committed to reducing emissions.

Currently, issues related to which of the following cause the most premature deaths worldwide? Currently, issues related to which of the following cause the most premature deaths worldwide? Coal Oil Nuclear power Water

Water

What sorts of constituents do atmospheric pollutants (such as sulfates and nitrates) react with to initiate the process that results in acid deposition? Water, oxygen, and oxidants Chlorofluorocarbons Soot Lead

Water, oxygen, and oxidants

Which of the following U.S. states experiences the lowest levels of acid rain? New York Pennsylvania Wyoming West Virginia

Wyoming

On average, it appears that over the past 25 years, improved air quality in the United States has resulted in __________ in the lifespan of the average individual. a slight decrease an increase of one to two days an increase of about five months an increase of about two and one-half years

an increase of about five months

Carbon monoxide ________. is consumed by plants for photosynthesis causes ozone depletion blocks oxygen transport in human blood is a major component of the atmosphere is produced by plants during photosynthesis

blocks oxygen transport in human blood

What is largely responsible for the ozone hole? carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide nitrogen oxides chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants fossil fuels

chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants

What drives long-term climate patterns, such as the Hadley Cells at the Equator, over large geographic scales? View Available Hint(s) What drives long-term climate patterns, such as the Hadley Cells at the Equator, over large geographic scales? the Trade Winds convective air currents rainfall patterns humidity increase

convective air currents

Which of the following describes the greatest health risk posed by air pollution? Air pollutants __________. stick to the skin and cause skin cancer damage blood vessels in human lungs clog up the liver and impede proper liver function prevent the absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract

damage blood vessels in human lungs

What is one of the greatest sources of pollution in Mexico City that has persisted even after the government successfully lowered overall pollutant levels? methane emissions from local landfills emissions from factories emissions from automobile exhaust shutting down oil refineries in the area

emissions from automobile exhaust

In 1970, ________ was/were the source of most of the airborne lead emissions in the United States. gasoline pencil factories water pipes paint

gasoline

One of the problems that occur as a consequence of CFC pollution is ________. accelerated damage to human red blood cells increased rates of skin cancer in humans the movement of toxins into lakes and rivers, poisoning fish increased rates of respiratory irritation and lung cancer the eutrophication of waterways

increased rates of skin cancer in humans

In the stratosphere, ________. temperature and ozone concentration are inversely correlated increases of temperature and ozone levels are strongly correlated the average temperature is much lower than for the troposphere temperature continues to decrease with altitude as in the troposphere ozone appears to be evenly distributed at all altitudes

increases of temperature and ozone levels are strongly correlated

How do dust particles from the vast deserts in China affect weather patterns? The dust __________. View Available Hint(s) How do dust particles from the vast deserts in China affect weather patterns? The dust __________. decreases the chances of storms in Europe increases the chances of snowfall in Australia increases the chances of rainfall in California decreases the chances of snowfall in Oregon

increases the chances of rainfall in California

The Coriolis effect ________. keeps the wind circulating at constant speed around the planet results in seasonal periods of 24-hour darkness at the poles in winter is caused by the moon is caused by Earth's rotation keeps Earth from spinning too fast

is caused by Earth's rotation

How does China's air pollution get to the United States? China's air pollution __________. View Available Hint(s) is carried by jets traveling from Asia to the United States is moved by the jet stream to the west coast of the United States is carried by winds over Europe and the Atlantic Ocean to the east coast of the United States settles into the ocean and drifts across the Pacific to the west coast of the United States

is moved by the jet stream to the west coast of the United States

Tropospheric ozone ________. binds with hemoglobin, preventing binding with oxygen in red blood cells is a primary pollutant is produced through the interaction of heat and UV light, with nitrogen oxides and carbon-containing compounds is caused by poor farming techniques protects Earth from most of the harmful UV radiation

is produced through the interaction of heat and UV light, with nitrogen oxides and carbon-containing compounds

ambient high/low

low, medium, high

If all of the stratospheric ozone suddenly disappeared, ________. there would be a dramatic decrease in skin cancers Earth's surface would warm considerably insects would be the only organisms to survive plants would flourish because of the extra solar energy reaching Earth's surface most life on Earth would cease to exist because of the amount of UV radiation penetrating the atmosphere

most life on Earth would cease to exist because of the amount of UV radiation penetrating the atmosphere

The Acid Rain Program established under the Clean Air Act of 1990 has been successful in reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide and ________. carbon monoxide CFCs carbon dioxide lead nitrogen oxides

nitrogen oxides

yes/no column

no yes no no yes no no yes yes no no no

Air near Earth's surface tends to be ________. warmer and wetter; then it rises, expanding and cooling cooler and drier; it rises when it is displaced by sinking warm air warmer and drier; then it rises, condensing and gathering moisture cooler and wetter; then it rises, is warmed by the sun, and sinks again warmer; it rises as it is displaced by Coriolis forces

warmer and wetter; then it rises, expanding and cooling

The huge dust storms that took place in the United States in the 1930s ________. were the result of ozone depletion were the result of polar cells were triggered by tornados, worsened by global climate change were the result of poor farming techniques were the result of glacier melt

were the result of poor farming techniques