EVR Chapter 4

What kind of interaction occurs when two cardinals (birds of the same species) are trying to build a nest in the same tree?

Intraspecific competition

Microbes in our digestive tract that help us digest food demonstrate a ________ association.

symbiotic

Which of the following biomes has the most annual rainfall?

temperate forest

What moves through the community from one trophic level to another as organisms feed on one another?

Matter and Energy

Many wild orchids cannot be successfully dug up and transplanted because they need the native mycorrhizae (a fungus) in the soil to survive. What kind of interaction is this?

Mutualism

How much energy is available to the third trophic level, a secondary consumer, if its prey in the second trophic level, a primary consumer, is only able to obtain 10% of the available energy of the first trophic level?

1%

In general, when one views a food chain, they can expect the biomass of herbivores (organisms that eat plants) in an ecosystem to be about _____ of the biomass of the plants and other photosynthetic organisms in the ecosystem.

10%

Which statement is an accurate description of a keystone species?

A keystone species that is a predator controls the herbivore populations, which in turn maintains the plant populations and keeps balance.

This biome often features wildfires due to extensive dry seasons.

Chapparal

What kind of relationship exists between multiple organisms who seek the same limited resource?

Competition

________ are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest.

Deer

How does predation differ from parasitism?

Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey.

Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below. Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase the levels of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides in our atmosphere. Measurable warming of Earth due to these greenhouse gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can lower levels of sea ice and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increases sea surface temperatures, which can subsequently melt permafrost in the tundra and increase the intensity of hurricanes in vulnerable areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. If the climate warms significantly, tundra permafrost may melt, exposing underlying rock. This may next lead to ________ in the community.

Primary Succession

________ capture solar energy and use photosynthesis to produce sugars.

Producers

Chaparral has a climate most similar to ________.

Savannah

________ terrestrial biome has the most biodiversity.

Tropical Rainforest

Techniques to eradicate zebra mussels ________.

include introducing predators and diseases

Secondary succession ________.

occurs after a fire or flood

Two species of lizard live on the same tree and consume the same sorts of food. Regardless, neither species is in direct competition with the other. The key to this scenario is that one of the species is nocturnal; the other is diurnal. What is this called?

resource partitioning

Zooplankton-eating fish are ________.

secondary consumers

Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below. Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase the levels of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides in our atmosphere. Measurable warming of Earth due to these greenhouse gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can lower levels of sea ice and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increases sea surface temperatures, which can subsequently melt permafrost in the tundra and increase the intensity of hurricanes in vulnerable areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. Some models of climate change for North America predict that the grassland regions of the prairie states will become warmer and dryer. This would result in ________.

the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions

The energy content and biomass of ________ is lowest in any food web.

top carnivores