EVR Exam 4 Ch 15-18

Karl Grossman suggests that a return to building nuclear power plants will have disastrous impacts. Which of the following impacts does he discuss in his essay? The low probability of severe core melt accidents at U.S. atomic plants The potential for terrorist attacks on nuclear plants The radioactive waste from nuclear plants, which must be isolated for dozens of years Laws that eliminate all liability for nuclear plant owners in case of an accident

The potential for terrorist attacks on nuclear plants

How is the sun's energy production different from the process in which energy is produced in current nuclear power plants? Both the sun and nuclear power plants release energy through the chemical reaction of uranium and hydrogen. The sun releases energy through nuclear fission, whereas our current nuclear power technology releases energy through nuclear fusion. Both the sun and nuclear power plants release energy through the chemical reaction of hydrogen and helium. The sun releases energy through nuclear fusion, whereas our current nuclear power technology releases energy through nuclear fission.

The sun releases energy through nuclear fusion, whereas our current nuclear power technology releases energy through nuclear fission.

Between 2000 and 2010, per capita generation of solid waste declined, but the total amount of MSW remained relatively constant. What caused the difference in these two trends? The amount of industrial waste was increasing. Per capita generation of waste is not included in the figures for total MSW generation. The total population was increasing. The answer cannot be determined from this graph.

The total population was increasing.

________ strongly influences the amount of energy generated from hydropower. Latitude The temperature of reservoir water The temperature of water in the boiler and turbine The volume of water released and the height of the fall The phase of the moon

The volume of water released and the height of the fall

Which of the following would indicate that a home is using solar power to generate electricity and is NOT using batteries? There are water pipes running to and from the solar panels on the home. There are solar panels on the roof and no power lines going to the home. There are solar panels on the roof and power lines going to the home. There are small plumes of smoke drifting away from the solar panels on the home.

There are solar panels on the roof and power lines going to the home.

Assuming that renewable energy sources will contribute more and more to power generation in the future, do you expect the growth rates for these renewable energy sources to increase or decrease over the next 30-year period (2000 to 2030)? These growth rates will likely stay the same or grow as interest in renewables increases. These growth rates are relative to small absolute numbers. They will most likely decrease as the total contribution by renewables increases.

These growth rates are relative to small absolute numbers. They will most likely decrease as the total contribution by renewables increases.

What do chromium, mercury, copper, and tin have in common? They are all gases. They are all corrosive materials. They are ignitable. They are heavy metals.

They are heavy metals.

How do the speakers in the video hope to treat waste generated by cities of the future? They plan to burn more waste to generate electricity. They plan to rely more on recycling and upcycling. They plan to use large, underground reservoirs to dispose of wastes. They plan to send waste to impoverished countries for disposal.

They plan to rely more on recycling and upcycling.

Which of the following is one of the three current major drawbacks of solar energy? This resource is intermittent in nature. Certain greenhouse gases are emitted with its use. It emits radiation. The resource is nonrenewable.

This resource is intermittent in nature.

Which projection has nonrenewables comprising roughly 50% of our energy production in 2050? Projection 1 Projection 2 both projections neither projection

Projection 2

Residential/commercial communities that ring cities just outside city limits

Suburban communities

What is the greatest negative environmental impact that occurs when people live in suburbs instead of living in cities? Hints Suburbanites do not recycle. Suburbanites take up many times as much space as city dwellers. Suburbanites are not aware of resource use. Suburbanites have higher rates of cardiovascular disease.

Suburbanites take up many times as much space as city dwellers.

What is an abandoned waste site that poses a direct threat to health and the environment, designated to have U.S. government funds applied to its cleanup? hazardous waste site surface impoundment site Superfund site landfill leachate-producing site

Superfund site

Part of the reason Nipton has been able to create the infrastructure necessary for becoming energy self-sufficient is which of the following? The city took advantage of strong state and federal incentives. The city accepted no state or federal financial help. The city took advantage of strong state incentives. The city took advantage of strong federal incentives.

The city took advantage of strong state and federal incentives.

How can an engineered cover on landfills reduce decomposition of the trash? The cover keeps the landfill dry, which decreases the ability of bacteria to decompose trash. The cover keeps the landfill moist on the inside, preventing decomposition. The cover causes paper to bond to plastic in the landfill. The cap prevents hawks and blue jays from decomposing the trash.

The cover keeps the landfill dry, which decreases the ability of bacteria to decompose trash.

If this form of carbon capture works, which of the following would be most reduced in the atmosphere? water vapor carbon monoxide methane carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide

Plant-based organic matter that is compressed under high pressure to form solid carbon structures is known as __________. coal charcoal peat biomass

coal

The world's most abundant fossil fuel is ________. coal biodiesel oil natural gas methane

coal

Energy can be conserved by ________. replacing compact florescent with tungsten bulbs repealing the Law of Entropy replacing mass transit with more and larger roads for cars and trucks cogeneration in power plants, fuel efficient transportation, reengineered appliances cogeneration in automobiles, especially in SUVs

cogeneration in power plants, fuel efficient transportation, reengineered appliances

The conversion of organic waste to mulch or humus usable for enriching soil by encouraging natural biological processes of decomposition in a controlled manner is called __________. compromising composition combustion composting

composting

__________ is the process of recovering organic waste through decomposition. recovery composting combustion recycling

composting

Of the following, ________ is a method that governments use to improve urban transportation. providing motorcycle lanes in the center of rail lines making some public buildings and some communities accessible only by public transportation providing bicycle lanes on freeways constructing light rail and expanded bus systems giving tax rebates to people who use only public transportation

constructing light rail and expanded bus systems

LEED-certified buildings could be described by all of the following, except ________. reduce the ecological footprint of the building limit pollution and recycle wastes built with sustainable materials energy efficient construction costs much less than for conventional buildings

construction costs much less than for conventional buildings

Substances that degrade the metals that make up storage tanks or equipment are called __________. alkaline caustic agents ignitables corrosives toxics

corrosives

The major problem impeding the widespread use of solar panels on residential buildings is the __________. cost of solar panels need to install expensive power lines danger to wildlife resulting production of carbon dioxide, which contributes to global climate change

cost of solar panels

If current trends continue, the United States is likely to increase domestic production and increase imports and exports. decrease domestic production and decrease imports and exports. increase domestic production and decrease imports and exports. decrease domestic production and increase imports and exports.

decrease domestic production and increase imports and exports.

The ________ drives the move to the suburbs from cities. desire for close-knit communities availability of more jobs in suburbs desire to have a garden desire to live in less stressful, more peaceful park-like conditions concern over demographic transitions

desire to live in less stressful, more peaceful park-like conditions

What are the goals of waste management? Hints developing management training for supervisors of disposal companies disposing of waste safely as well as effectively, minimizing the amount of waste generated, and increasing recovery developing technology for more efficient incineration promoting mid-level managers to high-level managers to more effectively manage waste

disposing of waste safely as well as effectively, minimizing the amount of waste generated, and increasing recovery

Of the following, ________ represent proper ranking of the U.S. total primary energy consumed from the greatest to least used. fossil fuels, bioenergy, hydroelectric, new renewables, nuclear fossil fuels, bioenergy, nuclear, hydroelectric, new renewables fossil fuels, bioenergy, hydroelectric, nuclear, new renewables bioenergy, fossil fuels, nuclear, hydroelectric, new renewables fossil fuels, nuclear, bioenergy, hydroelectric, new renewables

fossil fuels, nuclear, bioenergy, hydroelectric, new renewables

Plastic ________. polystyrene is considered a plastic contaminant from beverage containers is easily recyclable if decapped, washed, and squashed not made from recyclables is made from renewable raw materials from grocery bags is labeled with recycling symbols #1 and #2 containers from motor oil are recycled with beverage bottles to make new bottles

from beverage containers is easily recyclable if decapped, washed, and squashed

Producing electricity using wind instead of fossil fuels __________. generates no carbon dioxide in the process generates a different kind of electricity that can be used only to heat homes generates less sulfur dioxide but more carbon dioxide requires a completely different electrical generating system

generates no carbon dioxide in the process

China's main source of energy contributes most to what global environmental problem? erosion the loss of biodiversity global climate change the loss of tropical rain forests

global climate change

The world's urban populations are ________. shrinking, compared to rural populations growing at about the same rate as the rural populations shrinking in developed nations growing faster than the population as a whole growing most rapidly in the developed nations

growing faster than the population as a whole

American cities in the northern United States, such as Chicago, Illinois, ________. had their greatest populations in the 19th and early 20th centuries have always grown rapidly and continue to do so have increased their rate of growth dramatically in the past 20 years have maintained a steady state population since the 1970s have steadily lost population over the past 40 years

have steadily lost population over the past 40 years

What is one problem associated with the incineration of solid waste? hazardous chemicals are often created and released into the atmosphere the waste is radioactive leachate the may contaminate groundwater the volume of waste increases

hazardous chemicals are often created and released into the atmosphere

The urban heat island effect is caused by ________. heat-generating buildings and dark, heat-absorbing surfaces street lighting and burning of wastes in landfills air warmed over adjacent oceans blowing into urban areas green buildings nuclear power plants venting excess heat into the urban landscape

heat-generating buildings and dark, heat-absorbing surfaces

E-wastes are a source of ________. heavy and precious metals ignitables acid corrosives compostable organic compounds radioactive materials

heavy and precious metals

Why does the average U.S. citizen create more waste today than 50 years ago? lack of composting facilities high rates of recycling lack of landfill space higher rates of consumption

higher rates of consumption

Which of the following characterizes U.S. nuclear power plants? inexpensive to operate largely unregulated account for nearly half of domestic energy production highly subsidized widely trusted and accepted by the public

highly subsidized

The form of energy delivered to an electrical generating turbine in a geothermal facility is in the form of ________. molten magma hot water or steam warm soils and crushed rock radioactive isotopes heated hydrogen gas

hot water or steam

What are two components of sprawl? Hints human population growth and per capita land consumption ecological footprint and per capita land consumption per capita land consumption and land availability human population growth and land availability

human population growth and per capita land consumption

What have Chinese companies started producing to reduce the use of gasoline (petrol)? hybrid cars solar-powered lawnmowers natural-gas-powered automobiles nuclear-powered trains

hybrid cars

The United States generates more electricity from ________ than from any other renewable energy source. solar geothermal bioenergy wind hydroelectric

hydroelectric

Production can be increased on demand

hydroelectric only

Generation process is pollution free

hydroelectric, solar, and wind

Harmful to nearby wildlife

hydroelectric, solar, and wind

Of the following, ________ represent criteria for classifying hazardous waste. non-biodegradable and biodegradable ignitable, corrosive, reactive, toxic solid, liquid, gaseous inorganic and organic municipal, industrial and agricultural

ignitable, corrosive, reactive, toxic

Part complete Organizations like OPEC have formed ________. as a military alliance to protect developed nations' energy reserves to ensure that developing nations get their fair share of fossil fuels in order to take maximum advantage of developed nations dependence on imported oil to protect their national members' petroleum reserves for their own use to develop technologies to conserve non-renewable energy resources

in order to take maximum advantage of developed nations dependence on imported oil

Then, in 2010, Metro Portland made a historic agreement between landowners and citizens which ________. included a regional plan to identify exactly where urban growth would be allowed put up undeveloped land at auction to be sold to the highest bidders, public or private gave each individual landowner an equal portion of the region's land converted all undeveloped land to restored natural ecosystems prohibited agriculture on any undeveloped land in the region

included a regional plan to identify exactly where urban growth would be allowed

The heavy levels of soot from the electrical plant upwind of Soweto, along with dust from gigantic mine dumps from gold and coal mines, created particulate pollution more than three times the recommended level. This resulted in ________. increased incidence of lung disease enriched agricultural fields and increased crop yields problems with running local automobiles and other machinery high levels of heart disease high levels of birth defects

increased incidence of lung disease

Any consideration of the true costs of sprawl must include ________. increased use of pesticides increased use of fossil fuels the restoration of natural areas to inner cities more time for families to be together the problems of decreased water and energy consumption

increased use of fossil fuels

The operating costs for transportation ________. show that bus transport is the least expensive when all costs are included clearly show the economies of scale, with large cities costing less per automobile than small cities indicate that city planners should invest more in parking lots indicate that, when all operating costs are included, rail is the most sensible means of transport take into account the costs to public health and to the environment of vehicle emissions

indicate that, when all operating costs are included, rail is the most sensible means of transport

Of the following, ________ produce(s) the largest amount of hazardous waste. agriculture industry building demolitions households utilities

industry

Which of the following sectors produces the most hazardous waste? residential industry grocery stores small businesses

industry

All of the following are considered to define types of hazardous waste except ________. toxic inert corrosive ignitable reactive

inert

Deep-well injection ________. is a method of disposing of hazardous wastes in deep aquifers injects mostly liquid hazardous wastes into porous rock isolated by impervious clay deep beneath human water supplies is a pool of strong acids on the land surface used for breaking down e-waste has been banned as unsafe by the Dept. of the Interior is the EPA-approved method of disposing of low-level radioactive wastes

injects mostly liquid hazardous wastes into porous rock isolated by impervious clay deep beneath human water supplies

Which of the following actions would not reduce the per capita generation of solid waste? reusing items such as shopping bags and clothing installation of waste-to-energy incinerators reducing the volume of product packaging composting kitchen scraps and yard waste recycling paper and plastic bottles

installation of waste-to-energy incinerators

Part complete Carbon sequestration ________. has been used by U.S. electrical plants since 1955, converting carbon dioxide to limestone is an unproven technology only begun in 2008 has proved to be more dangerous to the environment than releasing carbon emissions involves capturing carbon emissions and then releasing them into the stratosphere permanently removes captured carbon from the environment

is an unproven technology only begun in 2008

According to the graphs, the energy consumption per passenger mile ________. continues to increase for all types of transit is only half as high for bus riders as it is for people in cars rises as you get farther from the city center is more than twice as high for automobiles as it is for any other form of transportation is higher for all types of road use than it is for rail use

is higher for all types of road use than it is for rail use

As recycling and composting efforts have grown, what has occurred with the annual amount of waste sent to landfills? it has stayed the same it has proportionally decreased it has disproportionally increased it has proportionally increased

it has proportionally decreased

Scientists currently assessing the environmental impacts of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico report that ________. the coastal marshes of Louisiana suffered no measurable damage it may take years or decades before the full impacts are known the damage was limited to wildlife kills immediately after the spill Gulf productivity has already returned to normal and no further effects will be felt the entire Gulf food web will eventually collapse

it may take years or decades before the full impacts are known

Hydropower uses the __________ energy of water to generate electricity. nuclear potential kinetic static

kinetic

Which of the following represents the largest waste disposal practice in the United States? recycling composting incineration landfills

landfills

The EPA is charged with cleaning up brownfields, which are ________. agricultural lands polluted by acid and heavy metals coastal sea grass beds damaged by industrial dumping lands whose reuse or development is complicated by the presence of hazardous materials urban areas contaminated by acid drainage from mining desert regions used for unsafe nuclear waste disposa

lands whose reuse or development is complicated by the presence of hazardous materials

Of the following, ________ are classified as hazardous heavy metals. any non-biodegradable materials nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium aluminum, iron, silicon carbon, hydrogen, oxygen lead, mercury, cadmium

lead, mercury, cadmium

Over the past 50 years, most U.S. citizens who could afford to do so ________. migrated into the cities left the cities for the suburbs moved into "downtown" city center areas improved the cities moved into high-rise condominiums

left the cities for the suburbs

A city planner needs to consider ________ as a first priority. local laws pertaining to property rights railroads, subway systems, and how much they charge riders the best use of sales tax money within the city proper the amount of money investors have available for new business optimal land use strategies for different areas of the city

optimal land use strategies for different areas of the city

What is the largest component of the U.S. municipal solid waste stream? all varieties of plastics yard waste metals paper and paper products

paper and paper products

Which of the following is an example of a product found in a "throwaway society," such as the United States? fine silverware reusable razor blades reusable cloth diapers paper napkins

paper napkins

Oregon's strong policy of enforcing UGB's (urban growth boundaries) to create livable cities has been exemplary for many years, but between 2004 and 2007, voters ________. passed a bill promoting unregulated development everywhere in the state passed a bill giving property owners the right to ignore UGB's passed legislation forbidding the construction of any new single-family homes voiced their desire to have a state as populous as neighboring California have gone further by passing a bill capping population in all major cities

passed a bill giving property owners the right to ignore UGB's

Designing buildings to maximize absorption of sunlight during winter and to keep the interiors cool during summer is referred to as ________. geothermal energy collection passive solar energy collection wind energy collection nuclear energy collection active solar energy collection

passive solar energy collection

Harnessing energy by designing buildings to maximize or minimize the absorption of incident solar radiation are ________. passive solar energy collection Concentrated solar power (CSP) devices active solar energy collection photovoltaic cell collectors hydrogen fuel-cell collectors

passive solar energy collection

The earthworms, fungi, and bacteria in your compost pile will NOT be happy if you give them ________. food scraps paper plastic grass clippings autumn leaves

plastic

The original purpose of parks in eastern U.S. cities was to ________. provide protected places for hunting foxes, birds, and deer protect passenger pigeons, Carolina parakeets, and other rapidly declining species provide open places for picnics and games, such as football, cricket, and lawn tennis provide wildlife sanctuaries within cities provide a European style experience of the beauty and intimacy of formal landscapes

provide a European style experience of the beauty and intimacy of formal landscapes

Which of the following approaches best helps congested cities deal with the problems related to transportation? Hints double-deck all roads and have more limited-access expressways provide access to rail and bus transportation in the inner city or other high-density areas build more roads make the city transportation "bus only"

provide access to rail and bus transportation in the inner city or other high-density areas

Closing the recycling loop refers to ________. finding ways to recycle all plastics, including polystyrene avoiding contamination of plastic and paper collectables during sorting composting of biodegradable plastic purchasing items made from recycled materials covering landfills once they have outlived their usefulness and converting them to public parks

purchasing items made from recycled materials

The energy bill passed by the U.S. Congress in 2007 ________. primarily focused on major new policies for conservation and for development of renewable energy sources primarily focused on taxing polluters and those who profit from the fossil fuel industry raised the CAFE standard to 35mpg for vehicles by the year 2020 mandates the rapid development of all remaining fossil fuel resources as quickly as possible will, according to analysts, allow us to import only 25% of our oil instead of 60%

raised the CAFE standard to 35mpg for vehicles by the year 2020

Which of the following types of hazardous waste are unstable and pose dangers when in contact with other compounds? ignitable toxic reactive corrosive

reactive

In Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, glass is ________. incinerated composted recycled into reflective paint and signs dumped at landfills melted down to make light bulbs

recycled into reflective paint and signs

Industrial ecologists ________. urge an emphasis on internal manufacturing costs rather than external costs redesign industrial systems to minimize physical inefficiency and maximize economic efficiency favor an economy that moves linearly rather than circularly advocate for taxes on green industries primarily analyze industrial inputs

redesign industrial systems to minimize physical inefficiency and maximize economic efficiency

The best solution to the solid waste problem is to ________. increase the number of oceanic burial sites subsidize WTE facilities increase the number of sanitary landfills increase the number of WTE facilities reduce the amount of material that enters the waste stream

reduce the amount of material that enters the waste stream

What is the goal of an industrial ecologist? to increase expenditures in industry in order to generate more landfill space to make industry more profitable regardless of environmental impact reduce the waste in industrial systems to save endangered species

reduce the waste in industrial systems

The process of __________ turns crude oil into the type of gases that can be used for cooking, in cars, and for other human purposes. primary drilling refining redefining secondary drilling

refining

RCRA is a U.S. law enacted in the 1970s to ________. protect endangered species restrict use of off-road vehicles in national parks reduce environmental levels of the 12 most toxic chemicals, called the "dirty dozen" regulate greenhouse gas emissions from power plants regulate how hazardous waste is handled

regulate how hazardous waste is handled

If a home uses a large supply of solar panels to generate electricity, but has no battery system, surplus electricity that is produced is usually __________. used to pump water high up into a tank to store the energy released harmlessly into the ground released into the power grid for others to use, generating a credit to the homeowner used to power chemical reactions that generate water for the home

released into the power grid for others to use, generating a credit to the homeowner

Corn-produced ethanol ________. does not require inputs of fossil fuel energy yields more than 10x the energy required to produce it does not produce greenhouse gases when burned results in higher food prices for corn and corn products cannot be mixed with other fuels

results in higher food prices for corn and corn products

In developing nations, such as India and Nigeria, ________. rural people are moving to the cities in large numbers most of the population is moving to the suburbs from the city centers more people are moving to the suburbs than to the city centers small numbers of people have moved into the cities very little change has occurred in the past 40 years regarding where people live

rural people are moving to the cities in large numbers

Part complete All of the following are advantages of nuclear power except ________. uranium mines cause less environmental damage than coal mines because less uranium is needed to generate power nuclear power plants generate no nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide the power-generating process is emission-free safe disposal of nuclear wastes uranium generates far greater amounts of energy than coal by weight or volume

safe disposal of nuclear wastes

What happens to unused electricity generated by solar panels on a home? The extra electricity is __________. released into the air used to generate heat that is released into the air released safely into the ground sent back into the electrical grid for others to use

sent back into the electrical grid for others to use

The Fresh Kills Landfill ________. was abandoned in the late 1970s will remain open until late 2020 is the United States' first landfill conversion project site will be converted into a public park is New York's first and only modern sanitary landfill

site will be converted into a public park

Infinitely renewable

solar and wind

No fossil fuel required for production

solar and wind

What is the term that refers to the reduction of the amount of waste entering the waste stream? source reduction recycling liquidation inventory

source reduction

The first stage in generating power from a hydrogen fuel cell is to ________. reduce water to hydrogen and oxygen gases split hydrogen atoms into hydrogen ions (H+) and electrons split methane (CH4) into hydrogen atoms and carbon convert water into a hydrocarbon react water with CO2

split hydrogen atoms into hydrogen ions (H+) and electrons

Ethanol produced from bioenergy starts with ________ produced by ________. CO2; burning fossil fuels hydrogen gas; wind turbines methane; sewage sludge starch; corn and sugar cane ammonia; anaerobic bacteria

starch; corn and sugar cane

China's government is encouraging companies to __________. make the switch from coal to natural gas for the generation of electricity take the lead in all green technologies relocate their workers to homes that are closer to factories to decrease commuting distances move their factories to other countries

take the lead in all green technologies

The greatest general problem with suburbs is ________. lack of nearby shopping lack of resources high population density that they spread environmental impact over a larger area decreased water quality

that they spread environmental impact over a larger area

The country with the greatest differential between domestic production and total consumption is ________. Saudi Arabia Iran the United States Germany Japan

the United States

What does the red line on the graph represent? the average amount of solid waste generated by each person in the United States per year the total amount of solid waste generated by all people in the United States per year the period of time in years the average amount of solid waste generated by each household in the United States per year

the average amount of solid waste generated by each person in the United States per year

Coal continues to be the main fuel used to generate electricity in the United States. This is partially because ________. coal deposits in the United States lie very close to the surface and are easily extracted coal causes almost no air pollution when burned the country has such large reserves of coal the quality of coal in the United States is very consistent from deposit to deposit compared to natural gas and oil, coal contains very few impurities, such as sulfur

the country has such large reserves of coal

What is energy intensity? the use of LED rather than incandescent light bulbs the capturing of excess heat during electrical generation a measure of the reduction of wasteful or unnecessary energy use the energy use per dollar of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

the energy use per dollar of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

How can solid waste incineration be of benefit? it can generate methane the heat from waste combustion can be used to generate energy it can be used to clean the air the fly ash can be used as compost or mulch

the heat from waste combustion can be used to generate energy

A development group wishes to turn the area into a recreational facility, including an RV resort, a major-league sports arena, a small-craft harbor for water sports, a hunting lodge, and off- road activities, including motocross racing and dune buggy areas. An important concern ecological about this proposal would be ________. that the developer's fees might not be enough to justify the long-term lease whether the development group can attract major sports teams to a new arena the impacts on the woodlands, wetlands, and waterways that the parking facilities would need to be increased a need to widen the highway to sustain the increased traffic

the impacts on the woodlands, wetlands, and waterways

Which of the following is a challenge to using solar-generated electricity in places not connected to a power grid? the lack of efficient and inexpensive battery technology the reliance upon fossil fuels to power the system the generation of toxic fumes by the solar panel system the limited supply of silicon to make the wafers used in solar panels

the lack of efficient and inexpensive battery technology

One group proposes to convert the base to a new city suburb, with low-cost housing for several thousand of the current inner-city residents. A possible major problem with this might include ________. the lack of jobs and lack of transportation to jobs that the inner-city residents may not be able to fully appreciate the natural areas and miss the inner-city quality of life the highway traffic to and from the city insufficient recreational opportunities for the new suburb that there is no guarantee that the buildings are in good condition

the lack of jobs and lack of transportation to jobs

Volume of waste recovered by composting was insignificant until ________. the early 1960s 1980 2009 2000 the late 1980s

the late 1980s

What occurs as sprawl increases in, or adjacent to, a city? pollution decreases the need for cars increases general health is improved less land is used per capita

the need for cars increases

What this figure does not tell you is ________. whether wind energy plays any role in U.S. energy and electricity production the relative amount of electricity produced from geothermal energy compared to other renewable sources the proportion of U.S. energy consumption that comes from non-renewable sources what proportion of each renewable energy source the United States produces and consumes the relative amount of solar energy used to generate electricity compared to other renewable sources

the proportion of U.S. energy consumption that comes from non-renewable sources

What is the ultimate source for geothermal energy? rocks melting into magma due to geysers the radioactive decay of elements deep within Earth ignition due to crude oil and natural gas deposits magma that wells up from Earth's core

the radioactive decay of elements deep within Earth

What is electrolysis? the conversion of sunlight into electricity in a PV cell the generation of energy from wave motion increasing the efficiency of wind turbines the splitting of water into component hydrogen and oxygen

the splitting of water into component hydrogen and oxygen

The ultimate source of energy that drives wind power is __________. the sun differences in the temperature of the Earth's surface because of internal heating by magma, which occasionally rises to the surface in volcanoes ocean currents friction between the Earth's plates, produced by plate tectonic movements and earthquakes

the sun

One of the things that contribute to sprawl is ________. the trend toward increasing land area per capita the steadily increasing prices for gasoline zoning developer's fees the steady state of human populations

the trend toward increasing land area per capita

One of the speakers in the video made an analogy between a city and a very large tree. In this analogy, the root system of the tree was compared to __________. the subway system that moves people around within a city the heat and carbon dioxide produced by the daily activities within a city the way soils, air, and water are needed to sustain people in the city the movement of currency within a city as people and businesses make purchases

the way soils, air, and water are needed to sustain people in the city

As an ecological resource manager, your preliminary environmental studies should include inquiry into whether ________. the wetlands include oyster beds and shallow estuaries that are habitats for shrimp, crabs, and fish which are supporting many local industries the lake should be provided with docks and a marina for sport fishermen the city needs to obtain a great deal of revenue from the final choice a new housing development just outside the city limits may increase traffic on the connecting highway the financial situation of some potential investors is shaky

the wetlands include oyster beds and shallow estuaries that are habitats for shrimp, crabs, and fish which are supporting many local industries

Paper and plastic waste share the following characteristics: ________. they are both made from petrochemicals they cannot be incinerated to produce energy both are more than 90% recycled in the United States they readily degrade in landfills their increased consumption leads to increased waste

their increased consumption leads to increased waste

L'Enfant's 1791 Plan of the U.S. capital represented the first ________. effort to address urban sprawl effort to design a freeway attempt to address biodiversity concerns effort to plan for agriculture in city areas thorough city planning program

thorough city planning program

When did the use of coal for cooking, heating, and other purposes begin? thousands of years ago, by Native Americans (and other ancient cultures) in the 1700s, by people who needed cooking fuel sources with the industrial revolutio

thousands of years ago, by Native Americans (and other ancient cultures)

The only energy source(s) from ocean water so far put into commercial production are ________. OTEC and ocean wave generators tidal and OTEC generators tidal electrical generators tidal and ocean wave generators OTEC

tidal electrical generators

What is the goal of "new urbanism"? Hints to provide modern urban attractions (high-speed Internet, cultural institutions, and so on) to rural areas so people will return to a rural lifestyle to shift transportation planning away from SUV-sized vehicles to accommodate hybrid cars to create functional neighborhoods in which most of a family's needs can be met close to home without the use of a car to improve quality of life by separating residential areas from all other types of development

to create functional neighborhoods in which most of a family's needs can be met close to home without the use of a car

Given the energy consumption and operating costs per passenger-mile, one of the best overall strategies for cities to consider is ________. to create carpool lanes on all major routes to create more suburban communities with work, shopping, and housing in central locations to create or improve a convenient, affordable, rail transit system to improve and increase city bus routes, providing affordable, pleasant buses to increase affordable, high-rise parking sites in multiple locations throughout the city

to create or improve a convenient, affordable, rail transit system

What does the left y-axis represent? per capita generation of municipal solid waste, in kilograms per year per capita generation of municipal solid waste, in metric tons per year total generation of municipal solid waste, in kilograms per year total generation of municipal solid waste, in metric tons per year

total generation of municipal solid waste, in metric tons per year

The United States and other industrialized nations devote the greatest proportion of their oil use to __________. transportation industry agriculture

transportation

In addition to decreasing its dependence on fossil fuels, if Nipton wanted to become water-independent, which of the following would be most promising? a nearby reservoir ample rainfall in the region underground lake lush river running next to town

underground lake

Part complete All of the following are fossil fuels except ________. oil natural gas coal tar sands uranium

uranium

Which of the following elements is the starting material for nuclear fission reactions? carbon iron hydrogen uranium

uranium

The second step in the recycling loop is ________. the elimination of number 1 plastics the collection and processing of recyclable materials the purchase by consumers of products made from recycled materials the incineration of paper the use of recyclables by industry to manufacture new products

use of recyclables by industry to manufacture new products

Which of the following choices best describes a surface impoundment used for hazardous waste disposal? used for nuclear waste storage a permanent disposal option for liquid hazardous wastes any artificial lake created by a dam used to store and concentrate dilute liquid hazardous waste before it is moved to a permanent disposal option

used to store and concentrate dilute liquid hazardous waste before it is moved to a permanent disposal option

Secondary extraction of petroleum ________. allows the oil to be extracted to the last drop is less expensive than primary extraction causes less environmental damage than tertiary extraction uses solvents, water, or steam occurs immediately after primary extraction

uses solvents, water, or steam

Massive solar thermal power plants generate electricity by __________. heating up radioactive materials using mirrors to focus sunlight on large photovoltaic panels focusing sunlight onto the blades of turbines using sunlight to boil water, generate steam, and turn the blades of a turbine

using sunlight to boil water, generate steam, and turn the blades of a turbine

Which type of analysis is performed by industrial ecologists when they examine a product from its beginning as a raw material until its disposal? full-term analysis reverse-engineering analysis life-cycle analysis disposal-tracking analysis

life-cycle analysis

To safeguard against groundwater contamination, sanitary landfills are ________. lined with cement lined with plastic and clay located in unpopulated areas located on slopes so water runs downhill located on industrial sites where groundwater is not used for drinking or agriculture

lined with plastic and clay

Air travel, the Internet, cheap fossil fuels and television all have allowed people to ________. return to an agricultural society live within the UDB's demanded by smart city design live in less centralized communities live more densely packed into urban areas consume less energy and materials

live in less centralized communities

What prevents the contamination of groundwater in landfills? locating them below the water table locating them at least 6 meters above the water table locating them in deserts locating them in layers of impermeable rock

locating them at least 6 meters above the water table

The average miles per gallon rating of U.S. vehicles has ________. doubled in the past two decades doubled since the 2008 election now matched the 45 mpg rating mandated by the European union been raised to 40 mpg because of the 2010 energy bill passed by Congress made no improvement the past two decades

made no improvement the past two decades

A typical wind farm in the United States consists of __________. many very large wind turbines clustered in a region with a low human population millions of small wind turbines in remote regions with low human populations millions of small wind turbines in the back yards of highly populated areas very large wind turbines in the suburbs of major cities

many very large wind turbines clustered in a region with a low human population

People who live entirely within an urban environment ________. may become disconnected from nature and from the true costs of their needs and activities pay less for food and gasoline than rural areas have insufficient choices for activities and lifestyles have too many luxury goods at too expensive a price are never provided enough quality housing, even for those who can afford it

may become disconnected from nature and from the true costs of their needs and activities

Deep inside landfills, bacteria decompose organic wastes in a low oxygen environment. This anaerobic decomposition results in a mix of gases called landfill gas, which consists of about 50% ________. hydrogen carbon monoxide methane argon chlorine gas

methane

Which fossil fuel is produced as a by-product that occurs when bacteria decompose organic material under anaerobic conditions? peat anthracite coal methane oil

methane

The Trash Track project ________. monitors the amount of hazardous items in municipal waste allows cities to charge polluters who dump large volumes of trash tells managers which items should be recycled monitors the movement of trash items to improve efficiency of management processes measures the volume of various categories of municipal waste in various cities

monitors the movement of trash items to improve efficiency of management processes

Which of the following statements about current U.S. waste disposal is true? We incinerate 90% of our trash and landfill the rest. We incinerate 50% of our trash and the rest is in open landfills. We landfill half of our trash and recycle a third of it. We landfill half of our trash and recycle the other half.

We landfill half of our trash and recycle a third of it.

What is a potential, and likely, drawback to the deep-well injection of hazardous wastes? It is hard to drill very deep into the ground. Well casings can corrode leaking hazardous waste into soil, rock, and gravel. The wells tend to catch fire. Large buildings must be constructed to house these wells.

Well casings can corrode leaking hazardous waste into soil, rock, and gravel.

From the 1960s to the present, the trend has been that ________ over time. more overall waste was produced there have been equal ratios of land disposal, combustion, and recovery less waste was recovered for recycling less overall waste was produced less waste was sent to landfills

more overall waste was produced

Chevron decides to frack near your home. Which of the following are they interested in obtaining? coal oil natural gas water

natural gas

While Kayla is driving along a busy highway just outside a major city, she suddenly comes to a standstill in traffic. For the first time ever, she notices that alongside the highway are stretches of forest and wetland. She hears the noise of frogs and insects and birds that she never would have noticed if not trapped in traffic. Why does Kayla never notice these natural wonders on her route? light pollution noise pollution thermal pollution acid rain

noise pollution

According to the data in Step 2, which source represents 32% of renewables? geothermal wind tide solar none of them

none of them

Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? The amount of gasoline used by each person generally decreases as per capita land consumption increases. supported not supported cannot be determined from the graph

not supported

More and more wind farms are being located ________ because winds are stronger there. in densely populated urban areas in mature forests in deserts in the Arctic offshore

offshore

Natural gas is ________. still much more expensive than other fossil fuels more damaging to the environment than coal when extracted trapped over some cities for commercial use often associated with coal and petroleum deposits only produced by bacteria during decomposition

often associated with coal and petroleum deposits

Part complete Which of the following industries would most like to see an increase in carbon capture, as it uses the waste product captured at Boundary Dam? nuclear industry oil industry hydroelectric industry solar industry

oil industry

B20 represents ________. a variety of broccoli used in the production of cellulosic ethanol a ratio of biodiesel to petrodiesel in alternative vehicular fuels a new vitamin recently isolated from sugar cane bagasse a bacterial strain used to ferment corn to make ethanol a synthetic compound that can be mixed with fossil fuel to give more energy

a ratio of biodiesel to petrodiesel in alternative vehicular fuels

What is bitumen? a rare form of uranium a thick type of petroleum formed in clay and sand a bitter form of crude oil eaten by birds a vitamin-enriched form of coal

a thick type of petroleum formed in clay and sand

What disabled the emergency power generators at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant in Japan and led to the reactor meltdowns? a landslide a tsunami an earthquake operator error

a tsunami

According to the data in Step 1, by how much would solar have to grow to match the current level of hydroelectric power? about 100 times about 2 times about 60 times about 10 times

about 60 times

What occurs when coal mining exposes rock surfaces to weathering? acid drainage oil discovery surface area reduction acid flooding

acid drainage

Corn-based ethanol production has a number of drawbacks, including ________. increased use of fertilizers depletion of fresh water substantial inputs of fossil fuel energy increased use of pesticides all of the above are drawbacks of corn-based ethanol production

all of the above are drawbacks of corn-based ethanol production

Around the world, most major cities are situated ________. at elevations above 500 m. on the more northern continents near mountains, usually in a valley in agricultural areas along rivers, oceans, roads, or train routes

along rivers, oceans, roads, or train routes

The current state of e-wastes is that ________. the recycling rate has dropped significantly between 1999 and 2010 because the EPA has classified e-wastes as toxic, more than 95% are being recycled only because of the actions of charitable organizations, the recycling rate is 5% although recycling is improved, the rate of e-wastes going into landfills and incinerators is rising by EPA mandate, all metals in electronics have been replaced by biodegradable materials

although recycling is improved, the rate of e-wastes going into landfills and incinerators is rising

A resource sink is ________. an area that is able to trade for all of the things that it needs a resource that is desirable, such that different cities must compete to obtain enough of it for their citizens an area that produces almost none of the things that it needs an area that produces many things and needs to export them to a variety of places an area that produces a single resource and can control the price of that commodity or service

an area that produces almost none of the things that it needs

What information is provided on the x-axis? area per person, in square meters gallons of gasoline used by each person per year area of each city, in square meters area per person, in square miles

area per person, in square meters

Assume that the depletion of nonrenewables requires renewables to account for more than 30% of our energy production by 2040. What annual growth rate of renewables must be achieved in order to meet that goal? Current growth rates (5%) are sufficient to meet this goal . at least 15% annual growth rate 1% annual growth rate 10% annual growth rate

at least 15% annual growth rate

Which of the following types of transportation consumes the most energy (in BTU per passenger mile)? bus heavy rail commuter rail automobiles

automobiles

Why are we so eager to find clean coal technologies? because coal is the most environmentally friendly of the fossil fuels because coal in its natural form costs too much for us to use because the government is charging industry for the amount of coal emissions being produced because coal is the most abundant of the fossil fuels in the United States

because coal is the most abundant of the fossil fuels in the United States

Heavy metals ________. become less hazardous after incineration are unregulated by the U.S. government become less hazardous over time as they degrade chemically are not harmful unless they are directly ingested bioaccumulate in animal tissues

bioaccumulate in animal tissues

What is an example of an energy source that is renewable and has less environmental impact than fossil fuels? natural gas crude oil coal bioenergy

bioenergy

Worldwide, the most widely used renewable energy resource is ________. solar wind bioenergy nuclear hydroelectric

bioenergy

Of the following renewable energy resources, which one has the highest life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions? biomass solar power wind power hydropower

biomass

Which of the following consume the bulk of the electricity used in the United States? automobiles street lights tire production buildings

buildings

What are green buildings? inexpensively constructed buildings that help save taxpayers a lot of money buildings constructed out of sustainable materials, which limit the use of energy and water, minimize health impacts, control pollution, and recycle waste buildings covered in vines and plant life that enable energy-efficient cooling and heating as well as providing food buildings painted green to help reflect sunlight

buildings constructed out of sustainable materials, which limit the use of energy and water, minimize health impacts, control pollution, and recycle waste

The best way to reduce plastic in landfills is to ________. use biodegradable plastic items buy products produced locally with minimal packaging urge the government to pass more bottle bills reuse beverage bottles increase use of recycled items

buy products produced locally with minimal packaging

How can consumers decrease waste generation? by choosing to buy locally made goods by choosing minimally packaged goods by purchasing goods with the Energy Star label by choosing to purchase only imported goods

by choosing minimally packaged goods

How does an urban growth boundary attempt to limit sprawl? Hints setting a limit on the number of people that can live in the city by limiting future growth into already urbanized areas by setting limits on where growth can occur that can never be changed establishing "zones" where only certain kinds of development can occur

by limiting future growth into already urbanized areas

Recently, how has Germany reduced its dependence on fossil fuels? by mass producing biogas resources by subsidizing the hydraulic fracturing production in oil shale deposits by utilizing the feed-in tariff system by utilizing fusion power

by utilizing the feed-in tariff system

Vegetable oil ________. is a necessary ingredient in biodiesel can be burned as fuel is a fossil fuel is nonrenewable must be processed into biodiesel to operate engines

can be burned as fuel

Energy conservation in the United States ________. is unlikely to ever occur can be accomplished only through changes in environmental laws can be improved as individuals make conscious choices to reduce personal consumption will be a reality only if there is another major war can be accomplished by changes in tax laws

can be improved as individuals make conscious choices to reduce personal consumption

What sort of waste is predominantly generated by U.S. industrial facilities? organic wastewater radioactive heavy metals

wastewater

Of the available policy options regarding eventual conversion to renewable energy sources, environmentalists would probably prefer that ________. we plan for the switch to renewable energy sources, but not implement any plans until all fossil fuels have been depleted we pass laws immediately banning the exploration and development of further fossil fuel resources we pass laws immediately banning the use of fossil fuels we encourage, with subsidies, tax rebates, and grants, the rapid development and widespread use of renewable alternative energy resources we prepare for a gradual changeover by slowly increasing funding and putting alternative energy resources into place over the next 100 years

we encourage, with subsidies, tax rebates, and grants, the rapid development and widespread use of renewable alternative energy resources

Electricity in a wind turbine is generated __________. when electrons are thrown off of a solid, spinning copper core by building pressure in pistons that compress chambers of nitrogen using the heat produced from friction between a spinning shaft and its case when spinning magnets move past a coil of copper wire

when spinning magnets move past a coil of copper wire

Which of the following would be characteristic of sprawl? Hints a state university surrounded by miles and miles of businesses and dwellings housed in large multi-story structures an empty, ruined temple surrounded by nothing but grasslands and herds of wild animals a few single-family dwellings near the edge of an enormous forest, adjacent to some cabbage farms and a small town situated 15 miles to the north widely spaced homes spread evenly across a vast tract of land

widely spaced homes spread evenly across a vast tract of land

Members of several local environmental groups propose that nearly all of the buildings be removed and the area turned into a regional hiking and camping area, with very limited vehicle access. This will preserve the natural areas while providing recreation for the city dwellers. One issue that is raised by opponents is ________. that no one will be interested in that kind of recreation whether water sports be accessible to all whether there be sufficient space for RV camping that it will not be sustainable will revenue generated from users pay for the changes and the maintenance of such a facility

will revenue generated from users pay for the changes and the maintenance of such a facility

Along with many other governmental reforms that began in 1994, the electrical plant just outside Soweto was closed in 2000 and other plants were brought into use. Some parts of Soweto were then wired for electricity. It is estimated, however, that only about 30% of the more than 1 million black inhabitants have electricity in their homes; the remainder cannot afford the costs involved or live in areas that have no electrical access. So, they probably use ________ for fuel. wood and coal natural gas and solar cells gas-powered home generators charcoal and candles natural gas and backyard windmills

wood and coal

Where does the United States keep an emergency stockpile of oil? Chicago, Illinois Fort Knox Yucca Mountain, Nevada Louisiana

Louisiana

Ogden and Sperling also discuss the challenges of using hydrogen as our major fuel. Identify the statement that is one of the challenges. Current energy policy favors solar and wind energy rather than hydrogen. Zero-carbon technologies for producing hydrogen are prohibitively expensive. The current hydrogen refueling infrastructure is outdated and should be replaced. Time is needed to develop mechanisms to store hydrogen on vehicles.

Time is needed to develop mechanisms to store hydrogen on vehicles.

In which nation or region do cities have the highest degree of urban sprawl? Europe Canada Australia United States

United States

The shift from rural to urban living

Urbanization

John Ritch suggests that nuclear power is the only option for clean energy on a massive scale. Which of the following statements represents one of his pro-nuclear arguments? We have several centuries' supply of uranium available for use as nuclear fuel. Atomic bombs are often developed alongside nuclear power programs, but international monitoring is well established. All reactors are similar to the Chernobyl reactor but today's nuclear technicians have better training. As fossil fuel prices decrease, nuclear power prices will increase.

We have several centuries' supply of uranium available for use as nuclear fuel.

Where would you most likely find a solar thermal power plant in the United States? in North Dakota, Montana, and Minnesota in the southwestern states in Oregon and Washington state in states near the Appalachian Mountains

in the southwestern states

Which energy source's annual growth rate is about four times greater than that of tidal power? geothermal solar wind none of the above

solar

Which of the following is the town of Nipton, California currently using to generate the bulk of its renewable electricity? wind power tidal power solar power conventional hydropower

solar power

General Process Pollution Free

solar, wind

LDPE is ________. the most widely recycled plastic the plastic used to make grocery bags banned in Denmark a toxin found in most plastics not currently recycled

the plastic used to make grocery bags

One of China's cement factories has become more energy efficient by __________. using wind turbines to generate electricity for the plant relying on nuclear energy to produce cement using solar power for half of its energy needs using the extra gas and heat from the kilns to generate electricity

using the extra gas and heat from the kilns to generate electricity

U.S. hydropower dam construction was greatest during the ________. early 21st century 1970s to 2000 1930s to 1960s late 1800s industrial revolution

1930s to 1960s

Estimate in what year our consumption of paleoproduction reached 100 times Earth's current annual net primary production. 1850 1890 1920 1960

1960

In 2000, how much solid waste did the average person in the United States produce? 220 metric tons per year 770 kilograms per year 190 metric tons per year 840 kilograms per year

770 kilograms per year

In contrast to Ogden and Sperling, Joseph Romm views hydrogen fuel-cell cars as an "environmental dead end." Which of the following statements from the pro-hydrogen essay would he dispute? "Most major automakers are developing hydrogen vehicles, investing hundreds of millions of their own dollars." "A new refueling infrastructure must be built to supply hydrogen to vehicles." "Technologies that use hydrogen, notably fuel cells, are making rapid progress." "Hydrogen is not a replacement for near-term measures like increasing fuel economy standards for gasoline cars."

"Technologies that use hydrogen, notably fuel cells, are making rapid progress."

Based on the yearly average values, calculate the solar radiation per square meter for one year. 130 kWh per year 370 kWh per year 1,560 kWh per year 4,440 kWh per year

1,560 kWh per year

As of 2008, the average American generates about ________ pounds of solid waste per day. 40 9 1.5 13.7 4.4

4.4

Bagasse and sugar cane-based ethanol are major items in the energy resources of ________. Tuvalu Mexico Brazil China the Maldives

Brazil

Most rapidly growing new component of hazardous municipal waste

E-waste

________ represent(s) the largest source of unregulated hazardous waste. Large industry Utilities Farmers Households Small businesses

Households

Geographically limited

hydroelectric and solar

For the United States, the primary fuel that we use for our energy is ________. wood natural gas nuclear coal oil

oil

Which of the following follows the philosophy of "building up, not out"? smart growth unbridled growth sprawl subdivisions

smart growth

What is the process behind tidal energy? the back and forth movement of the daily tidal cycle waves rushing back and forth as a result of tides electricity generated by the rise and fall of tides the difference between high and low tides

the difference between high and low tides

The practice of classifying areas for different types of development and land use is referred to as ________. zoning urbanism boundary-setting deregulation green-washing

zoning

In what year did uranium oxide production peak in the United States? 1950 1980 1970 1960

1980

The year 2030 goal set by the US Department of Energy is to generate __________. 20% of electricity using wind-powered systems 50% of electricity using wind-powered systems all electricity using solar and wind-powered systems all electricity from wind-powered systems

20% of electricity using wind-powered systems

Based on the yearly average values, calculate one person's residential electricity needs for a year. 130 kWh per year 1,560 kWh per year 4,440 kWh per year 370 kWh per year

4,440 kWh per year

The average American produces how much trash per day? 4.4 pounds 10 pounds 25 pounds 100 pounds

4.4 pounds

What was the net amount of uranium imported into the United States in 2005? 5 million pounds 45 million pounds 65 million pounds 20 million pounds

45 million pounds

How much uranium oxide did the United States produce in 2005? 5 million pounds 20 million pounds 40 million pounds 65 million pounds

5 million pounds

Approximately what percentage of overall U.S. energy consumption does bioenergy contribute? 5% 9% 12% 49%

5%

You work for the city planning agency in Houston and successfully pass ordinances designed to double population density. Based on the graph, predict the approximate change in carbon emissions. 10% decline 25% decline 50% decline 75% decline

50% decline

Approximately ________% of all U.S. residents are served by curbside recycling programs, and the part of the U.S. waste stream that is recycled is currently about ________%. 60; 100 30; 30 40; 50 50; 25 30; 90

50; 25

If efficiency of photovoltaic cells improves to 40%, how many square meters of photovoltaic cells would be needed for one person's yearly electricity use? 11.4 m2 7.12 m2 2.85 m2 1.14 m2

7.12 m2

Compare the population densities of the most and least dense cities on the graph. What is the population ratio of the most- to least-dense cities? 3:1 7:1 70:1 700:1

7:1

Recycling aluminum cans saves ________% of the energy needed to make the same amount of aluminum from virgin bauxite. 80 95 25 70 50

95

Part complete Both authors present their arguments for or against nuclear power as factual. Which of the following quotes is referenced to a specific source? Nuclear energy is already cost-competitive, and trends point to falling nuclear prices and rising fossil fuel prices. A nuclear accident at the Indian Point 3 plant would cause an estimated 50,000 "peak fatalities." Based on 12,500 reactor years of experience, nuclear power is the safest large-scale source of energy. The overall "nuclear cycle" produces significant greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming.

A nuclear accident at the Indian Point 3 plant would cause an estimated 50,000 "peak fatalities."

Excessive waste generation consequences

1. groundwater contamination from landfills 2. air pollution from waster incineration 3. depletion of raw materials

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the paragraphs. Not all terms will be used.

1. paper 2. plastic 3. leachate 4. aquifer 5. landfill gas 6. incinerator 7. scrubber 8. baghouse

Excessive waste generation solutions

1. reuse of items whenever possible instead of throwing them away 2. purchase of fewer nonessential goods 3. requirement for manufacturers to recycle their products

Excessive waste generation causes

1. rising consumption of material goods 2. material goods that are not durable or long-lasting 3. a shift to single-use products

Now calculate the total carbon content of the fossil fuel consumed in the year 1750 (assume 0.03 trillion kg C). How many times greater was the total carbon content of the fossil fuel consumed in 2000 than in 1750? 6 x 10-7 1.7 x 106 350,000,210 7.4 x 1010

1.7 x 106

What is the difference between the amount of paper within the waste stream before and after recycling/composting? 1.2% 11.2% 16.2% 27.4%

11.2%

Commercially available household photovoltaic systems cost approximately $20,000. The average cost of electricity in the United States is approximately $0.09 per kilowatt hour. At these prices how long would it take for the photovoltaic system to generate $20,000 of electricity? Assume the system will produce enough kilowatt hours for a four-person household in Topeka, Kansas. 0.1 year 12.5 years 35 years 50 years

12.5 years

The red line represents annual human consumption of paleoproduction by fossil fuel combustion. The dashed line indicates current annual net primary production (NPP) for the entire planet. Estimate in what year the annual consumption of paleoproduction surpassed Earth's current annual NPP. 1850 1890 1920 1960

1890

Why is there little to no growth expected for hydropower? Hints Hydropower uses a nonrenewable resource that is quickly being depleted. Too much pollution is generated when the dams are in operation. Almost all rivers that can be dammed for power generation have been dammed already. The cost of generating power is much too high.

Almost all rivers that can be dammed for power generation have been dammed already.

Describe the relationship between carbon emissions and urban density as shown on the graph. As urban density increases, per capita carbon emissions decrease. As urban density increases, per capita carbon emissions increase. As urban density decreases, carbon emissions stay the same. There is no relationship between urban density and carbon emissions.

As urban density increases, per capita carbon emissions decrease.

Which of the following statements is supported by the graph? As the population of a city increases, automobile use also increases. Rapidly growing cities have higher rates of automobile use than cities with more stable populations. As urban sprawl increases, automobile use also increases. Per capita automobile use is higher in wealthy nations than in poor nations.

As urban sprawl increases, automobile use also increases.

How do the rates of land use and gasoline consumption in Australian cities compare with those in U.S. cities? At any level of per capita land consumption, people in U.S. cities use more gasoline than those in Australian cities. The rates of land use and gasoline consumption in U.S. cities are similar to those in Australian cities. At any level of per capita land consumption, people in U.S. cities use less gasoline than those in Australian cities. The answer cannot be determined from the graph.

At any level of per capita land consumption, people in U.S. cities use more gasoline than those in Australian cities.

How does the burning of coal contribute to acid rain? Burning coal increases the probability of rain. Burning coal releases sulfur and nitrogen acids. Burning coal releases sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Acidic pollutants from coal burning destroy the ozone layer.

Burning coal releases sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

Which of the following countries exports the most oil to the United States? Canada Venezuela Kuwait Saudi Arabia

Canada

________ is the conversion of organic waste into mulch or humus. Compacting Reusing Composting Cogeneration Injecting

Composting

Which of the following actions is required for the recycling loop to be successful? Consumers must purchase only products made in the United States. Consumers and businesses must purchase products made from recycled materials. Genetically modified bacteria must be found to consume toxic components. Corporations must make more products from virgin (raw) materials.

Consumers and businesses must purchase products made from recycled materials.

Which city on the graph has both low to medium density (between 10 and 30 persons per hectare) and low carbon emissions? Melbourne Copenhagen Houston Tokyo

Copenhagen

In the solar panel system presented in the video, which of the following was necessary to generate usable electrical current for a home? The electrical energy had to be converted to nuclear energy. Electrical energy had to be stored in batteries for several days. DC power had to be converted to AC. The heat of the sun had to be used to generate steam.

DC power had to be converted to AC.

________ built the first offshore wind farm in 1991. Mexico The United States Denmark France Spain

Denmark

Describe the trends in uranium oxide domestic production from the peak production year to 2005. Domestic production declined dramatically. Domestic production increased slightly. Domestic production increased dramatically. Domestic production declined slightly.

Domestic production declined dramatically.

Which statement about e-waste is accurate? E-waste contains toxic heavy metals that can leach into the environment. Electronic devices die easily, so few of the devices thrown out in the United States could be reused. There is no financial incentive to recycle e-waste. E-waste is biodegradable.

E-waste contains toxic heavy metals that can leach into the environment.

Which of the following is most likely to support stricter federal regulations on fracking? Chesapeake Energy Corporation Environmental Defense Fund Independent Petroleum Association of America Energy In Depth

Environmental Defense Fund

What do the orange dots represent? Canadian cities Australian cities European cities U.S. cities

European cities

You are a state senator on an energy task force. Your task force will recommend whether or not to pursue nuclear power for your state's growing energy needs. Based on the information in both essays, which of the following priorities would favor nuclear power? Fuel sustainability Safety Minimal greenhouse gas emissions Low cost

Fuel sustainability

Which of the following ideas was suggested by speakers in the video? Future cities should have identical building designs, using one common construction block that can be used everywhere. Future cities should repurpose compacted metal as building blocks for buildings. Future cities should locate the power-generating companies far away from cities to reduce city pollution. Future cities should use construction materials that are edible.

Future cities should repurpose compacted metal as building blocks for buildings.

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate regarding geothermal power? Geothermal power reduces but does not eliminate emissions. Geothermal power can deplete groundwater sources. Geothermal energy can be used as heat exchangers for heat pumps for homes and businesses. Geothermal power generators are one of the true fully sustainable energy sources.

Geothermal power generators are one of the true fully sustainable energy sources.

Which of the following statements about ethanol is true? Hints Growing corn for ethanol requires substantial inputs of fossil fuel energy. Corn-based ethanol has a high energy returned on investment (EROI) value. We can easily grow enough corn ethanol and supply the world's food needs. We can supply all of the automotive fuel used in the United States if we just double ethanol production.

Growing corn for ethanol requires substantial inputs of fossil fuel energy.

Which of the following currently appears to be the best option for protecting groundwater in areas where fracking is taking place? Take the cement out of intermediate casings. Increase the use of intermediate casings. Eliminate the use of intermediate casings. Take the steel out of intermediate casings.

Increase the use of intermediate casings.

Use the information given by authors of both essays to select a strategy that achieves both short-term and long-term greenhouse gas emission reductions. Invest primarily in hydrogen fuel-cell research and development Invest in both hybrids and hydrogen fuel-cell research Invest primarily in hybrid and "plug in" hybrid vehicles Invest in research and development for the hydrogen energy system (e.g., electrolyzers, hydrogen delivery infrastructures, etc.)

Invest in both hybrids and hydrogen fuel-cell research

The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe is most likely to get support from farmers in which of the following states that will be directly impacted by the pipeline? Nebraska Wyoming Oklahoma Iowa

Iowa

How is cellulosic ethanol different from traditional corn-based ethanol? Hints It can be made from the nonfood portions of plants and from wood. It is made from sustainably grown corn. It is made from wheat or rice grains instead of corn. It can be made from used grease and oil from restaurants.

It can be made from the nonfood portions of plants and from wood.

Part complete You are a toxicologist and discover that 2BE has the same effects in humans as in rodents. What does it do to humans? It causes tumors. It causes skin rashes. It has no effect. It causes blindness.

It causes tumors.

What is the basis for the use of hydrogen fuel cells? It is extremely energy-efficient. It has not been demonstrated to work for powering vehicles. It is an example of a renewable energy source in action. It will result in the release of pollution to the atmosphere.

It is extremely energy-efficient.

Which of the following is true regarding 2BE? It is used only for fracking. It is also approved for use as an insecticide. It has been banned in the U.S. It is found in many household products.

It is found in many household products.

How is compost used? It is used to enrich soil. It is used as building material. It is used as animal feed. It is used to generate energy.

It is used to enrich soil.

Which of the following is true regarding carbon capture the way it is being done at Boundary Dam? While it requires energy input, it is highly efficient. It requires no energy input. It requires a lot of energy. It produces excess energy that is sold.

It requires a lot of energy.

Part complete If this pipeline is finished, what will happen once the oil makes it to Illinois? It will be turned into natural gas. It will be sent to a power plant. It will be refined into gasoline. It will be distributed to other pipelines and sent throughout the United States.

It will be distributed to other pipelines and sent throughout the United States.

Part complete What is the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration most likely to say about the Dakota Access Pipeline? Safety will be determined on a wait-and-see basis. It will be safe. They will not express an opinion on its safety. It will not be safe.

It will be safe.

Of the five countries shown, ________ have essentially no domestic oil production. Japan and the United States Japan and Germany Iran and Saudi Arabia Germany and the United States the United States and Germany

Japan and Germany

Which of the following conditions results from the operation and subsequent use of old landfills built before 1976? Hydrogen gas is generated by the organic decomposition and can be sold as a by-product. Modern sanitary landfills are lined with a porous material. Leachate from old landfills can contaminate groundwater. Decommissioned landfills cannot be used as locations for schools, industries, parks, or golf courses for 300 years after the closing of the landfill.

Leachate from old landfills can contaminate groundwater.

Which of the following best summarizes the future plans for cities? Make cities self-sufficient. Centralize energy production. Run cities on solar power. Decrease the population of cities.

Make cities self-sufficient.

Includes public systems of buses, trains, subways, and light rail

Mass transit

Which of the following statements about U.S. landfills is true? There are more active landfills in existence today than ever before. More than three-fourths of the landfills in the United States have been closed since 1988. It is against the law to build anything on an abandoned landfill. Landfills should be kept as dry as possible to maintain high biodegradation levels.

More than three-fourths of the landfills in the United States have been closed since 1988.

Designing neighborhoods on a walkable scale

New urbanism

Calculate the average population density of the cities on the graph. Does the city that has average population density also have average carbon emissions? Yes, average population density correlates with average carbon emissions. No, carbon emissions are actually lower than average in the city with average density. No, carbon emissions are higher than average in the city with average population density. Yes, average population density causes average carbon emissions.

No, carbon emissions are actually lower than average in the city with average density.

Ogden and Sperling argue that hydrogen is one of the only transportation fuels that can dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions. How might Romm respond to this statement? Yes. All we need is CO2 - free electricity generation to make hydrogen cost-effective. No. Hydrogen cars are not a good use of renewable energy. We can achieve much greater greenhouse gas reductions by using renewable electricity to displace a future natural gas or coal power plant. Yes. Hydrogen is the easiest and cheapest way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions over the short term. No. Hydrogen technology is at least 50 years away from having an impact, so we should find a new alternative.

No. Hydrogen cars are not a good use of renewable energy. We can achieve much greater greenhouse gas reductions by using renewable electricity to displace a future natural gas or coal power plant.

________ leads the world in percentage of its electricity derived from hydropower. The United States Sweden Norway Canada Russia

Norway

What is true about the importance of location for cities that were founded over 100 years ago versus the cities that are rapidly growing today? Hints Modern growing cities are found in locations where there is space to contain their rapid expansion. Older cities were founded in areas where the interstate highway system could easily connect them with other major cities. Older cities were founded along waterways or rail hubs so that goods could be easily transported. Modern cities are located in areas of abundant natural resources to meet the future needs of their growing populations.

Older cities were founded along waterways or rail hubs so that goods could be easily transported.

Which of the following best describes the energy conversion sequence in the solar panel system described in the video? Photons, carrying energy from the sun, are used to create steam that turns turbines to generate electricity. Electrons, carrying energy from the sun, are collected by thin chemical wafers, which concentrate the electrons to make electricity. Photons carrying energy from the sun chemically react with silicon crystals to generate a flow of electrons. Electrons, carrying energy from the sun, are focused by lenses onto wires, which carry the electrons as electricity.

Photons carrying energy from the sun chemically react with silicon crystals to generate a flow of electrons.

Waste that has taken up a substantially greater share of the waste stream since 1970

Plastic

Often the primary contributor to solid waste in developing nations

Food scraps

If solar, wind, and geothermal sources do play a larger role in U.S. electricity generation in the future, predict what graph (b) might look like in 2050. Select all that apply.

1. Solar, wind, and geothermal would make up a larger portion of the renewables bar. 2. The renewable slice of the pie chart would get bigger.

The year ________ demonstrated the greatest volume of recycling. 1960 1985 1998 1970 2008

2008

If the paleoproduction consumption line reached a peak in 2000 and began to decline at the same rate it increased, in what year would we be at global net primary productivity again? 2040 2080 2110 2130

2110

Assume that photovoltaic conversion of solar energy has 10% efficiency. Calculate how many square meters of photovoltaic cells would be needed to supply one person's electricity for the year, based on the yearly average values. 0.285 m2 2.85 m2 0.0285 m2 28.5 m2

28.5 m2

Part complete If on average it takes 7,000 units of paleoproduction to produce 1 unit of fossil fuel, estimate the total carbon content of the fossil fuel consumed in the year 2000 (assume 50,000 trillion kg C consumption in 2000). 7 trillion kg C 7,000 trillion kg C 50,000 trillion kg C 3.5 x 108 trillion kg C

3.5 x 108 trillion kg C

As of 2014, under the jurisdiction of the EPA, approximately ________% of hazardous sites identified under CERCLA as a national priority have been cleaned up. 3 40 60 50 30

30

Which of the following statements is the best description of the per capita generation of solid waste between 1960 and 2010? Between 1960 and 2010, per capita generation of solid waste increased steadily. Between 1960 and 1990, per capita generation increased at a steady rate. After 1990, per capita generation continued to increase, but at a slower rate. Between 1960 and 2000, per capita generation increased. After 2000, per capita generation declined. Between 1960 and 2010, per capita generation was relatively constant.

Between 1960 and 2000, per capita generation increased. After 2000, per capita generation declined.

Which of the following statements is the best description of the total MSW generation between 1960 and 2010? Between 1960 and 2010, total MSW generation increased steadily. Between 1960 and 2010, total MSW generation remained constant. Between 1960 and 2000, total MSW generation increased. After 2000, total MSW generation declined. Between 1960 and 2005, total MSW generation increased at a steady rate. After 2005, total generation leveled off.

Between 1960 and 2005, total MSW generation increased at a steady rate. After 2005, total generation leveled off.

Gasoline prices have doubled in a large Midwestern city and may continue to rise in the future. What may happen in this situation? People who live in the suburbs will want larger vehicles to drive. Some people who live in the suburbs will search for new places to live closer to where they work. People who live in the suburbs may press local politicians and city planners to develop better mass transit for the area. People who live in the suburbs will become active supporters of increased mass transit options. B, C, and D may all take place in this situation.

B, C, and D may all take place in this situation.

________ are wastepaper contaminants that cannot effectively be recycled. Newspapers Corrugated cardboard boxes Cereal boxes Paper shopping bags Office papers

Cereal boxes

You wish to compare various transition towns around the world. Visiting which of the following would be least likely to help you in your quest? China United States Australia Europe

China

Which of the following is a positive effect that cities have on the environment? Air pollution from the Midwest and "Rustbelt" states is exported to the northeastern United States and Canada. Cities give people places to live with smaller land use. Garbage from New York is distributed to Kentucky to fill up abandoned mines. Concentrating people in cities contains water and air pollutants, which are removed by greenbelts.

Cities give people places to live with smaller land use.

What sort of threat does wind energy pose to certain kinds of wildlife? The towers can topple during storms. Wires leading to the nacelle are often exposed, and this can shock creatures such as squirrels. Flying creatures such as birds and bats are killed when they fly into wind turbine blades. The force of the wind emitted can divert the flight path of birds and other flying animals.

Flying creatures such as birds and bats are killed when they fly into wind turbine blades.

Part complete When it comes to the pipeline, the same method used to cross the Missouri River is going to be used to cross the Mississippi River. What method is this? Going under it. Going through it. Going around it. Going over it.

Going under it.

Include mercury, lead, cadmium, and chromium

Heavy metals

In which city do individuals have the highest rate of gasoline consumption? Houston Detroit Phoenix Copenhagen

Houston

Why do industries tend to produce so much waste even though it is not the most efficient way to do business? Industry ecologists do not recommend streamlining industrial waste. It is more profitable to be efficient with waste. In most cases, there is no financial incentive for becoming efficient. Most of industry is run by disorganized people.

In most cases, there is no financial incentive for becoming efficient.

The largest component of U.S. municipal solid waste

Paper

Which of the following categories comprises the greatest proportion, by weight, of solid waste before recycling in the United States today? Glass Paper Metal Yard trimmings Plastic

Paper

You are working to improve carbon capture technology. Which of the following would be most helpful at Boundary Dam? Creating less expensive filters. Preventing contamination of the amine. Improving the quality of the coal. Reducing the temperature of combustion.

Preventing contamination of the amine.

Broad land use studies that may include several cities and adjoining non-urban areas

Regional planning

Joan Ogden and Daniel Sperling view hydrogen as an ideal future fuel. Which of the following reasons do they discuss? Refueling mini-networks for hydrogen vehicles currently exist in California, the northeastern United States, Europe, and China. Hydrogen would reduce oil dependence because we can only make hydrogen from renewable sources like biomass, the Sun, and so on. Several countries have committed billions of dollars in public funds to developing hydrogen energy. Fuel-cell technologies for vehicles are already widely available.

Several countries have committed billions of dollars in public funds to developing hydrogen energy.

The spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban center

Sprawl

Which of the following is true? State and federal agencies approve of the Dakota Access Pipeline. State agencies approve of the Dakota Access Pipeline, but federal agencies do not. Neither state nor federal agencies approve of the Dakota Access Pipeline. Federal agencies approve of the Dakota Access Pipeline, but state agencies do not.

State and federal agencies approve of the Dakota Access Pipeline.

How is the generation of municipal solid waste likely to change in the next 20 years? Total municipal waste generation will continue at its current rate. Per capita generation of waste will continue to decline. Total municipal waste generation will decline. The answer cannot be determined from the graph.

The answer cannot be determined from the graph.

How does the existence of densely-packed cities help preserve wilderness and rural areas? Hints The fact that populations are unevenly distributed across the face of the Earth allows for areas that are basically empty to exist. The people of the wilderness form a barrier against urban dwellers and their ilk in a savage ongoing battle that spans time itself. Pollution is largely an urban phenomenon, so it tends to occur only near large cities, not rural areas. Cities tend to be separated from rural areas by roads and waterways.

The fact that populations are unevenly distributed across the face of the Earth allows for areas that are basically empty to exist.

Compare and contrast the two essays. Which of the following topics represents a clear example of disagreement between the two authors? Transportation of nuclear materials The need for safe, clean energy The safety of nuclear power The use of nuclear power to replace imported oil

The safety of nuclear power

Which of these statements is NOT true of wind power? Wind speeds--and therefore power generation--are greater over water. Wind turbines take up large amounts of land that is then unsuitable for other purposes. Wind power has a better EROI ratio than do nuclear power, coal, or natural gas for electricity production. Enough wind is present in the United States to provide all of the U.S. electricity needs.

Wind turbines take up large amounts of land that is then unsuitable for other purposes.

The second-largest component of U.S. municipal solid waste

Yard debris

The practice of classifying areas for different types of development and land use

Zoning

If successful, this type of carbon capture will be most beneficial to which of the following? geothermal plants transportation electrical power plants solar plants

electrical power plants

Regarding PV cells, what is released from the "p-type" layer and transferred to the "n-type" layer, thus initiating an electrical current? atoms solar energy protons electrons

electrons

When assessing energy resources, it is helpful to use a measure called EROI, which is ________. amount of energy invested minus heat released into the environment energy returned minus energy invested money invested in extraction and processing minus money in sales energy returned plus energy invested energy returned divided by energy invested

energy returned divided by energy invested

Your cousin is interested in learning how to use plants as a renewable energy source. Which of the following plants will she learn about in a visit to Nipton? corn eucalyptus bamboo jatropha

eucalyptus

Life-cycle analysis ________. defines how different organisms interact within ecosystems examines the life cycle of products for ecological efficiency examines the cycling of carbon in the environment is the study of statistical changes in the human population is an environmental movement designed to reduce municipal traffic and encourage alternative forms of transport

examines the life cycle of products for ecological efficiency

U.S. oil production ________. has to fit the quotas imposed by OPEC will peak out in 2100, requiring for the first time imports to meet growing demand is now high enough for us to export nearly 50% is sufficient to meet national needs thanks to major conservation efforts falls far short of U.S. oil consumption

falls far short of U.S. oil consumption

From where does the food that most city-dwellers consume originate? technologically advanced underground farms factories that produce food from plastic farms within the city limits farms surrounding the suburbs and from long distances away from the city

farms surrounding the suburbs and from long distances away from the city