Exam 1

Internal Structure of Penis

-2 Corpora Cavernosa on top -1 Corpus spongiosum on bottom --Contains Urethral passageway for sperm and urine, forms glans -Erection occurs when spongy tissues fill with blood -Injuring your penis --Fibrous sheath --Rupture of cylinders

Sperm

-2 ml.< -20 million sperm pr ml. or more -50% < show good motility w/in 3 hrs 1-4% < are normally shaped -Slightly alkaline to neutralize vaginal acidity -Seminal vesicles & prostate gland supplies fructose, prostaglandins, coagulates, antibiotics -Cowper's gland adds alkaline to ensure sperm has best chance at fertilizing egg --Withdrawal method

The Penis (tail)

-Avg. length is 3.75 inches and 1.2 inches in diameter when flaccid --4.5 to 6.0 inches in length and 1.5 inches in diameter when erect -Micropenis - penis never develops more than an inch in length due to low levels of testosterone

Renaissance and Reformation

-From asceticism to sensuality --Entremetteuse: old women who procure prostitutes to teach young men about sexuality. --Henricus Agrippa (1532) woman is god's most perfect creation - man is the original sinner

H-P-G Axis

-Hypothalamus: releases gonadotropin releasing hormones (GNRH) which influences: -Pituitary Gland: releases gonadotropins (gonad-seeking hormones) ---Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone which influence: ---Gonads: which release Estrogen/Progesterone, Testosterone

Ovulation

-Occurs approx 7-9 days following the LAST DAY of a woman's menstrual period. -Mature egg is expelled from the follicle. -Remaining follicular tissue becomes the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone (maintains uterine lining) and additional estrogen. --If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum degenerates. -The egg is release into the abdominal cavity near the opening of the fallopian tube (oviduct). -Cilia lining the oviduct draw the egg in and convey it to the uterus.

Erectile functioning and spinal cord injured

-Sacral Erection Center reflexive (involuntary) erections caused by physical stimulation. lowest part of spine -spinal cord injuries above this site will not interfere with reflex erections -Thoracolumbar Erection center: mid spine, associated with psychogenic erection (images/fantasies)

Ancient Egyptians

- Papyrus prescriptions for contraception, abortion and sterilization over 5000 years old -Sponges soaked in honey, wine or vinegar were used as a barrier method (placed at top of vagina to block cervical opening) of contracepetion -- Professional sex (prostitution) was legal -- Gender equality re: sexual freedom for unmarried -Adultery was punished by marital dissolution or more severely when a woman was involved -Premarital sex was normative and successful child- bearing prior to being married was viewed as an asset to a young woman on the marriage market. (if she and the infant survived birth and early infancy, then the woman has proved to be a successful reproducer survived birth and early infancy, then the woman has proved to be a successful reproducer and her marriage value was therefore increased).

Menstrual Cycle Quick Facts

-1st part menstrual cycle: Follicular phase: starts the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) and continues until ovulation. --This first half of the cycle can differ greatly for each woman lasting anywhere from 7 days until 40 days. -2nd part of menstural cycle: Luteal phase: the day of ovulation until the next period begins. --The luteal phase has a more precise timeline and usually is only 12-16 days from the day of ovulation. --This ultimately means that the day of ovulation will determine how long your cycle is. --This also means that outside factors like stress, illness, and disruption of normal routine can throw off your ovulation which then results in changing the time your period will come. -So the old thought that stress can affect your period is only partly true. --Stress can affect your ovulation which ultimately determines when your period will come, but stress around the time of an expected period will not make it late—it was already determined when it would come 12-16 days earlier! --Ovuluation typically takes place 7-9 days after the last day of a woman's last menstrual period. -The presence of menstruation does not prove that ovulation took place; women who do not ovulate may have menstrual cycles. --Those anovulatory cycles tend to take place less regularly and show greater variation in cycle length. --In addition, the absence of menstruation also does not prove that ovulation did take place, because hormone disruptions in non-pregnant women can suppress bleeding on occasion.

Duct System

-4 part system --Epididymis: made of seminiferous tubules, stores slowly maturing sperm --Vas Deferens: carries sperm from. Ep. to ejaculatory duct. --Ejaculatory ducts: carries sperm to urethra, passing seminal vesicles & prostate that mix fluids w/sperm to create semen --Urethra: opening in glans

Myths about Male Sexuality

-A "real" man is always ready for sex --False- men reject opportunities for sex for many of the same reasons women do - stress, illness, fatigue, relationship difficulties, etc. -Black men have naturally larger penises than white men. --No significant size differences are found across ethnicity -Men have a higher sex drive, and therefore will be aroused more, lust more and need more. --Age has an impact: Young men report more fantasies and sexual desire than female peers, middle aged women report more interest than middle aged males -A large penis is important for sexual enjoyment. --Males and Females report "No" -There is a correlation between (foot/hand/physical) size and penis size --Only correlation may be with the male's father - genetic inheritance -Frequent masturbation makes the penis shrink, uses up exhaustible stores of semen, is dangerous to a man's health, taxes his immune system --Incorrect Victorian belief that the cost to the male immune system to create one drop of semen was the equivalent of creating one drop of blood (wrong). -If a guy doesn't ejaculate when aroused he'll get a dangerous condition of 'blue balls'

Circumcision and HIV transmission

-A meta analysis of more than 40 epidemiological studies on HIV transmission published in the March 1994 medical journal The Lancet -- Uncircumcised males were 8-10xs more likely to become infected with HIV when exposed to the virus than circumcised males ---Supposition: the elastic tissue of the foreskin creates greater opportunity for effective transmission of HIV ---World Health Organization (WHO) recommends circumcision to help reduce HIV infection rates by 60% in heterosexual males

Controversial Kinsey (20th Century)

-Alfred C. Kinsey: studies 1948,1953 --He attempted to describe the types and frequencies of sexual behaviors in the U.S. by studying large numbers of individuals --Criticized for studying college students, prison pop. and homosexuals, --For studying women's sexuality ---Women who were interviewed have been labeled as "prostitutes" and "indecent" women by critics --For studying sexual response in children ---Critics have mistakenly attributed sex. ed. as attributable to Kinsey's work --For interviewing incarcerated pedophiles and using a deceased pedophile's journal of sex. activities ---Critics have claimed that Kinsey trained/paid pedophile to molest children

Ancient India

-Ancient Indian mythology -- male and female change sex -- dual goddesses who mate -- gods and goddesses take on androgynous attributes. -- Sex viewed as pleasurable for both genders but marital sex is culturally preferred for women - Marital matchmakers (most often a female profession) included genital size between prospective mates as part of the match-making criteria. Males were categorized as: Hare, Bull, or Horse while women were categorized as Deer, Horse, or Elephant. If a direct genital-size match was not possible, the tightest fit was then preferred. -Instructions on marital sex was available for the Philosopher, Warrior and Nobility castes (more likely to be educated and literate). -- 8 types of animal scratches to be made on spouse's body and 8 types of animal noises to make during sex -- Being female was a disadvantage during much of Indian history - at times viewed by general population as a punishment for misdeeds in a previous life.

National Health and Social Life Survey - University of Chicago, Laumann et. Al. (1994)

-Assessed incidence and prevalence of a broad range of sexual practices and attitudes within US population. -Federal funding lost in 1991 when legislation sponsored by NC Senator Jesse Helms banning federal funding for sexuality research was passed. -Private funding allowed study to proceed, but with limited sample size. -Most scientifically sound study of sexuality in the U.S. to date. Random sample of 3,000 people.

Ancient Greece

-Ephebic Love: Male homosexuality practiced with adolescent boys ages 12-17. --This educational relationship was to provide for the pedagogical, intellectual, and characterological development of the teen male. --Only boys from "good" families were chosen, no slaves, etc. --Relationship was typically (but not always) discontinued once the boy reached the age of maturity (18) and was a full status citizen of Greece. -Women were intellectually and spiritually inferior to men and necessary only as procreative vessels. --Women were most typically excluded from political and social life. --Little sexual freedom due to their status as vessels. --Female prostitution was legal but disdained -Gender inequality re: sexual freedom --Overall a very sexually permissive society ---Religious mythology is full of incest, bestiality and rape.. ---Greek gods are highly sexualized beings

Female Anatomy

-Fallopian Tubes: 4 inches long, connects uterus and ovaries -Cervix - neck of the uterus opening into the vagina --Os - the matchstick sized opening of the cervix. Typically blocked with mucus - unless woman is ovlulating. -Vagina - thin walled chamber; the repository for semen during copulation; forms the birth canal. --Pubococcygeus muslce: surrounds vagina --The hymen, a vascularized membrane, usually covers the vaginal opening from birth until ruptured by vigorous physical activity or sexual intercourse.

Fun facts from the U. of C. study

-General frequency of intercourse: 37% of individuals had intercourse a few times per month, 26% had intercourse 2-3 times per week. -Median # of partners for men since age 18: 6, 2 for women -Reasons for first intercourse: In males, the most common response was "curiosity" or "readiness for sex". In females, the most common response was "affection for partner". Significant differences. -Mean age at first intercourse: The age varies across socioeconomic class, race, and sex, but the overall trend in past ten years is a decrease in the age of first intercourse. For example, the mean age of first intercourse for white men was 19 in the time period 1933- 42, but 18 in the time period 1963-67 -Use of birth control at first intercourse: only 30-45%.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

-In males stimulates the development of sperm -In females stimulates the development of ova --follicles then produce high levels of estrogen --Estrogen then inhibits the release of GNRH in the hypothalamus ---Negative feedback loop

Luteinizing Hormone:

-In males stimulates the production of testosterone & Inhibin --Inhibin then inhibits the release of GNRH in the hypothalamus ---Negative feedback loop -In females stimulates the release of ova, follicle cells then become the Corpus Luteum which secrete high levels of progesterone, as well as some estrogen

External Genitalia

-Labia minora -slender skin folds bordering the vestibule -Labia majora - a pair of thick, fatty ridges enclosing & protecting the labia minora -Clitoris - bulb of erectile tissue covered by a prepuce (small hood of skin)

Penis

-Made up of 3 parts --Body (shaft) --Corona ---Ridged border between body and glans, most sensitive part of penis --Glans (head) ---Frenulum: connective tissue between glans and body ---Foreskin: loose skin that covers glans at birth --Root ---Expanded ends of cylinders that attach to pubic bone

Ancient Judaic Practices

-Marital sex is for procreation but also for pleasure and a gift from god --Rabbinical interpretation of God's intentions leads to the belief that "Marriages are made in heaven" --Plato's concept of soul mate is redefined as a preordained mate (basherte (F) or basherter (m). --1st time that Sex is codified ---Sins: celibacy, homosexuality, bestiality, adultery (punishable by death for women/fines for men) ---Laws regarding sexuality help to ensure: procreative success (the worst sins are considered those that cannot result in conception); the harmony of the highly interdependent group. ---Matriarchal transfer of religious affiliation as Jewish - largely due to inability to conclusively know paternity -

Ovaries

-Ovaries: produce eggs and female hormones -Each ovary contains many follicles (one egg cell surrounded by follicle cells, which nourish and protect the developing egg.) -All EGGS are formed prior to birth! -Follicle cells produce estrogens. -Starting at puberty and continuing until menopause, one follicle matures and releases its egg cell during each menstrual cycle.

Plato and the rise of Platonic Love

-Plato (b. 427 bc) espoused a system of education that would create the ideal man --Wisdom, justice, temperance, courage ---Sexuality is the anti-thesis of these characteristics, as sex is characterized by 'mental frenzy' and fails to teach temperance to the pursuer and courage to the pursued. -Plato's Republic and The Laws Laws 838-9: -- Sex is only for procreation, extramarital sex should be forbidden by law --Plato suggested that these moral codes for governing sex could be established by: ---Telling children that nonmarital sex is hated by God, abstinence from sex represents a victory more glorious than any athletic or military victory, and failure to remain abstinent is ugly and bestial.

Sex comes to America the Puritans

-Puritans: Marital sex was viewed as good and proper, men were obligated to fulfill "husbandly duties" --This culture was attempting to survive in a harsh, new world - procreation was NECESSARY -Death penalty could be applied for rape, bestiality, sodomy, and adultery --These acts were unlikely to result in successful procreation and could threaten the cohesion of a highly interdependent group. -Most mild sexual transgressions were tolerated as long as people accepted their punishments and repented --Bundling: young dating couples could share a bed as long as they were clothed and had a wooden 'bundling board' between them. --- High rate of premarital pregnancy suggests that board not particularly effective

The 19th Century - the Victorian era

-Redefined chivalry as expressly chaste -Rigid repression of sexuality by medical, social, and religious leaders --Women and children are sexually innocent and devoid of desire --Men have uncontrolled passions --Misinformation about bodily functioning and sexuality abound ---Masturbation-Insanity Hypothesis

Controversial Circumcision

-Removal of foreskin shortly after birth --Historically done for religious, health, hygiene purposes No anesthetic used -Academy of Pediatrics (1999) opposes process as unnecessary - infection rate of foreskin is <1% -60% of American boys circumcised yearly, only country to circumcise for non-religious reasons

Early Sexuality Researchers

-Richard von Kraft-Ebing (1840-1902) --He published extensively on the relationship between sexuality and criminal behavior - numerous case histories. --Believed that homosexuality was caused by a genetic mutation -Henry Havelock Ellis (1859-1939) --Studies in the psychology of sex --- 7 volumes He studied and published papers about sexual topics previously considered taboo - masturbation, homosexuality, and sexual desire in women. -Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) --He introduced to the scientific community the idea that children are sexual beings. He expanded the work of Pierre Janet on hysteria and sequelae of sexual abuse in children. -Clelia Mosher (1863-1940) --Physician and 1st researcher to study Americans. Surveyed 1000 American women: 74% used some form of contraception, most had sex weekly and 40% masturbated during childhood/adolescents ---These findings suggested that women were engaging in sexual activities for pleasure, not just for procreative purposes as the Victorians suggested.

Internal Male Anatomy

-Scrotum: external sac containing 2 testicles, which hang suspended by spermatic cord -Testes (testicles) --Seminiferous tubules: Produce sperm --Cells of Leydig: Produce androgen

Early Christian Practices

-Sex is sin, only purpose is for procreation --St. Paul: sex must only occur in marriage and should be avoided if possible ---1st Corinthians, chap. 7 --Thomas Aquinas: (1225-1274)masturbation is even worse a sin than fornication. ---Established views of morality and correct sexual behavior. Natural vs. unnatural sex. ---Acts - homosexuality the worst of all unnatural acts. --St. Augustine: 1st to equate sex and guilt...marital sex if not expressly for the purpose of reproduction is a sin -- Pope John Paul the 2nd (1980) lusting after your wife is adultery ---Fornication, adultery, homosexuality, bestiality, prostitution, sex for pleasure, sexual positions other than man on top, all viewed as sin

Hymrnoraphy

-Surgical procedure that repairs a torn hymen --Illegal in Arab countries but highly popular --Egypt reports the surgery has reduced the murder of new brides in Arab countries by 80% over the past 10 years -Approx. <1/3 of virgins bleed during 1st intercourse

Menstural Cycle

-The term menstrual cycle refers to changes that occur in the uterus during the reproductive cycle. -Ovulation occurs after the endometrium thickens & is vascularized

The Uterus

-The uterus (or womb) is a thick muscular organ 7 cm long and 5 cm wide. -The Perimetrium is the external layer -The Myometrium is the middle, muscular layer that contracts during labor -The inner uterine lining, the endometrium, is richly supplied with blood vessels.

Establishing Scientific Sex Research

-William Masters and Virginia Johnson: (1960s-70's) --This team was the first to study the physiology of the human sexual response in laboratory. They formulated the most commonly used description of stages of sexual response.

Myths about Female Sexuality

-Women do not masturbate --False - factors are varied: women are more likely to masturbate following some type of sexual experience or awakening interest, increased education level, etc. -You can tell if a woman is a virgin or not --False - The hymen is disrupted by many routine activities, including but not limited to exercise, tampon use, examination, etc. Most women do not bleed during first intercourse -Women don't have the same orgasm capacity as men --Women have two distinct types of orgasm - vaginal and clitoral (some argument has been made for a 3rd type which is a combination or clitoral/vaginal). --Women do not require a rest period following orgasm (refractory period in males - post ejaculation) aprox. 40% of women report regular multiple orgasms - where arousal does not dip below heightened state of arousal and one orgasm follows quickly after another -Vaginas smell like fish (or some other bad odor) --False - a healthy vagina has a musky odor similar to the odor found in the male pelvic region, strong, sharp odor is one signal of vaginal infection. --Products used to mask vaginal musk may lead to infection by altering vaginal PH balance (if it was supposed to smell like a flower, it would be a flower and not a vagina) -Breast size is related to sensitivity/sexual appetite --False - breast size is related to level of body fat -Vaginal orgasms are better than clitoral orgasms --False - subjective reports suggest that vaginal orgasms may feel "deeper/fuller" than clitoral orgasms , but Victorian belief that a 'mature' normal woman should reach orgasm only through vaginal stimuliation and only "immature" abnormal women required clitoral stimulation has left a cultural bias for vaginal orgasm -All women have a Grafenburg "G" spot --False - aprox. 10% of women have this dime sized, slightly raised concentration of nerve endings on the front wall of the lower vaginal wall.

The Kama Sutra

-edited by Vatsyayana Mallanaga -320-540 A.D.: a 35 chapter book that identifies the 'rules of love --' How to flirt, fight 'fair' with a lover, the art of seduction, how to kiss, how to stimulate libido and YES, sexual positions

Reformist Movement

-john calvin and martin luther(16th century) sex is sin outside of marriage but marital love is blessed. -Divorce becomes an option - as marriage is so important that a bad marriage should not be allowed to continue -woman is man's partner in all things, not just reproductive vessel.

Kinsey (1948)/ Laumann (1994)

Males -Have masturbated 90% vs. 63% -Have had premarital sex 85% vs. 74-81% -Have had extramarital intercourse 30-45% vs. 26% -Have had oral sex 59% vs. 77-79% -Have had at least one homosexual contact resulting in an orgasm 37% vs. 5% -Have patronized prostitutes 70% vs. 15% Females -mast. 62% vs. 42% -p.m.sex 50% vs. 45-73% -Affair: 26% vs. 15% -Oral sex: No stats. -Homosex: 13% vs. 4% -Prostitution: No stats.

Perceived Attractiveness

What is perceived as sexually attractive has a strong link with reproductive viability - biological markers of health and youth are typically viewed as sexually attractive across culture/time. of health and youth are typically viewed as sexually attractive across culture/time. -- Wealth & status are often correlated with reproductive success - the ability to bear and raise children with adequate nutrition, calories and relative safety. children with adequate nutrition, calories and relative safety. -- Preference for body size/shape, the eroticization of certain body parts and activities is often strongly influenced by culture

Methods of Performing Circumcision

X

Mammalian female cycles: Estrus Cycle

• Estrous cycles occur in non-primate mammals. --ESTRUS is the period of sexual activity surrounding ovulation & is the only time most mammals will copulate. The length & frequency varies widely among species. --Ovulation occurs after the endometrium thickens & is vascularized --If pregnancy does not occur, the endometrium is reabsorbed by the uterus. --Involves pronounced behavioral changes: seasonal & climate changes effect the estrous cycle more than the menstrual cycle.

Mammalian female cycles:Menstrual cycles

• Menstrual cycles occur in humans and many other primates. •The term menstrual cycle refers to changes that occur in the uterus during the reproductive cycle. (Figure 46.15) •Ovulation occurs after the endometrium thickens & is vascularized • If pregnancy does not occur, the endometrium is shed form the uterus through the cervix & the uterus. •In humans, cycle is on average 28 days.

Female Human Reproductive Anatomy

• More complicated than male • Structures not only for production of gametes, but also to house the embryo and fetus. •INTERNAL -Gonads - Ovaries & associated ducts •EXTERNAL -Clitoris & two sets of labia that surround it & and the vaginal opening

Soul Mates

■Plato's Symposium: credited with advancing the idea of the "soulmate" - drawing on mythology of the earliest hominid - each "person" was either: two males joined together, two females joined together or a male/female joined together (facing away from one another). -They challenged the Gods. As punishment Zeus ordered Apollo to cut them apart and scatter them from one another. Now all people search for their other ½ ■males sundered from a male seek their male souls mate (homosexuals) ■females sundered from a female seek their female soul mate (lesbians) ■men sundered from women seek one another (heterosexuals)