Exam 1
Chapter 2: Gender dysphoria is
- A discomfort with the relationship between one's body assigned sex and their gender identity, or rejected gender binary
Chapter 3: On which of the following traits do men and women exhibit the strongest sexual dimorphism?
- Sexual identity and sexual object choice
Chapter 3: Men's and women's marathon records have become both faster and closer together over time. This provides evidence for which of the following statements?
- The athletic ability of female bodies has been shaped to a large extent by social context.
Chapter 2: What percentage of the population are estimated to be intersex or transgender?
-10%
Chapter 2: Cultural Competence is
-A familiarity and facility with how the members of a society typically think and behave
Chapter 2: Gender expression is
-how people communicate their gender through their appearance, dress, and behavior
Chapter 1 & 2: The word "gender" is
-refers to the symbolism of masculinity and femininity that we connect to being male bodied or female bodied
Chapter 1: Distinction is
-the effort to distinguish one's group from others
Chapter 1: Understanding culture is critical to understanding gender because:
Ideas and behaviors around gender are created and reinforced within cultures
Chapter 2: How have ideas about the categories of male and female changed over time?
Seventeenth-century European anatomists believed that females had the same bodies as males, only inverted; however, today we know that female and male bodies are neither the same nor absolute opposites.
Chapter 2: Gender Binary is
the fact that there are people who are male bodied people who are masculine and female-bodied people who are feminine which are fundamentally different and contrasting
Chapter 3: Ellen believes that all gender differences are the product of our environments; we learn and are socialized into gender differences. Ellen believes in a __________ explanation of gender differences.
-Culturalist
Chapter 4: Which of the following best conveys the meaning of the term "gender rules"?
-Culturally specific instructions for how to appear and behave as a man or a woman
Chapter 3: Kin groups are..
-Culturally variable collections of people considered family
Chapter 4: How does one "do gender" in society?
-Doing gender means that we actively obey, and do not break, gender rules.
Chapter 2: The fact that men are more likely than women to get breast reductions and women are more likely than men to get breast implants is an example of
-Efforts to enhance the illusion of the gender binary.
Chapter 3: Observed differences are...
-Findings from surveys, experiments, and other types of studies that detect differences between men and women
Chapter 2: Stereotypes are..
-Fixed, oversimplified and distorted ideas about categories of people
Chapter 1: High heel shoes are used to help illustrate gendered patterns because:
-Footwear is one way people have communicated gender and class hierarchies
Chapter 2: During her research in the community of Gerai in West Borneo, anthropologist Christine Helliwell described how her gender was uncertain among the Dayak for the duration of her fieldwork. This was because
-For the Dayak, a "woman" is a person who excels at distinguishing types of rice and its preparation, but Helliwell had not mastered these tasks.
Chapter 4: Gender rules are...
-Instructions for how to appear and behave as a man or a woman
Chapter 3: Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between nature (human biology), nurture (socialization), and gender differences?
-Nature and nurture are inseparable: They work together to produce observed sex differences.
Chapter 2: How do people with intersex bodies provide evidence that the gender binary fails to describe reality?
-They have chromosomes that do not match either XX or XY
Chapter 2: If Anna is a female-bodied individual who identifies as a female, how could she best use gender expression to communicate her identity to those around her?
-Through her appearance, dress, and behavior
Chapter 1: In dividing populations by gender:
-We also construct hierarchies based on the differences
Chapter 2: Distinction is an important concept for understanding the sociology of gender because
-Without distinguishing men from women, there would be no basis for gender difference or inequality.
Chapter 4: When the authors emphasize that, when a child gets a pair of gender binary glasses, it's just the first pair, they mean to say that...
-Young children perceive gender in their society, but they may do so differently than when they are adults.
Chapter 4: An account is..
-An explanation for why the person broke the rule that works to excuse his or her behavior
Chapter 4: Accountability is..
-An obligation to explain why we don't follow social rules that other people think we should know and obey.
Chapter 4: To be culturally unintelligible means to...
-Be so outside the symbolic meaning system of gender that people will not know how to interact with you
Chapter 1: Culture is
a group's shared beliefs and practices and material things that reflect them
Chapter 2: Transgenders are
-A group of people whose gender markers sometimes don't conform to the gender binary in many parts of the Western world
Chapter 4: The learning model of socialization is...
-A lifelong process of learning and relearning gendered expectations as well as how to negotiate them
Chapter 3: Nuclear family is..
-A mother and father with children who live together without extended kin
Chapter 2: Gender binary glasses are
-A pair of lenses that separates everything we see into masculine and feminine categories
Chapter 1 & 2: The word "sex" is
-A reference to these physical differences in primary sexual characteristics
Chapter 2: Gender identity is
-A sense of oneself as a male or female
Chapter 2: Gender ideologies are
-A set of beliefs that are widely shared about how men and women are and should be
Chapter 3: Genes are..
-A set of instructions for building and maintaining our bodies
Chapter 4: Which individual is the LEAST likely to be policed?
-A short, thin cisgender woman
Chapter 4: Doing gender is
-A way in which we actively obey and break gender rules
Chapter 3: What types of hormones can be found in male-bodied and female-bodied individuals?
-All human hormones circulate in male-bodied and female-bodied individuals. Some hormones do so in different proportions.
Chapter 4: Hannah recently married George. Hannah decided to keep her maiden name after marriage, which is a deviation from gender rules. Hannah often tells people that the reason she kept her maiden name is for professional reasons, since she already has published articles under that name. This explanation is a good example of..
-An account
Chapter 2: A social construct is
-An arbitrary but influential shared interpretation of reality
Chapter 2: People who identify as "cisgender"
-Are individuals who are male and female bodied who express themselves as men and women, respectively
Chapter 2: People who identify as gender fluid
-Are ones who have no fixed gender identity
Chapter 2: People who identify as non-binary/ genderqueer
-Are ones who identify as being outside or between the binary between male and female
Chapter 4: Which of the following is an example of gender policing?
-Asking a guy why he shaves his legs
Chapter 2: Someone who reads the words "wrestling," "pickup truck," and "steak" and then automatically thinks "man" is experiencing the effect of
-Associative memory
Chapter 1: The term "gender" exists:
-Because we value distinction between men and women
Chapter 3: Researchers have found that men who are active parents usually have lower levels of testosterone than men who do not participate in parenting. Which of the following claims does this support?
-Behavior affects the body's production of hormones such as testosterone.
Chapter 2: Intersex people are
-Born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't fit the typical definitions of female or male
Chapter 3: Researchers have observed differences in the visual-spatial abilities of men and women, such as in performing the task of mental rotation. What is the most plausible cause of such differences?
-Cognitive skills are affected by instruction and practice, and men are more likely than women to engage in activities that develop the skill of mental rotation.
Chapter 3: How has gender appeared to matter throughout human history?
-Communities have typically gendered their tasks, but how they gender the tasks has varied over time and place.
Chapter 4: In Belgium, the color pink is seen as a color for boys, while in the United States, the color pink is seen as a color for girls. The different views of pink show how there can be __________ in gender rules.
-Cross-cultural variation
Chapter 2: Drag queens and kings
-Demonstrate their sheer power over their bodies by dressing up and behaving like members of the other sex, for fun or pay.
Chapter 4: Gender policing is a term to
-Describe responses to the violation of gender rules aimed at promoting conformity
Chapter 2: Lillian does not have a fixed gender identity. What term best describes them?
-Gender fluid
Chapter 2: What does it mean to say that gender is a social construct?
-Gender is understood through shared interpretations and meaning. The terms "masculine" and "feminine" are easily understood and shared by members of a society.
Chapter 4: Which of the following best characterizes gender policing?
-Gender policing is something we sometimes do to ourselves and our best friends with the best of intentions.
Chapter 2: Michael is a male-bodied person. He says to Alex that he views himself as a male. What is Michael communicating to Alex?
-His gender identity
Chapter 4: According to the authors of your textbook, American men usually don't deliberate about whether to pee sitting down or standing up. This is an example of..
-How gender rules become internalized as habits.
Chapter 2: Associative memory is
-How we take ideas and associate it with concepts
Chapter 4: Why do most of us do gender, at least a little, in our everyday interactions?
-If you don't do gender, you become culturally unintelligible and people will not know how to interact with you.
Chapter 3: _____________ reminds us that gender is not an isolated social fact, but in fact affects, and is affected by, other facets of our identity.
-Intersectionality
Chapter 2: Danielle was born with XXY chromosomes. She is someone who is
-Intersex
Chapter 1: Gender...
-Is used to represent the symbolic characteristics we associate with masculinity and femininity
Chapter 4: The injection idea of socialization fails to explain how people learn to do gender because..
-It assumes there is one coherent set of gender rules that children learn and apply throughout their lives.
Chapter 4: Gender policing works on women because
-Just like men, they have to pay attention to what others think of their performance of gender.
Chapter 4: The __________ model of socialization suggests that socialization is a lifelong process of learning and relearning gendered expectations
-Learning
Chapter 2: What types of people are recognized within society's gender binary?
-Male-bodied people who are masculine and female-bodied people who are feminine
Chapter 3: What do we learn from comparing the degree of sexual dimorphism among humans to that of other species?
-Men and women are far more similar than they are different.
Chapter 4: The way that children do gender is..
-More rigid and binary than the way adults do gender because they are still learning the rules in all their complexity.
Chapter 4: Cultural traveling is...
-Moving from one cultural or subcultural context to another and sometimes back
Chapter 3: Jack believes that all gender differences are biological and exist independently of our environments. Jack believes in a __________ explanation of gender differences.
-Naturalist
Chapter 3: Michelle believes that humans have always held very different and distinct gender roles. Does human history support her view?
-No, because for much of humanity's existence, humans lived together in kin groups, in which men and women shared collective responsibilities and substituted for one another.
Chapter 4: A woman who does not do femininity finds her gender identity constantly questioned by suspicious clerks. Why is that?
-Not doing gender in ways that make sense to others is a communicative crisis for these clerks; they don't know what to think or do in response.
Chapter 3: Forager societies are..
-Ones in which people migrate seasonally,following crops and game across the landscape
Chapter 2: What does the Implicit Association Test (IAT) demonstrate?
-Our brains often associate feminine and masculine items with one another; it takes longer to identify a name as male if it was preceded by a feminized word rather than a masculinized word.
Chapter 3: Considering biological causes of gender differences more immutable than social ones is a mistake because
-Our hormones and our genes are designed to respond to culture.
Chapter 3: Dr. Howard asks a group of men to identify themselves by their gender before giving them a test of heroism. What concept is Dr. Howard demonstrating?
-Priming
Chapter 3: Priming is..
-Reminding subjects of a stereotype before a test, thus their scores will reflect the stereotype
Chapter 4: Which of the following descriptions best conveys the meaning of the term "gender policing"?
-Responses to violations of gender rules aimed at promoting conformity
Chapter 3: In Ethan Zell's analysis of over 21,000 measures of possible differences between men and women, he found that observed gender differences were most often
-Small
Chapter 4: Which one of the following statements best describes the claims of the learning model of socialization?
-Socialization is a lifelong process of learning and relearning gendered expectations and how to negotiate them.
Chapter 2: According to the textbook, how do gender ideologies operate around the world?
-Some societies view gender through a gender binary while others acknowledge three, four, or five genders
Chapter 2: Research suggests that __________ are more likely to be remembered, and remembered correctly, than __________.
-Stereotype-consistent experiences; stereotype-inconsistent experiences
Chapter 3: What is brain plasticity?
-The brain's lifelong ability to respond to its environment
Chapter 3: The gender gap in math performance varies within and across countries. The countries with the smallest difference between their male and female students are those with
-The greatest degree of overall gender equality.
Chapter 4: Why are guys who dress up like women at Halloween unlikely to be victims of hate crimes?
-The guys can use Halloween to account for their behavior.
Chapter 3: Naturalism is..
-The idea that biology affects our behavior independently of our environment
Chapter 3: Intersectionality is..
-The idea that gender is not an isolated social fact about us but instead intersects with our other identities
Chapter 3: Culturalism is..
-The idea that we are "blank slates" that become who we are purely through learning and socialization
Chapter 3: Leo carries a gene for aggression, but he has never been violent. He was raised in a happy and peaceful household. Lydia, on the other hand, carries the same gene, but she has had several violent episodes in adolescence. She was raised in a physically abusive household. Which explanation best explains why Lydia has been violent but Leo has not?
-The influence of environmental factors on our gene expression
Chapter 2: Gender binary subdivision is
-The practice by which we decide and re-divide by gender again and again
Chapter 2: Social construction is..
-The process by which we layer objects with ideas, fold concepts into one another, and build connections between them
Chapter 3: Sexual dimorphism is
-The typical differences in body type and behavior between males and females of a species
Chapter 3: Identical twins become genotypically different over time. How can this be explained?
-Their environment and experiences affect how their genes are expressed.
Chapter 2: How do transgender people provide evidence that the gender binary fails to describe reality?
-Their gender identities don't match their perceived sex
Chapter 2: In the Dominican Republic, a rare genetic condition made male children appear to be female until puberty, at which time what had been thought to be a clitoris grew into a penis and their testes suddenly descended from their abdomen. What happened then?
-These children would adopt masculine identities and live as men the rest of their lives.
Chapter 4: Around age six, children become very concerned with doing gender correctly. What does this rigidity tell us about gender norms?
-They are learning that gender rules are important, but haven't yet figured out whether and how to break them.
Chapter 3: What is meant by the idea that many biological characteristics are mutable?
-They are responsive to external efforts to shift or disrupt them.
Chapter 4: How can accounts uphold gender rules?
-They can excuse behavior and affirm the legitimacy of the rule that was broken.