Exam 1

Raven stein's Laws of Migration

- short distance - long distance is for big cities - step by step - rural to urban - counter migration exists - adults -males

Equator

0 degrees latitude An imaginary circle around the middle of the earth, halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole

Stages of Prehistoric Man

1. Paleolithic - old stone age - hunter gatherers 2. Meolithic - middle stone age - population pressure 3. neolithic - new stone age

Barriers to Interaction

1. friction of distance: distance effects interactions - cost 2. Distance decay: decline of activity/function

The arc distance in degrees between the North and South Poles is:

180

counter migration

25% of migrants will return to their place of origin

mass extinction

5 great ones. 99% of everything once living is now dead

Area differentiation

Areal: pertains to area. How one area/place differs from another

Who reputedly coined the term "geography"

Eratosthenes

Barriers to interaction

Friction of distance. distance effects interactions (cost)

syncretism is the process of

Fusing the old and new elements of culture

Herodotus

Greek Historian, considered the father of History. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. First greek geographer

Which of the following statements concerning longitude is not correct?

Meridians are parallel to the equator.

Subdisciplines of Geography

Regional geography: studies spatial relationships of specific places Physical geography: natural / physical environment. asks how where why people live the way they do.

gaia hypothesis

States that the environment on a global level has been changed for the better by life over the history of life on earth. Earth is in homeostasis and regulates itself like a human body does.

Geo

Study of the earth

Distance Decay

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

Transferability

The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost

intervening opportunity

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away. serve to reduce supply/demand. Sand from Saudi Arabia

Cartography

The science of making maps

Which of the following statements is correct?

The smaller the scale of the map, the larger the area it depicts.

Aristotle

a geographer and philosopher. student of plato and teacher of alexander the great. said the earth was a sphere believed all problems could be solved by thinking about them. never tested any of his ideas

Using any map projection, there will always be some errors because:

a map has to depict the curved surface of the three-dimensional earth on a two - dimensional sheet of paper.

middle ages

a period of reduced geographic knowledge

cultural convergence

a sharing of technologies, organizational structures and culture traits among separated societies

prediction

a statement of what will happen

hypothesis

a testable explanation

The cardinal direction of north is this type of direction:

absolute

Location

absolute: identification of a place by math coordinates (global grid system) relative: in relation to other places

Direction

absolute: north south east and west relative: culturally based/directionally variable "down south"

Distance

absolute: spatial separation between 2 points. Miles relative: informal description "couple of miles" "about 30 minutes"

sociofacts

accepted and expected patterns of interpersonal relations - tell us how to act and behave

artifacts

actual things we have, tools we use,

Personal communication field (shape and size determined by)

age, sex, education, employment

A region is characterized by which of these attributes?

all of the above - location, boundaries, spatial extent

carrying capacity

amount an environment can withstand

Theory

an explanation based on many observations during repeated experiments. formed when a hypothesis passes a number of tests where others fail - vote of confidence

Activity space

area with which we freely move (3 factors) age, mobility, opportunity

Regions

areas of earth's surface marked by certain properties. All regions have location (usually expressed in the name), spatial extent (area. defines territories), and boundaries (defined territories) Hierarchy arrangement: may be arranged in some form of order

Which of the following is not a subfield of human geography?

atmosphere

Territoriality refers to

attachment to homegrown

pull factors

attractive attributes that draw you in

Place perception

awareness we have of home and distant places

Zones of habitability

believed that human economic and cultural development was controlled by their physical environment. North pole Frigid temperate torrid equator

Ptolemy

brought the classic period of greek-roman geography to a close. created a world map

culture traits

can range from language spoken to games played

A geographic distribution's pattern which emphasizes items agglomerated around a single node is said to be ___________.

centralized

innovation

change in culture due to an invention / idea

Which of the following would not be considered as a reason to migrate for a contemporary american?

changes in political affiliation

After work and family proximity, the factors most often reported as a reason for interstate moves by adults is:

climate

Cultural landscape

composite of human imprints on the earth's surface

"Hinterlands" literally means:

country left behind

Hinterlands

country left behind

Channelized migration

creates greater than expected flows.

The extent beyond which cost, effort, and means influence one's willingness to travel is referred to as

critical distance

Parts of culture

culture traits: smallest distinctive items of a culture culture complex: individual traits that are functionally related culture region: occupied by populations sharing recognizable and distinctive characteristics culture realm: largest component of culture

Culture convergence

cultures begin to share technology, organizational structures, etc

Distance decay

decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin

Movement Bias (3 forms)

distance bias: favors short over long Direction bias: certain places have greater attraction (leads to networks) network bias:

spatial distribution

distributions of things on earth 1. density: measure of # of something in a defined area 2. dispersion: amount of spread, not how many but how far apart 3. Pattern: the geometric arrangement of things in space (linear, centralized, random)

Modern Overkill

dodo bird, moa and the maori

Agricultural revolution

domestication of plants / animals

sequent occupance

each group of inhabitants leaves their imprint on the landscape

Geography started with

early man but formed itself into a science with the Greeks

Transferability

ease with which a commodity may be transported

The two most common responses to the uncertainty of natural hazards are to eliminate the uncertainty and

eliminate the hazard

Environments as controls

environmental determinism: believes physical environment alone shapes human thought/action possiblism: view that people are the dynamic forces

Environments as Controls

environmental determinism: believes physical environment alone shapes human thought/action. possiblism: view that people are the dynamic forces

Chain migration

established migrant flow

controls

experimental conditions that remain constant

observations

facts, measurements, information, data collected using the senses

Territoriality

favoritism of ones home ground

the first great tool humans used

fire

Hominids

first appear on Africa about 100,000 years ago Bering land bridge

Complementary

for 2 places to interact they must have something the other wants/needs - can satisfy eachothers needs

Types of migration

forced: slaves, prisoners Reluctant relocation: less than voluntary - political pressure voluntary: looking for a better life

types of regions

formal region: area that are uniform Functional region: defined by their interactions and connections perceptual region: reflects human feelings/attitudes about areas - defined by peoples shared objectives - Dixie

Law

formed after many years of repeated tests by scientists

Types of scale

global: largest, earth-sun relationships continental scale: large, allows study of large relationships Regional: modest size, several hundred miles Local scale: smallest of macro, events in close proximity Micro: smallest observable

Spatial analysis

how things are similar and differ from place to place. concerned with earth's space

the carrying capacity of a defined region would be lowest for

hunter gatherers

cultural divergence

hunter gatherers existed alongside more advanced civilizations

Mentifacts

ideas, values, beliefs

changes in culture, both major and minor, are inducted by

innovation and diffusion

Migration

intercontinental: massive flows of people Intracontinental: smaller scale, individuals and groups

Parallel lines of Latitude

latitude names angle, parallel names line. run horizontally, measures angular distance north and south of the equator

culture is

learned by imitation, instruction and example

5 themes of geographic science

location, place, region, movement, and human-earth relationships

Meridians of Longitude

meridian names the line and longitude names the angle. run vertically, measure angular distance east and west. prime meridian 0 degrees longitude

animal domestication occurred most likely during which period

mesolitic

Scientific method

methodical approach to solving a gap in our knowledge of a process - only accepted way

Women's trip behavior

more but shorter trips

All of the following are included in Ravenstein's laws of migration except

most migration is urban to rural

Spatial interaction

movement of people, goods and information between places

Immigrating

moving in

immigrating

moving out

Landscape

natural - soil, minerals, rocks, mountains, hills, climate, physical cultural - visible impact man has made

The early Greeks:

observed how humans lived in various areas against the backdrop of the earth's physical features.

Syncretism

old and new cultures fuse together

by the end of the paleolithic period, habitation occurred

on all continents except antarctica

variable

one of the factors that can change in an experiment

The value of a place as a migration destination is known as its

place utility

the belief that people, not environments are the dynamic forces of cultural development is termed

possiblism

Law of retail gravitation

provides a quick determinism of the breaking point between 2 cities

qualitative vs quantitative

qualitative, use the senses, qualities, color, shape, feel, taste, sound quantitative numerical - how many

from the highest to lowest, the most accurate of cultural unites is

realm region complex trait

situation

refers to external relations of the location

The statement that "the journey to work is 15 minutes by bus" is an example of:

relative distance.

Scale

relative size/scope of some phenomena

the limitations that the environment place on human use of territory are

relative to level of technology, cost considerations and economic linkages throught the world

Maps

relief, road, political and topographical Small scale: shows large area, little detail large scale: shows small area, great detail Map scale: written, graphic, fraction

the movement of black american's from rural south to the cities of the north

relocation

which of the following is not a process of cultural change

segregation

intervening opportunity

serve to reduce supply/demand interacts (sand from saudi arabia)

Model

simplified abstraction of reality

Pleistocene overkill

slaughter of 40% of animals roaming the earth. first of many man made extinctions

cultural hearth

source areas which radiate ideas, innovation, cradle area

the length of time required to make a transcontinental telephone connection has gone from 14 minutes in 1920 to less than 30 seconds

space-cost convergence

The essential perspective used by geographers in forming their concepts is:

spatial

Diffusion

spatial: an idea/ innovation is transmitted across space 1. expansion: involves spread of item from one place to another contagious: uniform spread of something Heirarchial: spread of an idea from large areas to smaller 2. Relocation: spread by migrating individuals, physically carried

The extent of individual activity space depends on all fo the following except

strength of territoriality

Culture

sum total of human learned behavior beliefs, institutions, technology

Galileo Gallilei

tested aristotle's theory that heavier objects would fall faster and discovered it was false.

the desolation of chaco canyon resulted from

the destruction of the life supporting environment

Geography traces its origins to which civilization:

the greeks

Spatial Interaction

the movement of people, ideas, and commodities within and between areas. movement across geographic space

which was a cultural hearth

the nile river valley

site

the physical and cultural characteristics and attributes of the place itself

Site refers to the:

the physical and cultural charateristics of a place that can help an observer identify its purpose.

cultural landscape

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

The acceptable costs of an exchange of goods and services comprise the tradition of

transferability

Push factors

unfavorable that make you want to leave

With respect to space time prisms, they are steepest and spatially most narrow under which mode of transportation?

walking

Independent invention

when 2 + cultures develop similar idea at the same time

cultural lag

when a culture resists change

Acculturation

when a group adapts some/all characteristics of a more dominant group

Multilinear evolutions

widely separate cultures develop common characteristics

Of all types of trips taken by urban residents, that which is least influenced by distance decay is:

work trips

Meteorologica

written by aristotle. his theories about earth sciences, described early physics and the 4 elements, described the atmosphere and physical and human geography

In most societies, the most mobile segment of the population is

young adults

zone of personal space

zone of privacy