Exam 1

Hyperpolarization requires

A decrease of K+ inside the cell

A mixed spinal nerve has:

A posterior and anterior root

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? A: The anterior gray horn, posterior gray horn and lateral gray horns contain myelinated fibers. B: The anterior and posterior gray horns divide the white matter into columns. C: The white matter of the spinal cord contains tracts. D: Sensory tracts carry information to the brain. E: Motor tracts carry information away from the brain.

A: The anterior gray horn, posterior gray horn and lateral gray horns contain myelinated fibers.

A flexor reflex is all of the following EXCEPT A: monosynaptic B: polysynaptic C: ipsilateral D: intersegmental

A: monosynaptic

When the threshold of voltage-gated channels is reached and voltage-gated channels open, the resulting change in membrane potential is known as a(n)

Action Potential

Why did the amplitude of the action potential did not increase as stimulation voltage increased above threshold?

Action potential is all or none. All voltage-gated Na+ channels open when threshold voltage is reached.

If I can block neurotransmitters attaching to chemically-gated sodium channels, what will be the result?

An action potential will not be produced

IPSPs are caused by all of the following EXCEPT A: Cl- channels B: K+ channels C: Na+ channels D: All of the choices are correct.

C: Na+ channels

Which of the following are sensory tracts: A: lateral spinothalamic and lateral corticospinal. B: posterior columns and vestibulospinal. C: anterior spinothalamic and posterior columns. D: anterior corticospinal and anterior spinothalamic. E: posterior spinocerebellar and lateral corticospinal.

C: anterior spinothalamic and posterior columns.

The spinothalamic tract A: is a motor tract. B: conveys impulses of touch and conscious proprioception. C: conveys impulses of pain, temperature, itch and tickle. D: descends from the thalamus to the spinal cord.

C: conveys impulses of pain, temperature, itch and tickle.

A crossed extensor reflex is all of the following EXCEPT A: polysynaptic B: contralateral C: ipsilateral D: intersegmental

C: ipsilateral

Which statement best describes reciprocal innervation: A: contraction of antagonist with simultaneous relaxation of agonist. B: contraction of agonist with delayed relaxation of antagonist. C: relaxation of antagonist at the same time of contraction of agonist. D: simultaneous relaxation of agonist and antagonist. E: simultaneous contraction of agonist and antagonist.

C: relaxation of antagonist at the same time of contraction of agonist.

What ion must flow into the presynaptic cell in order for it to release neurotransmitter?

Calcium

This major portion of the brain is used to monitor movements initiated by the motor areas of the cerebrum.

Cerebellum

Which of the following regions of the spinal cord contains a conspicuous enlargement?

Cervical region

Which of the following are networks of capillaries that produce cerebrospinal fluid and are found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain?

Choroid Plexuses

The spinal cord ends between the first and second lumbar vertebrae. This area is called the:

Conus Medullaris

Which of the meninges has two layers?

Cranial Dura Mater

The term "decussation" means

Crossing

Arrange the following events at an axodendritic chemical synapse in proper order, starting with the arrival of an action potential at the presynaptic end bulb. Assume that the postsynaptic cell will be depolarized. A. Exocytosis of the neurotransmitter (NT) B. NT is removed from the receptor C. Ligand gated sodium channels open D. Calcium voltage gated channels open E. NT binds to the receptor

D, A, E, C, B

The resting potential is maintained by the presence of A: many efflux K+ pores B: the Na+/K+ pump C: an ATP-driven pump moving K+ into the cell D: All of the choices are correct.

D: All of the choices are correct

The direct pathways A: convey impulses for voluntary motor contraction. B: are the lateral and anterior corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. C: originate in the cerebral cortex. D: all of the choices are correct.

D: all of the choices are correct.

Functions of the cerebellum include A: smooth and coordinate skilled muscle activity. B: detect problems in carrying out voluntary muscle activity and correct them. C: regulation of balance and posture. D: all of the choices are functions of the cerebellum.

D: all of the choices are functions of the cerebellum.

Which is NOT true about the reticular formation? A: it is a network of neurons that extends from the upper part of the spinal cord, throughout the brain stem, and into the lower part of the diencephalon B: it plays a role in regulating muscle tone C: it helps to maintain consciousness D: almost all ascending information synapses in it E: part of it consists of sensory axons that project to the cerebral cortex

D: almost all ascending information synapses in it

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the spinothalamic tract? A: begins in the spinal cord B: terminates in the thalamus C: found in the white matter of the spinal cord D: carries motor information down the cord E: is composed of multiple axons carrying information in the spinal cord

D: carries motor information down the cord

Which statement about the cerebellum is true? A: tracts of gray matter within it are called arbor vitae B: the cerebellar peduncles attach it to the cerebrum C: the cerebellar lobes are also called tentorium cerebelli D: its prime function is to 'fine tune' motor function E: the sagittal fissure separates it from the cerebrum

D: its prime function is to 'fine tune' motor function

Which situation will see the fastest conduction rate across an axon? A: unmyelinated axon B: myelinated axon C: unmyelinated axon in with a thin axon diameter D: myelinated axon in with a wide axon diameter

D: myelinated axon in with a wide axon diameter

Which of the following will not open a gated channel? A: ligands B: voltage changes C: mechanical changes D: the ion being transported

D: the ion being transported

29: Which statement is true? A: the central sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe B: the postcentral gyrus contains the primary motor area C: the insula lies within the precentral gyrus D: the lateral cerebral sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

D: the lateral cerebral sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

Brain waves that appear during deep sleep are called

Delta Waves

Myelinated axons are capable of salutatory conduction. This allows for more rapid action potential conduction because

Depolarization occurs only at the nodes of Ranvier

When the electrical potential on the inside of the cell membrane is uncharged, reaches 0 mv, the inside of the membrane is considered to be

Depolarized

In this experiment, what happened to the membrane potential of the axon hillock after a 4V (subthreshold) stimulation?

Depolarized but not to threshold

Which of the brain structures consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus?

Diencephalon

Which drains venous blood from the brain and delivers it to the internal jugular veins?

Dural Venous Sinuses

Which part of the brain stem contains the cerebral peduncles?

Midbrain

Which fiber tracts carry impulses for voluntary muscle activity from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum?

Middle Cerebellar Peduncles

The hypothalamus A: produces hormones. B: plays a major role in regulating homeostasis, visceral activity and temperature. C: regulates certain emotions like rage, sexual arousal, aggression, pain and pleasure. D: regulates eating and drinking behavior. E: all of the choices are correct.

E: All of the choices are correct

Spinal nerves in the thoracic region of the cord A: are mixed nerves. B: contain axons going to skeletal muscles. C: contain sensory axons carrying information from the skin. D: might contain autonomic motor axons. E: all of the choices are correct.

E: all of the choices are correct

The thalamus A: relays sensory information to correct regions of the cerebral hemispheres. B: relays motor information from the cerebellum and basal ganglia to the cerebrum. C: plays a role in consciousness. D: consists of a pair of oval masses. E: all of the choices are correct.

E: all of the choices are correct

Which statement about dermatomes is TRUE? A: dermatomes covering the face are supplied by the trigeminal nerve B: dermatomes may lose sensation due to spinal nerve damage C: the nerve supply in adjacent dermatomes may overlap D: dermatomes are areas of skin that send sensation to the brain via one pair of spinal nerves E: all of the choices are correct

E: all of the choices are correct

Which of the following is a function of the basal ganglia? A: control subconscious contraction of skeletal muscles B: influence attention, memory and planning C: help initiate and terminate movements D: assist in regulating emotional behaviors E: all of the choices are functions of the basal ganglia

E: all of the choices are functions of the basal ganglia

Which of the parts of a nervous reflex arc is usually a muscle or gland?

Effector

As Ca++ ions enter the presynaptic membrane ______ of neurotransmitters occurs.

Exocytosis

Which extension of the dura mater separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

Falx Cerebri

Within a nerve, axons are bundled into

Fascicles

High CSF pressure can result in a condition known as

Hydrocephalus

Which type of descending motor pathway originates in the brainstem and governs automatic movements that help regulate muscle tone, posture and balance?

Indirect pathway

Which lobe of the cerebrum is found deep to the other four lobes and thus cannot be observed from the surface?

Insula

Which fingerlike projections found in the dural venous sinuses reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid?

Arachnoid Villi

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

Association Tracts

Membrane potential was measured on the

Axon and axon hillock

Resting membrane potential is maintained by

Leak channels and sodium-potassium pumps

Which component of the brain is referred to as the "emotional brain" as it plays primary role in a wide range of emotions?

Limbic System

Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to touch, pressure, vibration, or tissue stretching and is found in the auditory receptors of the ear, and in touch and pressure receptors in the skin.

Mechanically gated channels

A man presents with median nerve palsy in his left hand. What is the most likely site of injury?

Median nerve

Which of the structures in the brain contains centers that control heart rate and blood pressure?

Medulla Oblongata

Which of the following is not a true statement regarding the blood-brain barrier (BBB)? A: astrocytes play a primary role B: it consists mainly of gap junctions C: it prevents passage of possible therapeutic drugs D: it allows easy passage of lipid-soluble substances E: it prevents the flow of proteins across it

B: it consists mainly of gap junctions

Cerebrospinal fluid carries small amounts of chemicals like glucose from the _____ to neurons and neuroglia.

Blood

Which part of the brain is associated with ten of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves?

Brain Stem

An electroencephalogram (EEG) measures brain waves primarily generated by

Neurons in the cerebral cortex

The primary visual area is located in which lobe of the brain?

Occipital

Denticulate ligaments are thickenings of

Pia Mater

Which region of the brain contains the pontine respiratory group and apneustic areas that help control respiration?

Pons

Which branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk?

Posterior Ramus

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

Posterior root ganglion

Which region of the spinal cord carries nerve impulses for proprioception?

Posterior white column

A type of membrane transport protein that uses ATP to move ions against their concentration gradient is known as a

Pump

Which of the following types of neurons is exclusively found in the cerebellum?

Purkinje cells

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc would have a cell body in the posterior root ganglion?

Sensory neuron

Once neurotransmitters are released, they do not remain in the synapse. What happens to them?

Some are degraded by enzymes while some are transported back into the presynaptic cell

Which of the structures listed below contains cerebrospinal fluid?

Subarachnoid space

Which of the following is a nucleus found in the midbrain that releases dopamine?

Substantia Nigra

Which reflex protects a muscle and tendon from damage due to developing excess tension (e.g. causing you to drop a heavy load)

Tendon reflex

A severed obturator nerve will lead into paralysis of which region of the body?

Thigh

Inability to contract the gastrocnemius muscle could indicate damage to the

Tibial nerve

The spinal cord is enclosed within the

Vertebral Foramen

If the accumulation of graded potentials in the trigger zone reaches threshold, the result is

Voltage-gated channels open

What results in the depolarization of the cell membrane?

Voltage-gated sodium channels open allowing sodium ions to enter the cell to cancel negative charges on the inside of the membrane.

The spinal cord is held in place by the

filum terminale and denticulate ligaments.

Which of the neurotransmitters are used in virtually all of the inhibitory synapses found in the spinal cord?

gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine