Exam 1

Match the following A. only in eukaryotes B. only in prokaryotes C. both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes 1. Nucleus 2. nucleoid 3. intracellular membranous organelles 4. plasma membrane 5. cytoplasm 6. DNA 7. ribosomes

1. A 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. C

Describe the relative locations of the following bacterial cell components: A. in cytoplasm B. outside cell wall C. outside plasma membrane 1. cell wall 2. nucleoid 3. ribosome 4. fimbriae 5. pilus 6. flagella

1. C 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. B

How does each of the following molecule pass through the plasma membrane in the described scenarios? A. active transport B. facilitated diffusion C. Both simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion D. simple diffusion 1. Molecular oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) traveling down their concentration gradient. 2. inorganic ions traveling down their concentration gradient 3. glucose traveling against its concentration gradient 4. water molecules (H2O) traveling down their concentration gradient

1. D 2. B 3. A 4. C

Match the following bacterial cell components to their major functions: A. conjugation (exchange of plasmid DNA between cells) B. protein synthesis C. genetic material (DNA) storage D. cell attachment E. determine cell shape; support and protect plasma membrane. F. motility 1. cell wall 2. nucleoid 3. ribosomes 4. fimbriae 5. pilus 6. flagella

1. E 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. F

Match the major function of all of the following cellular structures of a eukaryotic cell: A. protein synthesis B. energy generation C. destroy of molecules and organelles D. lipid synthesis; calcium storage E. DNA storage F. packaging and delivery of molecules 1. nucleus 2. smooth ER 3. rough ER 4. Golgi complex 5. lysosomes 6. mitochondria

1. E 2. D 3. A 4. F 5. C 6. B

The cycle also generates energy molecules including NADH, _____ and FADH2.

ATP

What molecule do cells use to shuffle energy between catabolic reactions and anabolic reactions?

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

When protons rush enter the cell via the proton channel on the membrane, the energy is used by the enzyme _______________________ to generate ATP from ADP+Pi.

ATP synthase

Which of the following can be found in all viruses? A. DNA B. proteins C. lipid membrane D. sugar chain on surface

B. proteins (All viruses contain nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, never both) genome, which is surrounded by protein coat called capsid. Some viruses have additional membrane called envelop outside their capsid, but not all.)

What type of chemical bonds can you find within a water molecule (H2O) holding hydrogens (H) and Oxygen (O) together? A. hydrogen bonds B. nonpolar covalent bonds C. polar covalent bonds D. ionic bonds

C. polar covalent bonds

Which of the following is NOT a structural evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory? A. mitochondria has double membranes. B. the size of chloroplast is close to cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria) C. both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain circular DNA and 70S ribosomes. D. lysosomes contain digestive enzymes to break down engulfed bacteria.

D. lysosomes contain digestive enzymes to break down engulfed bacteria.

______________ can then enter TCA cycle.

acetyl-CoA

Upon completion of TCA cycle, 2 ______________________ are released.

carbon dioxides

The ___________________ within the lysosome then break down the large molecules to smaller molecules, which are released to cytoplasm or out of the cell.

digestive enzymes

Eukaryotic cells have intracellular membrane system which allows them to uptake large substances (e.g. another organism like bacterial cells) via _____________ .

endocytosis

Glycolysis is the central metabolic pathway for any cell (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) to generate energy. The primary reactant that enter glycolysis is ____________ , and the process generates 2 _____ , 2 ________ (= reduced co-enzyme), and 2 ____________________ (= 3 carbon molecules.)

glucose ATP NADH pyruvic acids

NADH and FADH2 generated from ___________ and _____________ donate their high energy _______________ to the first electron acceptor molecule on the ETC.

glycolysis TCA cycle electrons

What type of chemical bonds can be found between 2 water molecules?

hydrogen

Hydrophobic molecules do not interact with water and are excluded from water by _________________________ , forcing the oil to cluster together when added into water.

hydrophobic force

When an atom losses or gains its electrons, it becomes an ______ .

ion

Because water molecules are polar, anything ______ or _____ can dissolve in it (we call these substances to be _________ ).

ionic polar hydrophilic

The engulfed substances are packaged within a membrane vacuole called endosome in cytoplasm, which is then fused with ______________ .

lysosomes

Vegetable oil on the other hand is a _________ molecule, hence it's ____________ .

nonpolar hydrophobic

Energy is often transferred via oxidation-reduction reaction (redox reaction) in living system. _____________ is the removal of electrons from a molecule, whereas _____________ is the gain of electrons for a molecule. Redox reactions are usually accompanied by _____________ of energy.

oxidation reduction release

The electron then flow through a series of electron accepting molecules via repeated ________________________ reaction, releasing some energy at each step.

oxidation-reduction

The released energy is captured by the membrane-bound ___________________ (where the e-accepting molecules are in) and used to pump ______________ outside of the plasma membrane, creating a proton concentration gradient (higher outside of the cell, lower inside the cell) known as ____________________________.

oxidoreductases protons proton motive force

In the case of salt (NaCl), it dissociates into Na+ and Cl- in water. Na+ is positively charged therefore can interact with the _________ portion (slightly more negative) of the water molecules, whereas the negatively charged Cl- can interact with the ________ portion (slightly more positive) of the water molecules.

oxygen hydrogen

When sufficient _____________ is present, cells can generate energy via aerobic respiration through TCA cycle followed by ETC. To enter TCA cycle, ______________ (a 3-carbon molecule) must first be converted into _____________ (a 2 carbon molecule), a process accompanied by released of 1 CO2 and generation of 1 _________ .

oxygen pyruvate acetyl-CoA NADH

Atomic number is determined by the number of _______ in an atom; atomic mass is determined by the total number of ______ and _______ in an atom.

protons protons neutrons

Gram positive cell wall: ________ layers of peptidoglycan threaded together by _________________ . some have capsules or S-layer outside of the cell wall.

thick teichoic acids

Gram negative cell wall: a very _________ peptidoglycan (only a few layers) in between inner membrane (=plasma membrane) and outer membrane. Outer membrane is rich in _____________________ .

thin lipopolysaccharides

We've introduced 4 types of biomolecules in class: carbohydrate, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids. Please answer all of the following questions: Are they all macromolecules? (yes or no) Are they all polymers? (yes or no). Which biomolecule is not considered as a polymer? What are the monomers (building blocks) for each of the above polymer? ____________ make up carbohydrates (= polysaccharides); ____________ make up proteins; ___________ make up nucleic acids.

yes no lipids monosaccharides; amino acids; nucleotide