Exam 1

Which of the following is an example of intersectionality?

A transgender woman, who identifies as Latinx

Americans view the Hijab worn by Muslims as a sign of oppression and male domination. A group of educated American Muslim women said:

All of the above were statements made by Muslim Americans about the Hijab

In which culture described in the chapter in Module 1 do people take on the gender role based on the needs of society? In this society, a female might be raised as a male if society is in need of functions that would be served by the male role.

Balkans

On the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, one of the items states: "Women, compared to men, tend to have a superior moral sensibility." This item is tapping into...

Benevolent sexism - gender differentiation

When a person's biological sex is consistent with their gender identity, that person would likely identify as _____________.

Cisgender

______ is the term for a rare genetic condition that causes the fetus's adrenal glands to produce abnormally large amounts of androgens, resulting in genetic females born with masculinized genitals.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

According to the article "The New Psychology of Men," the social and public health problems associated with the male role (i.e., violence against women, pornography addiction, chemical dependence, and risk-seeking behaviors) are consistent with which type of strain:

Dysfunction strain

What do constructionists believe?

Facts about gender do not exist; only interpretations do

Someone who believes that men and women should be treated equally is called ______________.

Feminism

Distress associated with the incongruence of one's gender identity with their biological sex could result in a diagnosis of:

Gender Dysphoria

When a person does not behave in ways that are consistent with their assigned gender role, they are said to be:

Gender non-conforming

A person who does not accept traditional gender norms and behaves in ways that contradict gender roles may be referred as:

Gender nonconforming

According to __________________, individuals' identities could act as defining goals that motivate them to acquire identity relevant symbols (i.e. energy drink).

Gender role strain paradigm

What does an intersectional approach tell us about gender stereotypes?

Gender stereotypes may not be the same in different ethnic groups.

In study 2, perceived masculinity was manipulated by:

Give fake test results indicating either heightened or threatened masculinity

A person in Native American culture who is biologically male but takes on characteristics of both male and female is termed:

Male berdache

In ______________, there is a third gender called a Muxe, where males dress like females and take on women's roles.

Mexico

By definition, __________ are those who believe that the two sexes are essentially the same.

Minimalists

Benevolent sexism encompasses three different areas of male ambivalence. Which of the following is not one of these three components of benevolent sexism?

Social Constructionism

______ can be defined as a situation in which there is a negative stereotype about a person's group, and the person is concerned about being judged or treated negatively on the basis of that stereotype.

Stereotype threat

A truly androgynous society exists in ______________, where men and women have equal status, equal opportunity in the home and in occupations, and have similar personalities.

Tahiti

______ are disproportionately the target of hate violence.

Trans people of color

What can you infer about Dovidio's research on visual dominance?

When women are put in a powerful role in a mixed-gender dyad, they show the pattern of visual dominance usually characteristic of men.

"Andropause" refers to ______.

a time of declining testosterone levels in middle-aged men

Gisele emigrated from Mexico to the United States 2 years ago. She is feeling pressure to both maintain values from her native culture and adopt behaviors and norms of her new host culture. Gisele is likely experiencing ______.

acculturative stress

"I've felt that way, too," is an example of what type of speech?

affiliative speech

In animals, the two behaviors that are most affected by prenatal hormone exposure are ______.

aggressive and sexual behaviors

Men who endorse a traditional masculinity ideology show higher levels of ______.

alexithymia

Modern sexism involves which of the following?

all of the above (modern sexism)

The word "Hispanic" refers to ______.

all people of Spanish origin, whether from Puerto Rico, Cuba, Mexico, or elsewhere

Research on gender stereotypes of emotions shows that ______.

among African Americans, women are stereotyped as expressing about as much anger as men

In language, compared with men, women typically ______.

are infantilized

What characteristic of African women's roles have shaped African American women's roles?

being an important economic contributor to the family

_________ is the term for beliefs in which women should be honored and put on a pedestal and viewed as pure beings who should be protected.

benevolent sexism

The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory taps into two components of sexism: ___________ and ___________.

benevolent sexism and hostile sexism

The concept of "homosexuality" differs considerably across cultures. Because of this, it may be difficult for a researcher to gain ______ if she or he is studying this construct with a sample of people from various cultures and ethnic groups.

conceptual equivalence

The stereotype that women are the more emotional gender ______.

differs across ethnic groups in the United States

The words "chick," "shorty," "honey," and "ho" are examples of ______.

euphemisms for the word "woman"

"Power posing" refers to ______.

expansive posture

Men are more likely to use a(n) ______ posture and women are more likely to us a(n) _____ posture.

expansive; contractive

A meta-analysis found gender similarities for some facets of narcissism, but men scored higher on the ______ facet.

exploitative/entitlement

Federal officials referring to the governor of Louisiana, Kathleen Blanco, as the "female governor," while referring to a male governor as "governor" is an example of ______.

female-as-the-exception

Research on interpersonal distance indicates that there is the smallest distance between ______.

female-female pairs

The psychological attributes and roles assigned to biological male and female is called:

gender

The fact that the terminology and concepts related to gender may vary from culture to culture reflects the notion of _____________, which states that a society has an understanding of what is possible, proper, and perverse in gender-linked behavior.

gender culture

With regards to emotional intelligence,

gender differences are apparent at 3½ years

The best-selling book, Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus (Gray, 1992) enforces the ______.

gender differences model

According to a meta-analysis of research on gender differences in aggression, ______.

gender differences were larger for physical aggression

The term ____________ refers to our perception of the self as psychologically either male or female (whether a person feels psychologically male or feels psychologically female).

gender identity

_______________ refers to our own sense of feeling psychologically male or psychologically female.

gender identity

The assumptions that gender roles are often inconsistent and contradictory and that some characteristics prescribed by gender roles are actually maladaptive for men are part of the ______.

gender role strain paradigm

The fact that we expect males to be strong, masculine, tough, and unemotional, and we expect females to be gentle, polite, helpful, and emotionally expressive are examples of:

gender roles

A review of 46 meta-analyses of psychological gender differences found that 78% of the differences were small or trivial. This finding provides evidence for the ______.

gender similarities hypothesis

In language, ______.

girls and women use more emotion words than boys and men do

Based on the research regarding self-esteem in general and domain-specific confidence, we can infer that ______.

girls have lower self-esteem than boys in general but have higher confidence in certain domain-specific areas

Research on male-female differences in brain size ______.

has failed to demonstrate a relationship, in humans, between brain size and intelligence

Research shows children whose fathers are involved, nurturing, and playful tend to ______.

have better self-regulation

Men's greater tendency toward risk taking has negative implications for their ______.

health and life expectancy

Which of the following is a pattern of tentative speech, according to Lakoff?

hedges

According to Steele's research on stereotype threat, ______.

highly talented Black students perform worse on a test when stereotypes about Black people are primed.

According to the gender role identity paradigm, failure to achieve masculine gender role identity resulted in which of the following (this question is from the article "The New Psychology of Men"):

homosexuality and negative attitudes toward women (a&c)

Negative, hostile attitudes toward women and adversarial beliefs about gender relations is termed

hostile sexism

On the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, one item states: "Most women interpret innocent remarks or acts as being sexist." This item is tapping into _________________.

hostile sexism

Differences between female and male brains are found in the ______.

hypothalamus

According to research on stereotype threat, ______.

if Asian American women have their ethnic identity primed, they perform better on math problems

______ are learned, automatic associations between social categories and other attributes.

implicit stereotypes

Data show that between 1965 and 2011, the amount of time fathers spent engaging in childcare ______.

increased threefold

We cannot study gender without also examining other categories of identity such as race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, and religion. This is the basis behind:

intersectionality

The word "Latino" ______.

is an example of male as the normative in language

Hyperactivity ______.

is considerably more common among boys than girls

Research on the emotional experiences of transpeople ______.

is just beginning, so we do not have much information on transpeople's emotional experiences

A benefit of using a meta-analysis is that ______.

it is much more reliable than a single study

In brain research, ______ refers to the extent to which a particular function is handled by one hemisphere of the brain or both.

lateralization

The notion that a masculine identity is extremely important psychologically is part of the ______.

male gender role identity paradigm

Who suffers more for violating gender roles?

males

Using masculine nouns and pronouns to refer to all people in a gender-neutral sense is called ______.

masculine generics

According to research on stereotype threat, Latinx women's ______.

math performance is doubly hurt in the threat condition

In an experiment by Grossman and Wood (1993) that encouraged both men and women to express their emotions, ______.

men expressed as much emotion as women did

When undergraduates viewed film clips designed to stimulate either happiness, sadness, fear, or disgust, ______.

men showed more skin conductance reactivity to the fear films than women did

A researcher is studying gender differences. She wants to compile the most data in the most reliable way using a large number of studies. Which type of statistical analysis would best fit her goals?

meta-analysis

Charlotte is a transwoman. Someone refers to her as "he." This is an instance of ______.

misgendering

Meta-analysis tells us that women convey nonverbal messages or cues ______ men do.

more accurately than

What are the implications of genderless languages?

more gender equality

In an experiment by Deutsch et al. (1987), women who did not smile were rated ______ than women who did smile.

more negatively

Using the word "police officer" rather than "policeman" is an example of ______.

nonsexist language

Anton, a Black man, has a sudden, unexpected, and emotionally painful encounter being racially profiled by two police officers. After this experience, he becomes hypervigilant of his surroundings and behaviors when around police officers and attempts to avoid them at all costs. He is now feeling angry and depressed. Anton is likely experiencing ______.

race-based traumatic stress

Factors such as feeling pride in one's identity, recognizing oppression, and developing strong relationships within one's family and community promote ______.

resilience

In a study done by Thomson et al. (2001) in which participants corresponded with a fictitious netpal, researchers found that ______.

respondents shifted their e-talk to be similar to that of their netpal

Biological categories of male and female is termed:

sex

The ______ paradigm is most useful in understanding the experience of African American males.

sex role strain

Whereas _________ refers to the biological categories of male and female, ____________ refers to a person's internal feeling of being psychologically male or female.

sex; gender

Asian American men are ______.

stereotyped as not living up to the ideal traditional White masculinity

Cultural differences from one tribe to another among American Indians could be viewed as ______.

subcultural variations

Some people who identify as Black in the United States today are descendants of slaves, whereas others are voluntary immigrants from the Caribbean or Africa. This is an example of ______.

subcultural variations

Research indicates that when a woman is speaking, ______ speech seems to work best when the audience is male and ______ speech seems to work best when the audience is female.

tentative; assertive

According to Michael Kimmel's concept of Guyland, ______.

the college years for men have become a period of binge drinking, watching porn with the guys, and hooking up

Which of the following is true of activity level in children?

the great majority of hyperactive children are boys

Success on the job, earning a lot of money, and gaining power over others are all important parts of ______.

the modern male role

Activation of a certain brain region may create a particular psychological state, but the reverse process occurs as well: Behavior and experience can create changes in the brain. This highlights ______.

the plasticity of the brain

Dovidio's experiment on gender differences in eye contact used various conditions that led to interesting results. In the control condition, men were more visually dominant, which meant ______.

women looked more while listening

According to research on gender and stereotype threat, ______.

women perform as well as men on a challenging math test if they are told the test is gender-fair

In a study by Barett and Bliss-Moreau (2009), participants viewed pictures of faces expressing sadness, fear, anger, and disgust. The researchers found that, for sadness, fear, and anger expressions, ______.

women's emotions were attributed to dispositional causes