Exam 1: Anatomy Unit 1: Organization of the Body
Describe carbohydrates
-1-2% mass of cells -Provide energy -Converted to produce ATP -Monosaccharides: simple sugars -Disaccharides: made by dehydration synthesis -Polysaccharides: not water soluble, stored in form of glycogen (in liver and muscle cells)
Survival needs: water
-60-80% of body weight -provides for metabolic reaction -Most abundant substance in body
Survival needs: normal body temperature
-98.6 keeps body at equilibrium -Helps chemical reactions going to keep us alive
Describe the life process: excitability
-Ability to sense change outside and inside the body -When looking at change we look at stimuli
Define matter
-Anything that has mass and occupies space -Composed of chemical elements
Ionic bonding
-Attraction between oppositely charged ions in chemical compound -When valence electrons are transferred
Describe the life process: catabolic
-Break down -EX: digesting food
Describe the life process: anabolic
-Build up subunits -EX: amino acids to proteins
Define element
-Cannot be broken down -Species of atoms that have a given number of protons in their nuclei consisting of only that species
What are significant components of cell membranes?
-Carbohydrates -Proteins -Lipids
Important organic compounds
-Carbs: main source of energy -Lipids: insoluble in water -Protein: basic structural material of our body -Nucleic acids: largest macromolecules in body
What is homeostasis?
-Condition of stable internal body environment -Never constant -Dynamic equilibrium
Define compound
-Contain 2 or more different elements -Can be broken down
Explain concept of pH
-Description of the level of acidity or alkalinity of a solution -Is homeostatic -Maintained by neutralization and buffering -The lower the number the more H ions there are
Survival needs: nutrients
-Diet -Chemical substances we need to live
MRI
-Electromagnetic energy -Magnetic resonance imaging -Look at soft tissue (ligaments, tendons, muscle tear) -Common for athletic injuries -Takes H ions and lights them up
MRS
-Electromagnetic energy -Magnetic resonance spectroscopy -Finds composition of soft tissue -Determines what ions are present
Endergonic reaction
-Energy consuming -More is taken than given up
Chemical energy
-Energy that is available in the bonds of molecules -The bond itself is potential, breaking the bond is kinetic
Electromagnetic energy
-Energy that moves in waves (radiant) -Light energy
Survival needs: atmospheric pressure
-Force that air exerts on the surface of the body -EX: breathing and gas exchange in lungs
Organic compounds
-Formed around carbon -Carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid
Describe the cellular level of organization
-Groups of organized chemicals -Basic structural and functional unit of life
Special properties of water
-High heat capacity -High heat vaporization -Universal solvent -Hydrolysis/condensation -Cushion
Describe the life process: growth
-Increase in size -Increase in number of cells or size of cells -Mitosis
Positive feedback system
-Intensity initial stimulus -Childbirth or alcohol consumption
CT scan
-Light energy -Computerized tomography -Light is picked up by computer -Created layer imaging
DSA scan
-Light energy -Digital subtraction angiography -Before and after picture after injecting contrast dye -After picture is blood vessels filled with dye
DSR scan
-Light energy -Dynamic spacial reconstruction -3D image that can rotate
PET scan
-Light energy -Positron emission tomography -Similar to xenon -Injecting radioactive isotope -Bright spots are where active cells with isotope accumulate -Used to find cancerous cells
X-Ray
-Light energy -Short wavelength -Reflects hard tissue
Xenon CT
-Light energy -Xenon gas is inhaled -Tissues are most active that take up xenon and show color -Can see blood flow to various tissues
Describe the life process: movement
-Locomotion -Contraction of skeletal -Moving blood -Muscle contraction
Chemical reactions
-Making or breaking of bonds -Number of atoms remains same but are rearranged
Describe the life process: reproduction
-Meiosis -Growth, repair and pro-creation
Oxidation-reduction reaction
-Moving electrons using H
Define electrons
-Negative charge -Float around nucleus
Define Neutrons
-Neutral charge -In nucleus
Requirements for homeostasis
-Nutrition -Internal gases -Water -Temperature -Internal pressure
Define protons
-Positive charge -In nucleus
Exergonic reaction
-Products are at lower energy level than reactants -Energy was liberated -More is given up than taken
Negative feedback system
-Reduce effect of original stimulus -EX: glucose and insulin
Covalent bonding
-Sharing electrons -More stable and common than ionic
In what forms can matter occur?
-Solid: something with definitive shape -Liquid: takes on shape of whatever is holding it -Gas: no definitive shape or volume
Ultrasound
-Sound energy -Bounces off structures -See soft tissue
Potential energy
-Stored energy -EX: Cart at top of rollercoaster
Physiology
-Study of function of parts -All chemical and physical processes
What are important points of the cell theory?
-The cell is the smallest biological structure that can be considered living -Cells only arise from the division of other cells -The activity of cells are dictated by the types of subcellular structures they contain
Define atom
-The smallest unit of matter that can enter a chemical reaction -All elements are composed of atoms
M2A
-Tiny digital camera in a capsule -Swallow pill cam and it is constantly taking pictures -Must wear receiver and pictures are sent to an SD card on the receiver -Takes pictures of digestive tract (upper gastrointestinal=stops working by the intestines) -3D colored photos
What factors affect the rate of chemical reactions?
-Velocity of colliding particles -Temperature -Energy of colliding particles -Size (small reacts more because it is faster) -Concentration of colliding particles
Describe the life process: excretion
-Waste can be urea, CO2, feces -Elimination of waste
Important inorganic compounds
-Water: helps maintain body temperature -Salts: substances that dissociate -Acids: substances that dissociate and increase H ion concentration -Bases: substances that reduce H ion concentration pH: description of the level of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
Hydrogen bonding
-Weak attractive force -Attracts to other H -Important in DNA -No electron exchange
Describe the organ level of organization
2 or more tissues functioning together for a specific task
Inorganic compounds
A compound that does not contain the element carbon or contains carbon bound to elements other than hydrogen
Synthesis reaction
A few atoms or molecules combine to form a larger product
Describe the life process: conductivity
Ability to carry effects of stimulus from one body to another
Feedback systems
Any circular situation where info about the status of something is reported to a central control region
Select the correct pairing of a regional term and the specific body area it indicates: armpit
Axillary
Decomposition reaction
Big stuff broken down to smaller stuff (catabolic)
What is an example of a hydrogen bond?
Bonds between two separate water molecules
Describe the life process: digestion
Break down of food to use as energy or build cell walls
What two elements besides hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) make up the bulk of living matter?
Carbon (C) and Nitrogen (N)
Choose the correct order for the missing levels of structural organization: chemical, _________, _________, _________, _________, organism
Cellular, tissue, organ, organ system
Define biochemistry
Chemical composition and reactions of living matter
Describe the tissue level of organization
Collections of cells that have specific organization and perform specific tasks
Define molecule
Combination of 2 or more atoms from a chemical reaction
What type of reaction is the breakdown of glucose into multiple glucose molecules?
Decomposition reaciton
Which body cavity does the spinal cord sit in?
Dorsal body cavity
Which component of a homeostatic control mechanism carries out a response to a stimulus?
Effector
Identify the organ system responsible for secreting hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolism.
Endocrine system
Kinetic energy
Energy being consumed and causing motion
Mechanical energy
Energy required for movement
Electrical energy
Energy that results from the flow of charged particles (ions)
What type of cut would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts.
Frontal
If structure can dictate function then,...
Function can regulate structure
Describe the organ system level of organization
Groups of organs functioning together for a particular task
Which subdivision of anatomy studies tissues of the heart?
Histology
What is a correct statement regarding positive feedback mechanisms
In positive feedback, the output response amplifies the original stimulus.
What includes breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks, synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP
Metabolism
What is true about negative feedback mechanisms?
Negative feedback mechanisms work to minimize changes in the value of a controlled variable
Is this correctly matched, why or why not? Hydrogen gas (H2) - compound
No, compounds are molecules formed from two or more different kinds of atoms
A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a what?
Organ
Which element is most electronegative out of oxygen, sodium, carbon, and neon?
Oxygen, because it has more electrons in its valence shell which makes it more electron-hungry
Exchange reaction
Part synthesis and part decomposition and rearrange
The knee is ______ to the ankle.
Proximal
Reversible reaction
Reactants can reform products and visa versa
Describe the chemical level of organization
Reactions occurring to make cells
Survival needs: oxygen
Releases energy from food we are eating
What topic would you be studying if you investigated urine production by the kidneys?
Renal physiology
Define nucleus
Represents most of the mass of the atom
What is generally true regarding extracellular sodium and potassium ion concentrations?
Sodium ion concentrations are high outside the cell relative to inside the cell. Primary active transport by the Na+-K+ pump transports Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell.
What do we call factors that can disrupt homeostasis?
Stressors; any stimulus causing an imbalance in internal and external environment
Developmental anatomy
Structural changes that occur through the life span
Radiographic anatomy
Studies internal structures using specialized imaging technology
Pathological anatomy
Study of changes in structure due to disease
Surface anatomy
Study of internal structures as they relate to overlying skin surface
Gross anatomy
Study of large structures with the naked eye
Anatomy
Study of structure and relationship among structures; study of parts
Regional anatomy
Studying by certain regions of the body
Systemic anatomy
Studying specifically by each system
Microscopic anatomy
Studying structures too small for the naked eye
Define energy
The ability to do work and put matter into motion
What energy source is used most directly during the secondary active transport of glucose into the cell?
The facilitated diffusion of Na+ ions across the membrane. The energy storing Na+ gradient created by the Na+-K+ pump is used by the Na+-glucose cotransporter to power the secondary active transport of glucose.
What is the energy source for facilitated diffusion?
The kinetic energy of the diffusing solute
Describe the organismal level of organization
The total organism
How would carbon dioxide likely diffuse across a cell membrane?
Thru the phospholipid regions of a membrane because of its small size and its nonpolar
Describe the life process: metabolism
Total of all chemical processes in our body
What quadrant and cavity is the stomach apart of?
Upper left quadrant of abdominal cavity
The portion of the serous membrane that covers the heart is called the _________.
Visceral pericardium