Exam 1 (Bio 110)

Matter, Mass, and Weight 1. All living and nonliving things are composed of_________________. 2. Nonliving things are composed of _____________. 3. ________________ represents the amount of matter.

1. All living and nonliving things are composed of __Weight__ 2. Nonliving things are composed of __Matter__ 3. __Mass__ represents the amount of matter.

Pure water is an example of a _________ and therefore has equal concertation of ________ and ________.

1. Neutral solution 2. Hydrogen ions (H+) 3. Hydroxide ions (H-)

A change of 1 pH unit represents how much change in hydrogen ion concentration? ___________

10x's

Information is transferred from the cell nucleus to ribosomes via the molecule _________. A. RNA B. rER C. sER D. DNA

A. RNA

Proteins are composed of which of these monomers? A. Amino Acids B. Glucose C. Fatty Acids D. Nucleus E. Glycerol

A. Amino Acids

A microscopic, simple, nucleus-free organism found living in a riverbed: A. Bacteria B. Eukarya / Animalia C. Eukarya / Fungi D. Eukarya / Plantae

A. Bacteria

Which is a producer, consumer, or decomposer? A. Bacteria = B. Eukarya / Animalia = C. Eukarya / Fungi = D. Eukarya / Plantae =

A. Bacteria = Decomposer B. Eukarya / Animalia = Decomposer C. Eukarya / Fungi = Decomposer D. Eukarya / Plantae = Producer

Which refers to domain or kingdom? A. Bacteria = B. Eukarya / Animalia = C. Eukarya / Fungi = D. Eukarya / Plantae =

A. Bacteria = Domain B. Eukarya / Animalia = Domain / kingdom C. Eukarya / Fungi = Domain / kingdom D. Eukarya / Plantae = Domain / kingdom

What is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding? A. In a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons; in an ionic bond, one partner accepts electrons from the other. B. In covalent bonding, both partners end up with filled outer electron shells; in ionic bonding, one partner does and the other does not. C. Covalent bonding involves only the outermost electrons shell; ionic bonding also involves the next electron shell inside the outermost shell. D. Covalent bonds form between atoms of the same element; ionic bonds for between atoms of different elements.

A. In a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons; in an ionic bond, one partner accepts electrons from the other.

The key to a protein's function is its shape. The shape can be altered under unfavorable conditions. When a protein such as that found in egg whites is heated, the proteins shape changes. Which best describes why this happens? A. Interaction between R groups change, resulting in a change in the structure of the protein. B. Peptide bonds undergo a series of dehydration reactions. C. Peptide bonds undergo a series of hydrolysis reactions.

A. Interaction between R groups change, resulting in a change in the structure of the protein.

Which of the following statements regarding nucleotides is false? A. Nucleotides contain lipids B. Nucleotides contain sugar molecules C. Nucleotides can be linked together to form nucleic acids D. Nucleotides contain nitrogenous bases

A. Nucleotides contain lipids

Explain how an enzyme speeds up a specific reaction. Dimer linked by bond If bond broken, from monomers But - would bond break all by itself? A) Yes, eventually the bond would break B) No, the bond would not break

A. Yes, eventually the bond would break

Enzymes increasing the rate of a reaction by A. decreasing activation energy B. changing the pH C. increasing the temperature of the substances D. contributing water to the reaction

A. decreasing activation energy

In the three-domain system, the eukaryotes are represented... A. only within the domain Eukarya B. only within the domain Archaea C. only within the kingdom Protista D. in all three domains

A. only within the domain Eukarya

Any substance that releases hydrogen ions is an __________.

Acid

Which of the following is an example of secondary structure in a protein? A. a particular amino acid sequence B. An alpha helix C. A globular shape D. the joining of two polypeptide chains

B. An alpha helix

A thimble-sized organism that feeds on algae growing in a pond: A. Bacteria B. Eukarya / Animalia C. Eukarya / Fungi D. Eukarya / Plantae

B. Eukarya / Animalia

Which of the following statements is not consistent with Darwin's theory of natural selection? A. Individuals in a population exhibit variations, some of which are passed from parents to offspring B. Individuals organisms experience genetic change during their life spans to better fit their environment. C. Factors in the environment result in some organisms having better reproductive success than others. D. Natural selection can lead to the appearance of new species

B. Individuals organisms experience genetic change during their life spans to better fit their environment.

Which of the following statements regarding natural selection is false? A. Natural selection depends on the local environment at the current time. B. Natural selection starts with the creation of new alleles that are directed towards improving an organism's fitness. C. Natural selection and evolutionary change can occur in a short period of time (a few generations) D. Natural selection can be observed working in organisms alive today

B. Natural selection starts with the creation of new alleles that are directed towards improving an organism's fitness.

An antibiotic kills 99.9% of a bacterial population. You would expect the next generation of bacteria... A. to be just as susceptible to that antibiotic as was the previous generation B. to be more resistant to that antibiotic C. to die out due to the drastic decrease in population size D. to be more contagious than the prior generation.

B. to be more resistant to that antibiotic

Type of bond and why? C-C 🠒 (carbon bond to carbon equals 🠒 )

C-C 🠒 Non-polar covalent bond - Identical to each other - Equal electronegativity value / equal sharing of electrons.

Type of bond and why? C-H 🠒 (carbon bond to hydrogen)

C-H 🠒 Non-polar covalent bond - because carbon and hydrogen have very similar electronegativity values.

An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many electrons does boron have? A. 11 B. 15 C. 5 D. 2

C. 5

An inch-tall organism growing on the forest floor that consumes material from dead leaves: A. Bacteria B. Eukarya / Animalia C. Eukarya / Fungi D. Eukarya / Plantae

C. Eukarya / Fungi

A pharmaceutical company hires a chemist to analyze the purity of the water being used in its drug preparation. If the water is pure, the chemist would expect to find: A. only molecules of H20 B. H20 molecules and H+ ions C. H20 molecules, H+ ions, and OH- ions. D. only H+ ions and OH- ions

C. H20 molecules, H+ ions, and OH- ions.

A globular shape is an example of which type of structure: A. Primary Structure B. Secondary Structure C. Tertiary Structure D. Quaternary Structure E. Pental Structure

C. Tertiary Structure

Why does maltase hydrolyze maltose but not starch? A. Maltose is a vitamin B. Starch denatures the tertiary structure of maltase. C. The active site of maltase is complementary to maltose D. Maltose provides activation energy and starch does not.

C. The active site of maltase is complementary to maltose

Members of the kingdom Animalia... A. can obtain their food either by absorption or by photosynthesis B. are composed of cells that lack a cell membrane C. can obtain their food by eating other organisms D. make their own food through photosynthesis

C. can obtain their food by eating other organisms

In an ecosystem, energy A. cycles along with chemical nutrients B. typically flows from consumers to producers to decomposers C. typically flows from producers through a series of consumers D. comes ultimately from bacteria

C. typically flows from producers through a series of consumers

What are R groups?

Chemical groups on amino acids. (Determine of amino acids properties)

Although water molecules are ________ that is, cling together, they allow dissolved and suspended molecules to be evenly distributed throughout a system, such as blood vessels.

Cohesion

Which of the following statements about the domain Bacteria is true? A. Archaea belongs to this domain B. All bacteria have a membrane-bound nucleus. C. All bacteria are multicellular organisms D. All bacteria lack a nucleus

D. All bacteria lack a nucleus

A foot-tall organism capable of producing its own sunlight: A. Bacteria B. Eukarya / Animalia C. Eukarya / Fungi D. Eukarya / Plantae

D. Eukarya / Plantae

The chemical bond that will form between the molecules in the diagram is a(n): A. Ionic bond B. Peptide bond C. Covalent bond D. Hydrogen bond

D. Hydrogen bond

A woman struggling with a bacterial illness is prescribed a month's supply of a potent antibiotic. She takes the antibiotic for about two weeks and feels much better. Should she save the remaining two-week supply, or should she continue taking the drug? A. She should save the drug for later because if she keeps taking it the bacteria will evolve resistance. B. She should save the drug for use the next time the illness strikes. C. She should save the drug because antibiotics are in short supply and she may need it to defend herself against a bioterrorism incident. D. She should continue taking the drug until her immune system can completely eliminate the infection. Otherwise, some bacteria may remain in her system, and they will probably be resistant.

D. She should continue taking the drug until her immune system can completely eliminate the infection. Otherwise, some bacteria may remain in her system, and they will probably be resistant.

Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which of the following sequences correctly lists that hierarchy from least inclusive to most inclusive? A. atom, ecosystem, population, organ system, cell, community, molecule organ, organisms, organelle, tissue B. cell, molecule, atom, organ system, organ, organelle, population, tissue, organism, ecosystem, community C. molecule, cell, organism, organ system, tissue, atom, population, organ, organelle, community, ecosystem D. atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organs, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem

D. atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem

Kingdom Fungi includes species... A. such as mushrooms and plants B. that obtain food by ingestion. C. that use photosynthesis to obtain food. D. that obtain food by decomposing dead organisms and absorbing the nutrients

D. that obtain food by decomposing dead organisms and absorbing the nutrients

As the water cools and reaches the freezing temperature, water expands and makes it less ________. Aquatic organisms are protected with the ice on top of the water during the winter.

Dense

In order for the evaporation of water to occur, a large amount of heat is needed to break the hydrogen bonds. This high heat of __________ allows animals in a hot environment to release excess body heat, thus cooling the body.

Evaporation

The Linnaean classification of life forms is essentially an evolutionary tree used in phylogeny. True or False? If false, provide the correct answer.

False, because the phylogeny tree tries to show us the process of evolution of common genetic ancestors.

Type of bond and why? H-H 🠒 (hydrogen bond to hydrogen)

H-H 🠒 Non-polar covalent bond - Identical to each other - Equal electronegativity value / equal sharing of electrons.

Water is able to absorb a great deal of ________ before it boils while being able to hold that heat for a long period of time. This helps organisms maintain their normal internal temperature.

Heat

What has many characteristics beneficial to life? Because of _______ bonding between water molecules, it is a liquid at temperatures suitable for life.

Hydrogen

Types of R groups in amino acids

Hydrophobic & Hydrophilic (20 different amino acids)

Why does a denatured protein no longer function normally?

If the shape is altered, it can no longer function

What are isotopes?

Isotopes of an element have different numbers of neutrons than protons. The number of protons no longer = the number of neutrons. Therefore no longer = the number of electrons.

What does natural selection result from?

It selects for individuals with traits best suited to current environment (cannot create beneficial traits on demand)

Peptide bonds are

Link amino acids 🠒 Dehydration reactions

Type of bond and why? NaCl 🠒 (Sodium chloride)

NaCl 🠒 Ionic bond - because it transfers electrons - Chlorine has a much stronger electronegativity value than sodium.

In which of these bonding situations are electrons equally shared?

Nonpolar electrons are equally shared

Type of bond and why? O-H 🠒 (oxygen bond to hydrogen)

O-H 🠒 Polar covalent bond - Because oxygen is higher than hydrogen. - Electrons are not going to be shared equally. - Electrons (electronegativity) are going to spend more time with oxygen than hydrogen.

Type of bond and why? O=O 🠒

O=O 🠒 Non-polar covalent bond - Identical to each other - Equal electronegativity value / equal sharing of electrons.

What is the Linnaean system?

The Linnaean system assigns a genus and species to all living organisms, so they are not the same. It classifies organisms based on the physical traits that they share. It can group organisms together without even taking into account how they may be related ancestrally.

Why do proteins denature when their shape is altered and no longer can function?

Polypeptides chains to unravel Lose their shape then, no longer function

What are the two cell types?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Which cell type does not have a nucleus?

Prokaryotic cell

What kind of cells make up our bacteria? Prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells

Differences in amino acids

R groups

Water is considered a universal ________ that facilitates chemical reactions inside and out the cell.

Solvent

Proteins final three-dimensional shape

Tertiary structure

Enzymes catalyze the many reactions in a cell. There are hundreds of different enzymes in a cell - each with a unique three-dimensional shape. Why do cells have so many different enzymes?

The shape of an enzyme's active site generally fits a specific substrate.

Monomer subunit of proteins

amino acids

How are these two amino acids attached together?

amino group to carboxylic acid group

Which cell type has DNA?

both (prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells)

A single chain of amino acids

polypeptide

Which subatomic particle has a negative charge?

electron

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

enzymes

Which subatomic particle has no electric charge?

neutron

What does the atomic mass represent?

number of neutrons

What does the atomic number represent?

number of protons and neutrons

Which subatomic particle has a positive charge?

proton

Alpha helix of polypeptide strand

secondary structure

The structure of a protein is primarily determined by the...

sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

two or more polypeptide chains joined