Exam 1 (Brad)
A child is reinforced for cleaning up her room and for doing homework. Reinforcement for the homework is stopped. One could predict that cleaning up will: a. increase and doing homework will decrease. b. decrease and doing homework will also decrease. c. increase and doing homework will increase. d. decrease and doing homework will increase.
A
A cross dresser who only gets aroused when wearing women's clothing would be diagnosed with: a. Transvestic fetishism b. Exhibitionism c. Transvestism d. Gender identity disorder
A
A mother, father, and teenage son come to see you for family therapy. The family emigrated to the United States from a Latin American country five years ago. The son is not getting along with his parents and disobeys them constantly. Which of the following is a likely explanation for their problem? a. different levels of acculturation within the family b. the son has Conduct Disorder c. this is a common style of interaction in Latino families d. the son is frustrated because he is having trouble with the English language
A
A new professor is teaching her first class on feminist theory. What is she required to do? a. Present a balanced view of feminist theory vs. other theories b. Concentrate solely on feminist theory; it is a given that there are other views of psychology c. Use it as a forum for presenting her dissertation findings d. Present other theories, but explain why feminist theory is the most appropriate paradigm for women
A
A patient suffers damage to the spinal cord severe enough to cause numbness and tingling. However, the spinal cord is not severed. The patient is most likely experiencing: a. paresis. b. hemiplegia. c. quadriplegia. d. paraplegia.
A
A seizure that begins with uncontrollable twitching of a small part of the body and gradually spreads throughout one side or the entire body is referred to as: a. partial b. petit mal c. tonic-clonic d. generalized
A
A therapist using Beck's cognitive approach to therapy would rely primarily on which of the following to induce desirable changes in a depressed client? a. Socratic questioning b. interpretation c. reflecting d. clarification and explanation
A
A week before a controversial episode of a television sitcom is to be shown, a prominent Christian fundamentalist group calls for a sponsor boycott of the show and urges people not to watch it. The group's actions are highly publicized and the group's leader appears on a different talk show every day for the week before the show debuts to discuss the reasons why people shouldn't watch the show. The show's episode turns out to be the most watched episode in its history. This situation illustrates the phenomenon of a. psychological reactance. b. cognitive dissonance. c. overjustification. d. overcompensation.
A
A woman who was in a serious car accident six months ago sees a picture of a car in a newspaper and becomes anxious. This is an example of a. mediated generalization. b. higher-order conditioning. c. classical conditioning. d. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
A
According to Janet Helms' (1995) White Racial Identity Development Model, the final stage of racial identity development is: a. autonomy b. disintegration c. reintegration d. immersion-emersion
A
According to Self Verification Theory, a person who believes that he dances poorly would prefer to be told by friends: a. "You are a pretty bad dancer" b. "You are not a bad dancer" c. "You should become a professional dancer" d. nothing about dancing
A
According to current research, the best predictor(s) for alcoholism would be a. family history of alcoholism. b. environmental stresses and opportunities for observational learning. c. interpersonal pressure and identifications. d. age and SES.
A
According to social learning theory, job training would be most effective when using: a. behavioral modeling b. vestibule training c. reinforcement on a variable interval schedule d. reinforcers tailored to each employee's needs
A
All of the following statements regarding item response theory are true, except a. it cannot be applied in the attempt to develop culture-fair tests. b. it's a useful theory in the development of computer programs designed to create tests tailored to the individual's level of ability. c. one of its assumptions is that test items measure a "latent trait." d. it usually has little practical significance unless one is working with very large samples.
A
Although conclusions will vary across different studies, which of the following statements is most supported by the overall body of research on therapy outcome for African-American and Caucasian patients? a. There is no significant difference in outcome between African-American and Caucasian patients. b. African-American patients have better outcomes overall than Caucasian patients. c. Caucasian patients have better outcomes overall than African-American patients. d. Treatment outcomes for African-American patients are better but only when the therapist is also African-American.
A
An adolescent's behavior is motivated primarily by her needs for power and attention. Her problems would probably be best addressed by a therapist adopting the approach of: a. Adler. b. Ellis. c. Perls. d. Freud.
A
An advantage of using a MANOVA over multiple one-way ANOVAs is that a. the use of a MANOVA reduces the experiment-wise error rate. b. a MANOVA can be used when the study involves more than one dependent variable. c. a MANOVA is the more appropriate test when the researcher has an a priori hypotheses about the nature of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. d. a MANOVA involves simpler mathematical calculations.
A
Approximately 50% of children with Autism fail to speak or develop language skills. Those that do speak are most likely to show a. pronoun reversal. b. phoneme omissions. c. phonological errors. d. syllable reversal.
A
Behavioral assessments are useful for determining behavioral: a. contingencies b. consequences c. constraints d. interventions
A
In children, positive outcome following a traumatic event is most likely if the child: a. has adequate social support and a high level of skill in at least one activity. b. has a high level of intelligence. c. is male. d. has experienced a traumatic stressor.
A
In old age, the best predictor of adaptation would be: a. health. b. number of grandchildren. c. marital status. d. SES level.
A
Latane called this a social disease. It occurred when high-level employees were assessed on a combined effort. It turned out they produced less than when they were working individually. It's called: a. Social loafing b. Group think c. Social polarization d. Social facilitation
A
National surveys comparing rural and urban areas rates of mental disorders indicate: a. prevalence rates are not statistically different b. prevalence rates are significantly higher in rural areas for most mental disorders c. prevalence rates are significantly higher in urban areas for most mental disorders d. prevalence rates are statistically different with some disorders more common in rural or urban areas
A
Of the following ethnic groups which group is not considered a race? a. Hispanic b. Native American c. African-American d. Asian-American
A
Overall, research on the compressed work week suggests that its effects are: a. increased job satisfaction, with no effect on job performance. b. increased job performance, with no effect on job satisfaction. c. decreased job performance, with no effect on satisfaction. d. increased job performance and increased job satisfaction.
A
People with which of the following disorders experience a heightened recall of past experiences that have negative connotations with limited recall of past experiences that have neutral or positive connotations? a. Major Depression b. Hypochondriasis c. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder d. Avoidant Personality Disorder
A
Premature termination would be most likely to occur when a. an African-American client has a Caucasian therapist. b. an African-American client has an African-American therapist. c. a Caucasian client has an African-American therapist. d. a Caucasian client has a Caucasian therapist.
A
The Larry P. v. Riles case is important because it: a. defined the relationship between standard intellectual assessments and placement in Mental Retardation classes. b. was the first time a court addressed bias in job selection in private industry. c. relates to how much information must be revealed to research participants. d. limited certain restraint of trade clauses in the APA Ethics Code, such as using patient testimonials.
A
The difference between insanity and psychosis is that: a. insanity is a legal term and psychosis is a term used in mental health literature b. insanity is an outdated term and is no longer applied in legal cases, while psychosis is used both in mental health and legal literature c. insanity is legally a broader term, and subsumes the term psychosis d. insanity refers to disturbances in thought and emotion, while a psychotic disturbance, by definition, affects thought only
A
The drug most often abused by teenagers is a. alcohol. b. tobacco. c. marijuana. d. cocaine.
A
The realization that gender is unaffected by superficial changes in appearance or activity is referred to as: a. gender constancy b. gender stability c. gender identity d. ego-dystonic transvestism
A
The recurrence of hallucinations long after intoxication is most likely to result from the use of: a. Mescaline b. PCP c. Methamphetamine d. Cocaine
A
The technique which allows a researcher to identify the underlying (latent) factors that relate to a set of measured variables and the nature of the causal relationships between those factors is: a. structural equation modeling (SEM) b. cluster analysis c. Q-technique factor analysis d. survival analysis
A
Traditional Western approaches to individual psychotherapy can best be described as: a. linear and reductionist b. non-linear and holistic c. relativistic and abstract d. elitist and futile
A
Wernicke's, Broca's and conduction aphasia share which of the following difficulties? a. repeating what is said b. word prosody c. reception d. expression
A
When a multiple regression analysis is employed to predict outcome, there should be a. low intercorrelations among the predictors and high correlation of each predictor with the criterion. b. high intercorrelations among the predictors and high correlation of each predictor with the criterion. c. low intercorrelations among the predictors and low correlation of each predictor with the criterion. d. high intercorrelations among the predictors and low correlation of each predictor with the criterion.
A
When undertaking token economies with seriously disturbed individuals in mental institutions, one of the major problems with the program's efficacy has to do with a. generalization of behaviors. b. choice of reinforcers. c. exchange ratio. d. reinforcement value.
A
Which of the following disorders is most likely to respond to pharmacotherapy alone? a. Bipolar I Disorder. b. Major Depressive Disorder c. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. d. Anorexia Nervosa.
A
Which of the following is not a recommendation of APA's Guidelines for Providers of Service to Ethnic, Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations? a. Psychologists should downplay their own culture and emphasize the client's culture. b. Psychologists should help clients understand, maintain, and resolve their own sociocultural identification. c. Psychologists should seek to help determine whether a so-called "problem" stems from racism or bias in others so that clients don't inappropriately personalize problems. d. Psychologists should work to eliminate biases, prejudices, and discriminatory practices.
A
Which of the following is not true about members of self-directed work teams? a. Each member of a self-directed team has unique, specialized works skills to contribute to the group product. b. Members plan the group's work processes and set the group's work goals. c. Members may be authorized to hire their own replacements. d. Members of self-directed work teams tend to be absent more than members of traditional work groups.
A
Which of the following is the most likely indicator that a person is feigning a memory disorder? a. The person has lost memory of personal identity but his memory for most other past events is intact. b. The person's semantic memory is impaired but his procedural memory is intact. c. Verbal memory is intact but non-verbal memory is impaired. d. Memory for recent events in impaired but memory for remote events is intact.
A
You are starting a stop-smoking group and tell a newspaper reporter who smokes that he can participate in the group for free if he'll write an article about it for the local newspaper. This arrangement is a. unethical. b. ethical as long as you don't tell the reporter what to write about. c. ethical as long as you check to make sure that information about the group is accurate. d. ethical as long as the confidentiality of the group participants is not violated.
A
A MANOVA is used to statistically analyze data when: a. a study includes two or more independent variables b. a study includes two or more dependent variables c. there are more than two levels of a single independent variable d. a study includes at least one independent variable that is a between-groups variable and another independent variable that is a within-subjects variable
B
A client who claims that the disk jockey on a local rock n'roll radio station is speaking directly to him most likely: a. is experiencing a systematized delusion. b. is experiencing a delusion of reference. c. is experiencing a persecutory delusion. d. has heard the same song over and over again on the local "classic rock" station one too many times.
B
A man is able to achieve erections during sleep, but, has difficulty achieving or maintaining erections during sexual activities. The most appropriate diagnosis would be: a. Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder b. Male Erectile Disorder c. Sexual Aversion Disorder d. Sexual Dysfunction Not Otherwise Specified
B
A patient with right hemisphere damage is most likely to respond to jokes with which of the following reactions? a. indifference b. indifference or exaggerated jocularity c. frustration and irritation d. rage
B
A person's reactions to stress are most negative when the stress is unexpected. Moreover, a person's reactions are most affected by a. his or her actual capacity to cope with the stress. b. his or her beliefs regarding his or her ability to cope with the stress. c. the total number of stressors. d. the actual availability of adequate social support.
B
A pianist comes to your office for therapy after having sustained a head injury in a recent car accident. He has lost sensation in the fingers of his left hand and feels he "must be going crazy" because this is such a strange occurrence. Before you pull out the DSM-IV, you refer him to a neurologist because you suspect the head injury may have caused damage to the a. precentral gyrus. b. postcentral gyrus. c. lateral fissure. d. central sulcus.
B
A psychologist is consulted by the parents of a child who was referred by a pediatrician for evaluation. During the interview with the parents, they report the girl suffered a severe head injury which they haven't told the pediatrician about. Assuming appropriate consents have been obtained, the psychologist: a. should have the parents report this to the pediatrician. b. should report this to the pediatrician. c. should not report this until the parents tell the pediatrician first. d. should keep this information to herself.
B
A psychologist who obtained a Ph.D. in experimental psychology wants to change her specialty to clinical psychology. To meet the requirements set forth by the General Guidelines for Providers, the psychologist must a. complete an internship in clinical psychology under the supervision of a professional clinical psychologist. b. complete appropriate doctoral-level classes and supervised post-doctoral training. c. obtain a Ph.D. in clinical psychology from an accredited college or university. d. meet her state's requirements for licensure in clinical psychology.
B
A therapist working from the perspective of Minuchin's school of thought would examine a family system in terms of a. multigenerational transmission processes. b. subsystems and boundaries. c. fusion and differentiation. d. communication style.
B
A three-year-old sees a tree with droopy leaves and tells her father that the tree is "tired." This is an example of: a. magical thinking b. animistic thinking c. egocentricity d. centration
B
According to APA's Guidelines for Providers of Services to Ethnic, Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations, which of the following suggestions is most useful when working with a client from a minority background? a. Therapists should treat the client just like any other client. b. Therapists should remember that culture and ethnicity are significantly related to therapeutic issues. c. Therapists should downplay their own culture and emphasize the client's culture. d. Therapists should assume that the client's problems are due to discrimination and bias.
B
According to DSM-IV, patients who meet some but not all of the criteria for a particular diagnosis can still be assigned that diagnosis. This reflects the fact that: a. DSM-IV relies on a dimensional rather than a categorical approach to diagnosis. b. DSM-IV relies on a categorical rather than a dimensional approach to diagnosis. c. DSM-IV combines aspects of categorical and dimensional diagnosis. d. DSM-IV's approach to diagnostic classification is not valid.
B
According to Huesmann et al. (2003), the long-term effects of TV violence on children growing up in the 1970-80's, indicate childhood exposure to media violence: a. predicts young adult aggressive behavior only for males b. predicts young adult aggressive behavior for males and females c. predicts young adult aggressive behavior only for males with low social economic status or intellectual ability d. predicts young adult aggressive behavior only for males and females with low social economic status or intellectual ability
B
According to Kohlberg's theory, which of the following would be the best example of conventional morality? a. maximizing individual gains b. support of social standards c. behaving solely in line with one's own conscience d. behaving in such a way as to avoid risk and cost to the individual
B
According to Lenore Walker, which of the following best describes the dynamic that keeps battered women "hooked" into their relationship with the batterer? a. Due to having grown up in an abusive family, the victim believes that battering is a normal part of relationships. b. The costs of the abuse and the benefits of remaining in the relationship are about equal. c. The woman fears that the abuse will become even more severe if she tries to leave the relationship. d. The woman lacks knowledge about the resources available to help her leave the relationship.
B
According to McClelland's Need for Achievement theory, individuals high in Need for Achievement will prefer: a. difficult tasks which bring very high acclaim when achieved. b. moderately difficult tasks which are both attainable and difficult enough to satisfy the person's need to feel a sense of accomplishment. c. easy tasks which are very easy to achieve and therefore provide immediate gratification of the person's needs. d. any task which gives the person the opportunity for recognition and control over others
B
According to Piaget, when a child accommodates new information by forming a new schema or modifying an existing one, this results in a. decentration. b. equilibration. c. assimilation. d. symbolic representation.
B
According to recent meta-analyses of child psychotherapy outcome studies, which of the following statements is most true? a. There are no differences between the effectiveness of behavioral and non-behavioral interventions in the treatment of children. b. Girls respond better to psychotherapy than boys, with adolescent girls responding best. c. Girls respond better to psychotherapy than boys, with younger girls responding best. d. At all age levels, boys respond better to psychotherapy than girls.
B
An intervention targeting Bronfenbrenner's microsystem will focus on a. family members. b. family members and/or classmates. c. school and church. d. parents' work and friends.
B
Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that which of the following clients would be most likely to report benefitting from psychotherapy? a. a wealthy client who pays a very high fee b. a poor client who pays a very high fee c. a wealthy client who pays a very low fee d. a poor client who pays a very low fee
B
Complex Partial Seizure Disorder, formerly known as Temporal Lobe Epilepsy, is known to originate in the temporal lobe. However, absence seizures, formerly known as petit mal seizures, are believed to originate in the: a. cerebellum b. thalamus c. occipital lobe d. parietal lobe
B
Dementia due to Head Trauma a. is usually progressive in cases of moderate to severe trauma. b. is usually progressive only in cases of repeated head trauma. c. unlike other forms of Dementia, does not usually involve disturbances in executive functions. d. unlike other forms of Dementia, is associated more with deficits in executive functions than with memory impairment.
B
Differences in communication style can act as a barrier in cross-cultural counseling. For example, some cultures have a high-context style, while others are more low-context. Which of the following is true about high-context communication and culture? a. The communication found in high-context cultures reflects an emphasis on rules of law and procedures. b. People belonging to high-context cultures rely heavily on nonverbal cues when communicating with others. c. People in high-context cultures make extensive use of elaborative codes in their speech. d. High-context communication changes rapidly and easily.
B
Holland's approach to vocational guidance is based on the assumption that: a. interests motivate occupational choice b. behavior is a function of personality-environment congruence c. job satisfaction and performance are related to a match between aptitude and job requirements d. interests change in a predictable way over the course of the lifespan
B
If a man and a woman are each heterozygous for phenylketonuria (PKU), the probability that their next child will have PKU is: a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 100%
B
In addition to tolerance and withdrawal, which of the following is a criterion for the diagnosis "Substance Dependence?" a. daily use of the substance b. the substance is taken in larger amounts or over a longer period of time than was intended c. frequent cravings to use the substance d. recurrent substance-related legal problems
B
In terms of self-concept and social relationships, early physical maturity has been found to have which of the following effects for adolescents? a. positive effects for both males and females b. positive effects for males but not for females c. positive effects for females but not for males d. negative effects for both males and females
B
J. Berry, who views acculturation as a multidimensional construct, would describe an integrated client as one who: a. Has a low retention of the minority culture b. Has high maintenance of the mainstream culture c. Rejects the mainstream culture but has a high retention of the minority culture d. Gets along with others in the workplace
B
Journal reviewers who show strong bias against manuscripts that report results contrary to their theoretical perspective are demonstrating: a. self-serving bias b. confirmatory bias c. fundamental attribution bias d. self verification theory
B
Korsakoff's syndrome is a form of Alcohol-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder that is due to a. dehydration. b. thiamine deficiency. c. vitamin C deficiency. d. sensory impairment.
B
Memory for the rules of logic and inference is part of a. procedural memory. b. semantic memory. c. episodic memory. d. read-only memory
B
One of the most consistent findings of the research on client factors in the therapy process is that a. more seriously disturbed clients have better outcomes in therapy. b. higher levels of intelligence predict better therapy outcomes. c. age is significantly related to therapy outcome. d. men are more likely to seek therapy.
B
Positive and negative life events are likely to have which of the following types of effect on a person's sense of satisfaction and well-being? a. neither short-term nor long-term effects b. short-term but not long-term effects c. long-term but not short-term effects d. both short-term and long-term effects
B
Raising the cutoff score on a predictor test would have the effect of a. increasing true positives b. decreasing false positives c. decreasing true negatives d. decreasing false negatives.
B
Research investigating the relationship between sexual abuse in childhood and the development of Bulimia Nervosa in adulthood has found: a. the same rate as in the general population. b. a higher rate for children who were sexually abused. c. no significant relationship. d. a significant relationship for men but not for women.
B
Severe maternal malnutrition during the third trimester is correlated with a number of intellectual, social, and motor deficits in children. Which of the following statements regarding the physiological correlates of these deficits is most true? a. Maternal malnutrition in the third trimester is most likely to result in incomplete development of the autonomic nervous system. b. Maternal malnutrition in the third trimester seems to have its most severe negative impact on the developing brain. c. Maternal malnutrition in the third trimester is most likely to cause physical disabilities that prevent the child from developing at a normal rate. d. Maternal malnutrition in the third trimester is not likely to have a significant physiological effect on the developing fetus; observed deficits in these children are probably due to social and environmental causes.
B
Stuart's operant interpersonal therapy: a. is based on object relations theory b. encourages couples to focus on positive aspects of one's partner c. discourages the use of a "quid pro quo" approach among couples d. maintains that successful marriages are based on contingent punishments
B
The California Tarasoff Statute: a. Changed the Ethics Code in Canada and the United States b. Extended the duty to warn clause c. Was necessary as issues implicated by the Tarasoff case account for a majority of forensic cases d. Applies to everyone working in a public setting
B
The basic requirements of a token economy are: a. stimulus sensitization, choice of tokens, rate of exchange. b. target behaviors, choice of reinforcers, rate of exchange. c. goal setting, staff cooperation, choice of reinforcers. d. target behaviors, choice of tokens, primary reinforcers.
B
The best example of a secondary prevention program is a. a rehabilitation program. b. crisis intervention. c. a community education program. d. Head Start.
B
The best initial strategy for teaching complex motor skills that require speed and accuracy to be successfully performed is to: a. emphasize accuracy over speed b. emphasize speed over accuracy c. emphasize accuracy and speed equally d. emphasize an alternation between speed and accuracy
B
The difference between professional ethics and professional values is best stated by which of the following? a. If a psychologist is ethical, there should be no difference between ethics and values. b. Ethics are standards for practice set by the profession, while values refer to judgments of right and wrong. c. Ethics can be stated more specifically than values. d. Values specifically define appropriate professional conduct, while ethics are a more general code of proper professional conduct.
B
The most effective behavioral technique to reduce a school-aged child's temper tantrums is: a. modeling b. extinction c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement
B
The part of the brain that is compromised in Parkinson's Disease is the a. basal ganglia. b. substantia nigra. c. hypothalamus. d. frontal lobe.
B
The primary associated feature of the Somatoform Disorders is a. panic attacks. b. anxiety and depression. c. addiction to analgesics or mild tranquilizers. d. somatic delusions.
B
The research has shown that, in the treatment of nicotine dependence, adding a behavioral intervention to nicotine replacement therapy a. has little or no effect in terms of either short- or long-term abstinence. b. has little additional effect in terms of short-term abstinence but does improve long-term abstinence. c. has some additional effect in terms of short-term abstinence but doesn't improve long-term abstinence. d. has a substantial effect on both short- and long-term abstinence.
B
The suicide rate for African-American adolescent males over the past few decades has been: a. higher than the rate for white adolescent males, but there has recently been an increase in the rates for both groups. b. lower than the rate for white adolescents males, but there has been an increase in the rates for both groups. c. higher than the rate for white adolescent males, but there has recently been a decrease in the rates for both groups. d. lower than the rate for white adolescent males, but there has been a decrease in the rates for both groups.
B
There is evidence that the effectiveness of systematic desensitization for reducing anxiety is actually due to repeated exposure to the feared stimulus, which leads to extinction of the anxiety response. However, systematic desensitization was originally developed as an application of a. negative reinforcement. b. counterconditioning. c. stimulus discrimination. d. avoidance conditioning.
B
Typically, the onset of the SSRIs antidepressant effect begins within a few: a. months b. weeks c. days d. hours
B
When helping his younger sister with her homework, an older brother "thinks aloud" while solving problems and gives his sister suggestions and support. This is best described as a. mentoring. b. scaffolding. c. social facilitation. d. social referencing.
B
When looking at an item characteristic curve (ICC), which of the following provides information about how well the item discriminates between high and low achievers? a. the Y-intercept b. the slope of the curve c. the position of the curve (left versus right) d. the position of the curve (top versus bottom)
B
When random assignment of subjects to groups is not possible, researchers use: a. Experimental design b. Quasi-experimental design c. Developmental research d. Longitudinal research
B
Which of the following is most associated with unusual perceptual experiences? a. Generalized Anxiety Disorder b. Panic Disorder c. Adjustment Disorder d. Dysthymic Disorder
B
Which of the following is most true of Type I Schizophrenia as described by Timothy Crow? a. There will be a poor prognosis. b. The symptoms are due to a neurotransmitter abnormality. c. A majority of symptoms will begin in adolescence. d. It will not respond to most antipsychotic medications.
B
Which of the following is one of the first signs of AIDS-related dementia? a. loss of abstract thinking functions b. mild memory loss for recent events c. seizures d. apathy
B
Which of the following structures develops last? a. cerebellum b. frontal lobe c. occipital lobe d. temporal lobe
B
Which of the following would most indicate malingering (i.e., an attempt to "fake bad") on the MMPI-2? a. high K score b. high F score c. low F score d. high L score
B
Working Memory is an expansion of the WISC-III Freedom from Distractibility factor. It is comprised of which of the following scales? a. Coding, symbol search, digit span b. Arithmetic and digit-span c. Perceptual organization, comprehension, similarities d. Digit-span, picture arrangement, coding
B
You belong to a managed-care panel and a client with a 12-session limit was referred to you. Without calling to cancel, she does not show up for her fourth session. How would you bill for the missed session? a. bill the insurance company b. bill the client according to office policies c. bill the client for the co-payment and the insurance company for the no-show d. you cannot bill either the client or insurance company
B
You have been seeing a client for several months and believe that treatment has been a success. When you suggest termination to the client, he expresses a desire to continue therapy. Both you and the client are unable to come up with additional treatment goals; however, the client states that he really looks forward to coming to therapy just to talk. In this situation, you should: a. terminate treatment immediately. b. terminate treatment after a period of pretermination counseling, in which the client's reasons for not wanting to terminate are explored. c. continue seeing the client until he is ready to end therapy. d. seek consultation.
B
A diagnosis of Mental Retardation requires the person to have subaverage intelligence and: a. an I.Q. score of 55 or below b. two or more Learning Disorders c. onset before age 18 d. clinically significant deficits in social skills
C
A man says that if he goes to watch his favorite baseball team play, his team will lose, despite the team's excellent record. This man's statement is an example of a(n): a. delusion b. fundamental attribution bias c. illusory correlation d. self-fulfilling prophesy
C
A patient uses similar phonemes or words instead of the specific words required. What impairment does the patient have? a. apraxia b. dysarthria c. paraphasias d. dysprosody
C
A psychologist is asked by the attorney for the father in a divorce procedure to determine, in his expert opinion, which parent is better able to care for the children. The father is in the same state as the psychologist but the mother is in a distant state. The psychologist should a. agree to evaluate the father and give his opinion as requested as long as the conclusions are not influenced by who pays the fee. b. evaluate the father but not send the report until asked for it by the judge. c. evaluate the children and both parents before giving such an opinion. d. refuse to accept this work since there can be no firm predictions made as to which parent would be better able to care for the children.
C
A psychologist is working for a company that changes health care providers due to cost-effectiveness. The new provider has a policy that compromises the employee's future limits to confidentiality. The psychologist should a. refuse to follow the new procedures and leave immediately. b. outline her points of dissatisfaction and send it to the new provider. c. make clear with each client the company's new limits to confidentiality. d. organize a strike and call CNN.
C
A researcher studying the relationship between age and job satisfaction collects data for a group of young, middle-aged, and older workers. The researcher can expect to find that a. the young people are most satisfied with their jobs. b. the middle-aged people are most satisfied with their jobs. c. the older people are most satisfied with their jobs. d. there is no difference between the three groups in terms of their job satisfaction.
C
A whisper being audible in a library reading room, but not in a busy cafeteria is explained by: a. the all-or-nothing principle b. the "law of effect" c. Weber's law d. the "law of proximity"
C
According to Horn and Cattell (1966) a. crystallized and fluid intelligence become more integrated in later adulthood. b. crystallized and fluid intelligence are uncorrelated. c. crystallized intelligence develops through the use of fluid intelligence. d. fluid (but not crystallized) intelligence depends on exposure to particular cultural and educational experiences.
C
According to Margaret Mahler, individuation involves a. developing relationships with significant others. b. developing an interest in the outside world. c. coming to recognize the existence of self and others. d. coming to recognize that Mother does not cease to exist when she disappears from sight.
C
According to the central limit theorem, a. as sample size increases, the shape of a sample distribution becomes more normal. b. as the size of a sampling distribution of means increases, its distribution becomes more normal. c. as sample size increases, the shape of a sampling distribution of means becomes more normal. d. as sample size increases, the shape of a sampling distribution of means approximates the shape of the population distribution.
C
Alzheimer's is related to an under production of a. serotonin b. GABA c. Acetylcholine d. Glutamate
C
An elevated F score on the MMPI-2 (i.e., the F is greater than 70 and the K is very low) indicates that the: a. person is answering in a socially desirable manner. b. score should be considered in relation to the total profile. c. person is likely being careless or deliberately malingering. d. total profile can be considered valid.
C
An older brother helps his younger brother to build a fort by giving his brother verbal explanations and suggestions as they go. The researcher who would use this as an illustration of his theory is: a. Piaget b. Patterson c. Vygotsky d. Erikson.
C
As an organizational psychologist, Dr. Jobb will recommend frame-of-reference training in order to a. improve the accuracy of selection decisions. b. enhance communication among team members. c. reduce rater biases on performance appraisals. d. improve leadership effectiveness.
C
By the time an individual diagnosed with __________________ reaches middle age, particularly the fourth decade of life, the symptoms often become less evident or remit to no longer meeting all the diagnostic criteria. a. Histrionic Personality Disorder b. Avoidant Personality Disorder c. Antisocial Personality Disorder d. Schizotypal Personality Disorder
C
Children with Generalized Anxiety Disorder most frequently worry about: a. being away from home or close relatives b. being embarrassed in public c. performance in school or sporting events d. having an illness
C
Componential, experiential, and practical are the three aspects of which intelligence model? a. Gardner b. Cattell and Horn c. Sternberg d. Perkins
C
Consuming foods containing tyramine while taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor would most likely result in: a. depression b. hypotension c. hypertension d. no adverse reactions
C
Delinquency in adolescence is most associated with: a. low income families and low IQ score. b. a mother who works outside the home and an unemployed father. c. weak parental supervision and parental rejection. d. harsh physical punishment and unreasonable rules.
C
Following a stroke or head trauma, which of the following memory functions is most likely to be affected? a. iconic memory b. long-term store c. memory for newly learned information d. verbal memory
C
Huntington's Disease is most associated with decreased amounts of: a. dopamine b. epinephrine c. GABA d. norepinephrine
C
In an experiment, a psychologist establishes a conditioned startle response to a flashing red light by pairing presentation of the light with a loud noise that naturally elicits a startle reaction. Subsequently, the red light is simultaneously presented with a strong odor just before the loud noise. After many of these conditioning trials, which of the following is likely to occur when the strong odor is presented alone? a. The strong odor will produce a startle response that is even stronger than the response produced by the red light due to sensitization of the subject. b. The strong odor will produce a very weak or no startle response due to habituation. c. The strong odor will not produce a startle response because blocking will have occurred. d. The strong odor may or may not produce a startle response depending on the original strength of the subject's response to the loud noise.
C
Linnehan's dialectical behavioral therapy is a combination of psychoeducation and cognitive therapy that involves a. intensive individual sessions. b. family therapy. c. individual and group sessions. d. group therapy.
C
Meta-analyses on gender differences in leadership have found that female leaders are: a. more effective than male leaders overall b. less effective than male leaders overall c. equally effective as male leaders overall d. more effective than male leaders in first-level management positions, but males are more effective in middle management positions
C
One of the criteria for the diagnosis of autism is: a. Difficulty with phonemes b. Difficulty with morphemes c. Reversal of pronouns d. Reversal of sentences
C
Patterson's coercive family interactive model would predict a. parents who "bribe" their children to act appropriately will meet with limited success. b. hostile aggressive children change a parent's disciplinary technique. c. children initially learn aggressive behaviors from their parents. d. children often learn aggressive behavior at school and then this generalizes.
C
Recent research indicates the most effective treatment for antisocial behavior in juvenile offenders is: a. behavioral-reinforcement b. structured family intervention with parental training c. multi-systemic therapy d. victims family therapy
C
The findings from longitudinal research on divorce risk factors by John M. Gottman and his colleagues indicate: a. suppression of negative affect is associated with a high risk of divorce b. suppression of negative and positive affect is associated with a high risk of early divorce c. criticism, defensiveness, contempt and stonewalling predicts a high risk of early divorce d. criticism, defensiveness, contempt and stonewalling predicts a high risk of later divorce
C
The friend of a psychologist is the owner of a small publishing firm. The friend offers the psychologist substantial compensation if she would lend her name to endorsements for his publications, and at times advise and consult on book acquisitions and marketing plans. The psychologist: a. could accept this as long as APA affiliation is not mentioned in the endorsements. b. could accept this only if the publications she would be dealing with are in her area of competency. c. could accept this only if the publications she would be dealing with are in her area of competency, and the endorsements will be based on the psychologist's honest opinion of the publications. d. should consult the local ethics committee before making her decision.
C
The parents of a child with Mental Retardation are most likely to say that, during infancy, one of the earliest signs that something "was wrong" was a. the child's failure to cuddle. b. the child's lack of eye contact. c. the child's lack of interest in the environment. d. the persistence of primitive reflexes.
C
The purpose of rotation in factor analysis is to facilitate interpretation of the factors. Rotation: a. alters the factor loadings for each variable but not the eigenvalue for each factor b. alters the eigenvalue for each factor but not the factor loadings for the variables c. alters the factor loadings for each variable and the eigenvalue for each factor d. does not alter the eigenvalue for each factor nor the factor loadings for the variables
C
The symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder can be alleviated through cognitive-behavioral treatments and medication interventions that reduce activity in the a. reticular activating system. b. inferior colliculus. c. caudate nucleus. d. locus coeruleus.
C
The term "group polarization" refers to the tendency of groups to make decisions that are a. more risky than those that might be made by individual members. b. more conservative than those that might be made by individual members. c. more risky or more conservative than those that might be made by individual members. d. more illogical than those that might be made by individual members.
C
The theory that proposes convergent and divergent thinking as dimensions of intelligence is associated with: a. Galton b. Thurstone c. Guilford d. Cattell
C
The validity coefficient of a new job selection test is 0.25. This test would most likely be useful when: a. the percentage of correct hiring decisions without the new test is very low b. the percentage of correct hiring decisions without the new test is very high c. there are many applicants for few job openings d. there are few applicants for many job openings
C
To determine whether or not the doctrine of comparable worth is lived up to in an organization, one would rely on a. the perceptions of employees. b. a job description. c. a job evaluation. d. a task analysis.
C
To reduce a child's aggressive behavior, the best approach is to: a. punish the aggression consistently and harshly. b. use differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors. c. identify the consequences of the behavior and alternatives to it. d. have the child vent his or her aggressive feelings by hitting a pillow.
C
Transactional leaders who wait for mistakes to be brought to their attention before taking corrective action are engaging in: a. corrective transactions b. contingent rewarding c. passive management-by-exception d. active management-by-exception
C
Use of which of the following strategies is most likely to increase a person's level of chronic pain? a. biofeedback b. active coping c. passive coping d. cognitive-behavioral therapy
C
Walking through a dark park at night, you hear footsteps behind you. You think it may be a mugger so your breathing deepens and heart beats faster, at the same time you experience fear. This is an example of which theory? a. Cannon-Bard b. James-Lange c. Lazarus d. Schachter-Singer
C
What is the approximate probability that a person with a Schizophrenic brother (not an identical or fraternal twin) would also have Schizophrenia? a. 60% b. 45% c. 10% d. 0.5%
C
When men and women are asked to judge photos of women's faces: a. attractive women are viewed as less intelligent. b. there is no relation between ratings of beauty and personality. c. unattractive women are rated as having less positive personalities. d. women and men disagree on standards of facial beauty.
C
When you look up to a person, are influenced by that person, identify with that person and hold them in high regard, that person has: a. Expert power b. Coercive power c. Referent power d. Reward power
C
Which of the following is an example of assimilation? a. Arranging flowers in a vase b. Changing your clothes to please your spouse c. Calling the daisies and ferns arranged in a vase "posies" d. Putting on a coat in the winter
C
Which of the following models of leadership provides a "decision tree" to help a leader determine whether an autocratic, consultative, or consensual decision-making approach is best given the nature of the work situation? a. Fiedler's contingency model b. Hersey and Blanchard's situational model c. Vroom and Yetton's normative model d. House's path-goal model
C
You are seeing a client who exhibits all the major symptoms of a Major Depressive episode. You should a. invite his wife in to aid in completing a more comprehensive family history. b. assess for early child abuse. c. refer him to a psychiatrist for a medical evaluation. d. assess for recent deaths in his family.
C
You are seeing a family consisting of a mother, a father, and a daughter in therapy. Every time the mother says something, the father and the daughter argue with whatever she says. The behavior of the father and the daughter can be best described by the term a. triangulation. b. fusion. c. coalition. d. joining.
C
Your managed care company denies to pay for further sessions for a client and requests that you do not tell the client of its decision. In this situation, you should a. terminate with the client as requested. b. continue to provide treatment to the client if you believe the client could benefit from treatment. c. inform the client of all aspects of this decision that are relevant to treatment. d. seek the advice of an attorney regarding a possible lawsuit against the managed care company.
C
___________________ may result in a job performance measure having low validity, even though it is reliable. a. differential validity b. criterion contamination c. criterion deficiency d. researcher deficiency
C
A 16-year-old girl tells her therapist that she wants to kill herself and that she's been thinking of using her mother's prescription pain pills to overdose. The therapist then tells her that he will have to tell her parents about her suicide risk. The girl becomes enraged and says that she would not have disclosed the information if she knew that the therapist would tell her parents. The therapist should: a. agree not to tell the parents if the girl agrees to a no-harm contract b. agree not to tell the parents, but tell them without the girl's knowledge c. tell the parents and refer the girl to another therapist because she will probably not be able to trust the therapist again d. tell the parents and apologize to the girl for having to do so
D
A Hypomanic Episode would most likely result in: a. decreased productivity, decreased efficiency, and decreased creativity b. decreased productivity, decreased efficiency, and increased creativity c. increased productivity, decreased efficiency, and decreased creativity d. increased productivity, increased efficiency, and increased creativity
D
A culturally-encapsulated therapist: a. exhibits a bias that involves interpreting all of the presenting problems of minority clients as the direct result of cultural factors. b. has had little or no contact with members of minority groups and exhibits a lack of interest in working with these individuals in therapy. c. attempts to overcome his or her cultural biases by adopting a "culture-blind" perspective that may or may not be appropriate. d. tends to accept cultural stereotypes about members of minority groups without question and is unaware of his or her cultural biases.
D
A multivariate analysis of variance would be used to analyze collected data when: a. the researcher wants to analyze the effects of an extraneous variable b. the researcher wants to remove the effects of an extraneous variable c. the study includes two or more independent variables d. the study includes two or more dependent variables
D
A primary reinforcer is the same as: a. A conditioned reinforcer b. The first reinforcer used c. Pseudoconditioning d. An unconditioned reinforcer
D
A psychologist compliments several of his co-workers on their clothing. One of his female co-workers indicates that she is not comfortable with these type of comments and asks him to stop. He complies with her request. His behavior is: a. Unacceptable b. Unethical c. Sexual harassment d. Acceptable
D
A psychologist receives a request for information about treatment for a patient from the patient's insurance carrier. The request for a treatment report includes the appropriate signed authorization from the patient. The psychologist should: a. not provide the information because this is still an unsettled issue. b. provide only the dates of service and the diagnosis. c. refuse the request unless the patient himself or herself asks that it be sent. d. provide the information requested.
D
A psychologist sees clients at a facility where fees are capitated. What does this mean? a. providers are paid a fee each time a service is performed b. clients are billed according to their ability to play c. clients are required to meet a deductible before their insurance will pay d. providers receive a fixed dollar amount over a specific period of time to cover the service needs of a fixed number of clients
D
A study is conducted to determine the effectiveness of 3 different reading programs on reading comprehension. The participants are 5th grade students who are divided into 3 levels based on their past reading comprehension (below average, average, and above average). Results from a factorial ANOVA indicate that there are significant main effects of each variable and a significant interaction effect. Based on these results, one could conclude that: a. each of the reading programs is equally effective for students at every reading level b. only one of the reading programs is effective for students at every reading level c. the reading programs are only effective for students at a particular reading level d. the most effective reading program is dependent on the student's reading level
D
According to M. Seligman's theory of learned optimism, a student with an optimistic attribution style who fails an exam in a class which he usually does well in is most likely to say: a. "I was unlucky" b. "I didn't study enough" c. "the teacher is always a tough grader" d. "the test was hard this time"
D
According to Sue and Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model, a person in the dissonance stage would experience: a. appreciation of the self and depreciation of the dominant group b. depreciation of the self and appreciation of the dominant group c. appreciation of the self and the dominant group d. conflict between appreciation and depreciation of the self and the dominant group
D
According to the theory underlying Gestalt therapy, introjection involves: a. viewing other people's emotions as one's own b. failing to develop a healthy "social interest" c. blaming oneself for the problems of others d. interpreting the values of the larger society as one's own
D
All of the following are factors that typically distinguish Dissociative Amnesia from amnesia due to known physical causes, except a. in Dissociative Amnesia, memory loss is primarily for autobiographical information. b. in Dissociative Amnesia, cognitive abilities are usually preserved. c. in Dissociative Amnesia, memory loss can be reversed. d. in Dissociative Amnesia, memory impairment is typically limited to information occurring immediately before an emotional trauma.
D
Beck's cognitive therapy includes all of the following characteristics except: a. it is referred to as "collaborative empiricism." b. it is structured and goal-oriented. c. relapse prevention is a focus throughout. d. it is based on an elaboration likelihood model.
D
Children with a history of bilateral otitis media score lowest on which of the following WISC subtests? a. freedom from distractibility b. perceptual organization c. processing speed d. verbal comprehension
D
Children's memory for early events: a. cannot be recalled by most after age 3 b. is limited and constant c. changes after age 2 d. changes as it develops over time
D
Clomipramine and fluoxetine alleviate the symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder by affecting levels of a. epinephrine. b. norepinephrine. c. dopamine. d. serotonin.
D
Curriculum-based assessment is a. a form of norm-referenced assessment designed to compare the performance of students to other students who are receiving the same type of instruction. b. used to evaluate a curriculum in order to identify how it should be improved or changed. c. used to compare the curriculum at an educational institution to that of other institutions with similar students and goals. d. used to evaluate student performance in light of the current curriculum and identify possible modifications in instructional style.
D
Decisions made by a group are typically better than those made individually when: a. the group is highly cohesive b. the group leader is directive c. the task requires a high degree of creativity d. members of the group have complementary skills
D
From the perspective of psychoanalytic theory, mania represents: a. a biological illness that psychoanalysis can do nothing about. b. acting-out of libidinous impulses. c. a regression to an infantile state. d. a defense against depression.
D
If a job selection test has lower validity for Hispanics as compared to White or African-Americans, you could say that ethnicity is acting as a: a. confounding variable b. criterion contaminator c. discriminant variable d. moderator variable
D
If someone achieves a score of 30 on a standardized test with a standard error of measurement of 5 points, what is the approximate probability that the person's true score is between 20 and 40? a. 2/3 b. 4/5 c. 9/10 d. 19/20
D
If you want to keep a borderline patient involved with group therapy, what would be the best technique? a. You have them consult with a psychiatrist for a medication evaluation. b. You help the patient with the defense mechanism of splitting. c. You invite a client with a histrionic personality disorder to join the group. d. Offer individual therapy in addition to group therapy.
D
In a job selection decision, age can be used as an exclusionary criterion a. never. b. if there is a ruling from the appropriate federal agency allowing it. c. if there is a significant difference in mean ages of incumbents and applicants. d. if age is directly related to job performance.
D
In most species of animals the differences between males and females in body size and shape is referred to as: a. androgyny b. sexual bifurcation c. gender dichotomy d. sexual dimorphism
D
In the context of expectancy theory, valence refers to: a. the willingness of a worker to exert effort. b. the strength of the worker's needs. c. the desirability of the job itself. d. the desirability of the consequences of performance.
D
Normal aging is least likely to negatively affect: a. free recall b. cued recall c. working memory d. picture recognition
D
Patients with depression typically have: a. more rapid onset of REM sleep b. decreased slow wave sleep c. increased percentage of REM sleep d. all of the above
D
Recent longitudinal studies investigating the relationship between menopause and psychological well-being have suggested that: a. women experiencing menopause are more likely to report significant depression than pre-menopausal or post-menopausal women. b. post-menopausal women are likely to have higher general levels of psychological well-being than either pre-menopausal women or women in the midst of menopause. c. pre-menopausal are likely to have higher general levels of psychological well-being than either post-menopausal women or women in the midst of menopause. d. there is no evidence that menopause is linked to either depression or psychological well-being.
D
Research by Sue and his colleagues (1991) suggests that which of the following clients is most likely to return for a second session of psychotherapy? a. an African-American client b. a Latino-American client c. an Anglo-American client d. an Asian-American client
D
Stimulus A is paired with stimulus B. Stimulus B is then paired with stimulus C until stimulus C elicits the same response that was elicited by stimulus A. This is an example of: a. chaining b. shaping c. secondary reinforcement d. higher-order conditioning
D
The Solomon four-group design is: a. a quasi-experimental design b. used to analyze the difference scores among four different treatment groups c. used to reduce practice effects d. used to evaluate the effects of pretesting
D
The basic assumption of Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence is reflected best in which of the following statements a. Intelligence is best defined in terms of the ability to deal with abstract concepts. b. Intelligence assessment requires the use of simple quantified measures such as paper-and-pencil tests. c. In assessing intelligence, learning to be an efficient processor of information is more important than genetic factors. d. In assessing intelligence, the society in which a person lives evaluates how intelligent a person is thought to be.
D
The best predictor of treatment outcome among adult substance abusers is: a. age b. ethnicity c. history of criminal behavior d. severity of substance abuse problems
D
The best treatment for someone who has difficulty making friends, is shy, and can't maintain steady employment is: a. individual social skills training. b. paradoxical intention. c. token economy. d. group social skills training.
D
The brand name for one of the medications used for ADHD is: a. Tegretol b. Depakote c. Dolophine d. Dexedrine
D
The cortex is the least developed part of the brain at birth. Subsequent development is due primarily to: a. the growth of new neurons b the growth of new neurons and glial cells. c. increases in the size of existing neurons. d. myelination of existing neurons.
D
The factor loading for Test A and Factor II is .80 in a factor matrix. This means that: a. only 80% of variability in Test A is accounted for by the factor analysis b. only 64% of variability in Test A is accounted for by the factor analysis c. 80% of variability in Test A is accounted for by Factor II d. 64% of variability in Test A is accounted for by Factor II
D
The major threat to internal validity of a time-series quasi-experiment would be a. maturation b. selection. c. regression. d. history.
D
The tendency to rate all using the low end of the rating scale is referred to as: a. floor effect b. contrast effect c. central tendency bias d. severity error
D
Thinning refers to the process of: a. switching from a fixed interval to a fixed ratio schedule b. switching from a variable interval to a variable ratio schedule c. switching from an intermittent to a continuous schedule d. switching from a continuous to an intermittent schedule
D
When a psychologist believes that her patient's records will be used in a legal proceeding, she should: a. rewrite them to meet the higher standards of a forensic setting b. avoid the use of any psychological terminology in favor of legal terminology c. maintain them in the same kind and quality as all of her patients' records d. maintain them in the kind and quality consistent with reasonable scrutiny in an adjudicative forum
D
Which of the following is most consistent with the research regarding childhood sexual abuse? a. the effects are less severe for younger children compared to older children b. the effects are less severe the older the perpetrator is at the time of the abuse c. the effects are less severe when the perpetrator is a family member d. the effects are less severe when the perpetrator is a stranger
D
Which of the following personality variables is significantly correlated with job performance across the widest variety of occupations? a. agreeableness b. emotional stability c. extraversion d. conscientiousness
D
Which of the following would be used to determine the probability that examinees of different ability levels are able to answer a particular test item correctly? a. criterion-related validity coefficient b. item discrimination index c. item difficulty index d. item characteristic curve
D
You are a psychologist in private practice and, due to a heavy case load, you decide to work with another psychologist. The second psychologist will see many of the clients and share office space with you. You agree to give this psychologist 50% of all fees received. This arrangement is a. unethical, because the ethical standards prohibit fees for referrals. b. unethical, because it threatens the best interests of the clients. c. unethical, because the clients will be misled about their fees. d. ethical.
D
You are an organizational process consultant hired by a hospital. Several nurses tell you they feel they're being overworked and underpaid. In this case, your most likely intervention would be to a. explain the nurses' concerns to the hospital administrators. b. conduct a job analysis to determine how much the nurses deserve to be paid and present your results to the hospital administrators. c. act with the best interests of the hospital's patients in mind. d. help the nurses organize regular meetings with the physicians and administrators to discuss their concerns.
D
You have been attempting to collect payment from a former patient of yours who did not pay for his final two months of therapy. One day, you get a letter from a state hospital where that former patient is now currently a patient. The letter includes a request for a copy of your records of the patient's treatment along with a signed release of information. In this situation, you should a. refuse to supply any information to the hospital until the bill is paid. b. send a summary of the records to the hospital along with a copy of a bill for the unpaid therapy fees. c. go to the hospital and talk to the patient about the situation. d. provide the information requested by the hospital.
D
You see a substance abuser who has been referred to therapy as a condition of probation. The man tells you that he is seeking therapy only to avoid jail time and that he does not think he needs therapy. Regarding informed consent in this situation, which of the following statements is true? a. You don't have to get informed consent because the judge ordered treatment. b. You don't have to obtain informed consent because convicted criminals don't have the right to refuse treatment. c. You don't have to obtain informed consent because there's no way that consent can truly be informed in this situation. d. You cannot treat the patient unless you obtain his informed consent.
D