Exam 1: Chapter 1
___________ studies the form and structure of the body
Anatomy
The visceral pleura: ⬝ lines the internal surface of the abdominal wall ⬝ covers the external surface of abdominal organs ⬝ covers the external surface of the lungs ⬝ lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall
covers the external surface of the lungs
If the homeostatic system fails, or homeostatic imibalance occurs what is the consequence
death or disease
The anatomical term for fingers or toes is __________
digital
If a physician makes an incision into the abdomen along the midsagittal plane, superior to the umbilicus and just inferior to the thoracic diaphragm, then the skin of the
epigastric abdominopelvic region
define comparative anatomy
examines anatomical similarities and differences in different species
define regional anatomy
examines the structures in a body region; utilized by most medical school
define respiratory physiology
explores functioning of respiratory organs; examines how respiratory gasses are transferred by gas exchange between blood vessels and lungs
True or false: because the end result of a positive feedback mechanism is to increase the activity, positive feedback mechanisms are much more common than negative feedback mechanisms.
false
define surface anatomy
focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them; predominately utilized by health care providers
define pathophysiology
focuses on the function of a body system during disease or injury to the system
the term antebrachial refers to which body region?
forearm
What parts of the body does the axial region include?
head, neck, trunk forms main vertical axis of body
define the word plane
imaginary flat surface passing through body; 3 types
The anatomical term describing the groin is ____
inguinal
Define Cranial cavity
part of posterior aspect formed by bones of cranium houses brain
Define vertebral canal
part of posterior aspect formed by bones of vertebral column houses spinal cord
_________ describes the mechanisms by which different nutrients are broken down.
physiology
Calcaneal is to heel as __________ is to sole of the foot.
plantar
The anatomical term for the thumb is ____
pollex
Uterine contractions of childbirth are an example of which type of a _________ feedback loop.
positive
When a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climatic event occurs, it is best described as ________ feedback.
positive
In terms of anatomic directional terms, ____ means in back of or toward the back surface.
posterior
What is the opposite anatomical directional term for: anterior
posterior
Which directional term would be most appropriate in the sentence "The elbow is _____________ to the wrist"?
proximal
_______ is the anatomic directional term which means "closest to the point of attachment to the trunk".
proximal
_________ investigates relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures. a. surface anatomy b. pathologic anatomy c. comparative anatomy d. radiographic anatomy
radiographic anatomy
________ may explore all of the body structures in the anterior neck. a. radiologic anatomy b. surface anatomy c. systemic anatomy d. regional anatomy
regional anatomy
When an organism senses and reacts to changes in their internal or external environments, this is an example of ______ a. reproduction b. responsiveness c. metabolism d. organization
responsiveness
The significant difference between the posterior aspect and the ventral cavity is that the subdivisions of the ventral cavity are lined with _____________ membranes a. integumentary b. mediastinum c. serous d. smooth
serous
The ________ canal contains the spinal cord.
spinal
define embryology
studies developmental changes from conception to birth
define neurophysiology
studies functioning of nerves and nervous system organs
Define systemic anatomy
studies the anatomy of each body system; most undergraduate anatomy and physiology classes use this systematic approach
Define microscopic anatomy.
study of structures too small to be seen by the unaided eye specimens are examined under a microscope
_________ is the anatomic directional term which means "on the outside" or "toward the skin".
superficial
What are the 5 divisions of Gross Anatomy
systemic regional surface comparative embryology
Define the term homeostasis
the ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions
The ventral cavity is subdivided into what 2 categories? a. cranial cavity; vertebral canal b. thoracic cavity ; abdominopelvic cavity c. serous cavity ; cranial cavity
thoracic cavity ; abdominopelvic cavity
Define the pericardium
two-layered serous membrane o parietal pericardium - Outer layer, which forms the sac around the heart o visceral pericardium - Forms the heart's external surface o pericardial cavity - Space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid
What percentage of the population has values outside the normal homeostatic range?
5%
What is the normal blood glucose?
80-110 mg/dL
What is the normal blood pressure?
90-120/60-80 mm Hg
What is the normal body temperature?
98.6°F
Does a higher level of organization contain all the levels beneath it? Explain.
A higher level of organization does contain all of the levels beneath it. Each level of organization is a function of the arrangement of its subsequent subunits, which are in turn a function of the organization of their subunits. Therefore, each level organization is dependent on the organization of all of the levels below.
Compare and contrast how anatomists and physiologists specifically describe the small intestine.
Anatomists typically focus on the form and structure of an organ such as the small intestine. Physiologists tend to focus on the function of an organ or a system. However, both anatomists and physiologists recognize that form and function are interrelated.
_________ describes the muscle layers in the wall of the small intestine.
Anatomy
Examining the superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures as they relate to the covering skin is called: a. regional anatomy b. surface anatomy c. pathologic anatomy d. comparative anatomy
B. Surface Anatomy
Give an example of a homeostatic imbalance?
Diabetes
What is the function of the urinary organ system?
Filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules Concentrates waste products in form of urine Expels urine from body
The anatomical term for buttock is _______
Gluteal
__________ anatomy is also called macroscopic anatomy.
Gross
What is the function of the digestive organ system?
Mechanically and chemically digests food Absorbs nutrients Expels waste products
_____________ feedback reverses change to return conditions to their set points, whereas _____________ feedback increases the rate of change away from the set points
Negative; positive
Define the term sagittal plane
Parallel to midsagittal, but left or right of midsagittal; divides structure into unequal portions
Define the term oblique plane
Passes through structure at an angle
________________ examines the function of various organ systems.
Physiologist
_____________ __________ is completely encased in bone. a. Ventral Cavity B. posterior Aspect C. Axial Region D. Appendicular Region
Posterior Aspect
What is the function of the female reproductive organ system?
Produces female sex cells (oocytes) Produces female hormone (estrogen and progesterone) Receives sperm from male Site of fertilization of oocyte Site of growth and development of embryo and fetus Produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of new born
What is the function of the male reproductive organ system?
Produces male sex cells (sperm) Produces male hormone (testosterone) Transfers sperm to female
What is the function of the muscular organ system?
Provides body movement Generates heat when muscles contract
What is the function of the integumentary organ system?
Provides protection Regulates body temperature Site of cutaneous receptors and some glands Synthesizes vitamin D Prevents water loss
What is the function of the skeletal organ system?
Provides support and protection Site of hempoiesis (blood cell production) Stores calcium and phosphorus Provides sites for ligament and muscle attachments
Give an example of a control center in the human body.
Regulating blood pressure when you rise from bed parathyroid hormone continuously regulates blood calcium levels pancreas (receptor) detects increase in blood glucose and acts as control center because it releases hormone insulin
What is the function of the respiratory organ system?
Responsible for exchange of gasses between blood and the air in the lungs
Give an example of a receptor in the human body.
Retina of the eye (receptor) detects a change in light (stimulus) entering the eye
Give an example of a effector in the human body.
Smooth muscle in walls of air passageways (bronchioles) regulates airflow into and out of the lungs salivary glands increase their release of saliva to moisten the mouth
parietal pericardium
The arrow in the figure is pointing to the: a. parietal pleura b. visceral pleura c. visceral peritoneum d. parietal pericardium
pelvic cavity
The arrow is pointing to the ________.
What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?
The relationship between anatomy and physiology are that they will always correlate with each other anatomy being the study of the actual physical organs and their structure as well as their relationship to each other. While physiology studies how those organs work to function the whole body as organ systems
True or False: Anatomists and physiologists use the scientific method to explain and understand the workings of the body.
True
True or False: As the human body grows in size, structures such as the brain become more complex.
True
True or False: Without a thorough knowledge of anatomical structures, the physiologist can not truly understand the structure's function
True
_____________ __________ is larger than the posterior cavity and does not completely encase organs in bone. a. Ventral Cavity B. posterior Aspect C. Axial Region D. Appendicular Region
Ventral Cavity
On the anterior surface of the body, the anatomical term for the region inferior to the thorax and superior to the hip bones is the _____ region.
abdominal
What are the 3 spaces and structures within the abdominopelvic cavity?
abdominal cavity pelvic cavity peritoneum (parietal, visceral, peritoneal)
Define the word section
actual cut or slice that exposes internal anatomy
Define the transverse plane
aka cross sectional Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts
Define the coronal plane
aka frontal Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
Define the term midsagittal plane
aka median Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves
_______ are scientists who study the structure and form of organisms.
anatomists
The correct anatomic directional term for "in front of" is
anterior
The correct anatomical directional term for "in front of" is
anterior
___________ means "in front of" when using anatomic directional terms.
anterior
The _____ region of the body includes the head, neck, and trunk. a. appendicular b. axial
axial
Mammary is to ______ as brachial is to arm. a. sternum b. chest c. breast d. shoulder
breast
The anatomical term for head is _____
cephalic
The correct anatomical term for head is: a. occipital b. frontal c. cephalic d. mental
cephalic
The ____ plane would divide the chest from the back?
coronal
What are the 2 divisions of microscopic anatomy?>
cytology histology
The anatomical term for fingers or toes is
digital
What is the opposite anatomical directional term for: proximal
distal
The correct anatomical term for "at the back side of the human body" is ______
dorsal
Define cardiovascular physiology
examines functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
Defines reproductive physiology
investigates functioning of reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle
Gross anatomy is also known as
macroscopic anatomy
The median space in the thoracic cavity is called the ____
mediastinum
The anatomical word for mouth is __________ cavity
oral
The ________ line the internal surface of the thoracic wall.
parietal pleura
What are the 3 components of homeostatic systems?
receptor control center effector
Abdominopelvic cavity can also be divided into what four compartments with transverse and midsagittal planes through the umbilicus?
right and left upper quadrant right and left lower quadrant
A ___________ plane extends through the body vertically and divides it into UNEQUAL left and right halves.
sagittal
The anatomical term for ankle ____
talocrural
Define Cytology
the study of blood cells and their internal structure aka. cellular anatomy
Histology refers to _____
the study of tissues
define histology
the study of tissues
The _______ plane would separate the nose and mouth into superior and inferior structures.
transverse
Which plane can pass in between the chest (thorax) and the abdomen? A. frontal B. coronal C. transverse D. Sagittal
transverse
True or False: Most processes in the body are controlled by negative feedback
true
What is the opposite anatomical directional term for: dorsal
ventral
The ________ pericardium forms the heart's external surface.
visceral
Describe the science of physiology.
~ Examines the function of various organ systems on a molecular or cellular level ~ Requires basic knowledge of chemistry and cells
define gross anatomy
~ Investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye (eg. Intestines, stomach, brain, heart, kidneys) ~ Specimens dissected for examination
The abdominal cavity contains what?
o Superior area o Contains most of the digestive system organs, kidneys, and most of the ureters
The plane known as the __________ plane passes through the specimen at an angle.
oblique
The anatomical term for the back of the head is ____
occipital
Physiologists examine the ____________ of body structures, focusing on the molecular and cellular level
function
The anatomical term for the calf area is ____
sural
The Posterior aspect is subdivided into what 2 categories? a. cranial cavity; vertebral canal b. thoracic cavity ; vertebral canal c. serous cavity ; cranial cavity
cranial cavity; vertebral canal
The Pelvic Cavity contains what?
o Inferior area, between hip bones o Contains distal part of large intestine, remainder of ureters and urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs
The anatomical term for the diamond-shaped region between the thighs that consists of the anus and selected external reproductive organs is _________ a. sacral b. perineal c. sural d. popliteal
perineal
A serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is called the __________.
peritoneum
___________ examines how the body functions
physiology
The ________ extends through the body vertically and divides structures into right and left portions. a. coronal b. transverse c. sagittal
sagittal
What parts of the body does the appendicular region include?
upper and lower limbs
Receptor - perceives a stimulus Control Center - integrates input and initiates change Effector - brings about a change in response to the stimulus
Match the homeostatic control mechanism on the left with its description on the right.
__________ are the homeostatic components that typically consist of sensory neurons that detect changes in temperature, chemicals, or muscle stretch.
receptors
The correct anatomical term for spinal column is ____ column
vertebral
Which of the following are examples of negative feedback regulation? ⬝ regulating heart rate ⬝ regulating blood pressure ⬝ withdrawal reflex from stepping on glass ⬝ a baby suckling at the breast
⬝ regulating heart rate ⬝ regulating blood pressure ⬝ withdrawal reflex from stepping on glass
_________ are the smallest units of matter having the chemical properties of the element.
Atoms
________ describes an investigation of the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye.
Gross Anatomy
A. right upper quadrant B. right lower quadrant C. left upper quadrant D. left lower quadrant
Identify the quadrant each letter represents.
Pleura - Lungs Pericardium - Heart Peritoneum - Digestive Organs
Match the Serous membrane to its corresponding organs.
Systematic - a study of each body system Regional - an examination of the structures in a particular region Surface - a focus on the internal structures that relate to the skin covering them Comparative - an examination of the differences in anatomy of different species Embryology - study of developmental changes occurring from conception to birth
Match the description on the right with the type of gross anatomy on the left.
Integumentary - provides protection, regulates body temperature, prevents water loss Skeletal - provides support and protection, site of hemopoiesis Muscular - produces body movement and heat Nervous - controls body movement and conducts impulses for internal communication
Match the organ system on the left with its description of the right.
The anatomical term for facial cheek is _______
buccal
The anatomical term for hip is __________
coxa
The anatomical term for thigh is ___
femoral
The anatomical term for the medial aspect of the forearm is ___
ulnar
The anatomical term for navel is _______
umbilical
The chemical level of an organization is: (check all that apply) ⬝ simplest level of organization ⬝ level of organization that consists of the smallest living structures ⬝ composed of atoms and molecules ⬝ the level of organization that groups of similar cells that perform common functions
⬝ simplest level of organization ⬝ composed of atoms and molecules
What type of plane would separate the nose and mouth into superior and inferior structures?
A transverse (horizontal) plane would separate the nose and mouth into superior and inferior structures.
What 2 regions is the human body partitioned into?
Axial Region Appendicular Region
What are the 5 subdivisions of Physiology?
Cardiovascular neurophysiology respiratory reproductive pathophysiology
What is the function of the endocrine organ system?
Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones Maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume Control digestive processes Control reproductive functions
What is the function of the cardiovascular organ system?
Consists of the heart (a pump) and blood vessels Heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products
What is the function of the lymphatic organ system?
Consists of the heart (a pump) and blood vessels Heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products
What is the function of the nervous organ system?
Controls muscles and some glands Responds to sensory stimuli Helps control all other systems of body Responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory
____________ anatomy examines macroscopic and microscopic anatomic changes resulting from disease. a. Radiographic b. pathologic c. cardiovascular D. Cytology
Pathologic
midsagittal plane
The plane indicated by the letter A in the figure is the _________.
Rank the following terms from simplest to most complex. Start with the most SIMPLE structure first. ~cells ~atoms ~organelles ~macromolecules ~molecules
atoms molecules macromolecules organelles cells
The word anatomy is derived from the Greek word anatome, which could be described by which of the following? Select all that apply. a. to study cells b. to dissect c. to cut apart d. to study function
b. to dissect c. to cut apart
What are the 5 planes in the body?
coronal transverse midsagittal sagittal oblique
Define the term Mediastinum
median space in the thoracic cavity Contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart
Define the term pleura
two-layered serous membrane associated with lungs • parietal pleura - Outer layer lines internal surface of thoracic wall • visceral pleura - Inner layer covers external surface of lungs • pleural cavity - Space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid
What are the 9 parts of the abdominopelvic cavity?
umbilical epigastric hypogastric right hypochondriac left hypochondriac right lumbar left lumbar right iliac left iliac
Describe the science of anatomy.
~ Word anatomy is derived from Greek word anatome which means to cut apart or dissect ~ Anatomists are scientists who study the form and structure of organs, specifically examining the relationships among body parts as well as structure of individual organs ~ Use scientific method to explain and understand the workings of the body
Which of the following are parts of serous fluid. • Liquid secreted by cells in serous membrane • contains heart, thymus, and esophagus • Acts as lubricant • Reduces friction caused by movement of organs against body wall
• Liquid secreted by cells in serous membrane • Acts as lubricant • Reduces friction caused by movement of organs against body wall
What are the characteristics of the anatomic position?
• Upright stance • Feet parallel and flat on the floor • Upper limbs at the sides of the body • Palms face anteriorly (toward the front) • Head is level • Eyes look forward toward the observer
What are the layers of the serous membranes?
• parietal layer lines internal surface of body wall • visceral layer covers external surface of organs (viscera) • Serous cavity—space between membranes
Which of the following is true about body cavities and membranes? ⬝ Internal organs are housed within enclosed spaces or cavities ⬝ Body cavities are named according to surrounding structures ⬝ Body cavities are grouped into posterior aspect and ventral cavities ⬝ subdivided into cranial cavity and vertebral canal
⬝ Internal organs are housed within enclosed spaces or cavities ⬝ Body cavities are named according to surrounding structures ⬝ Body cavities are grouped into posterior aspect and ventral cavities
Which are examples of a positive feedback loop? (check all that apply) ⬝ body temperature ⬝ blood clotting ⬝ breast feeding ⬝ childbirth ⬝ blood pressure
⬝ blood clotting ⬝ breast feeding ⬝ childbirth
Control centers are generally portions of the (check all that apply): ⬝ brain ⬝ muscle ⬝ thyroid gland ⬝ spinal cord ⬝ sensory nerves
⬝ brain ⬝ thyroid gland ⬝ spinal cord
Which are examples of a positive feedback loop? (check all that apply) ⬝ breast feeding ⬝ blood pressure ⬝ body temperature ⬝ blood clotting ⬝ childbirth
⬝ breast feeding ⬝ blood clotting ⬝ childbirth
Which of the following are examples of negative feedback regulation? ⬝ blood clotting cascade reactions ⬝ uterine contractions involved in labor and childbirth ⬝ changing breathing rate in response to an increase of CO2 ⬝ changes in blood pressure when exercising
⬝ changing breathing rate in response to an increase of CO2 ⬝ changes in blood pressure when exercising
The correct anatomic directional term for "at the head end" is _______
cranial
The anatomical term for the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle is _______ a. tarsal b. crural c. carpal d. femoral
crural
Receptors - free nerve endings in skin detect cold Control Center - hypothalamus of brain sets body temperature Effectors - blood vessels in skin constrict, muscles shiver Stimulus - cold temperature lowers body temp below normal Homeostasis - body temp returns to normal
Match the word on the left with the description on the right of how body temperature stimulates a negative feedback mechanism when body temperature falls below normal.
Lumbar is to lower back as manus is to _____ a. foot b. chin c. wrist d. hand
hand
____________ refers to the body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions.
homeostasis
____________, one of the most important characteristics of living things, involves mechanisms within an organism that maintain a consistent internal environment, also called "steady state."
homeostasis
The anatomical term for eye is __________
orbital
Superficial - Deep Cranial - Caudal Ventral - Dorsal Distal - proximal
Match the directional term to its opposite term.
_________ tends to focus on the form and structure, while _______ focuses on the mechanisms and functions of these structures.
Anatomists; physiologists
Visualizing the body in the _____________ ___________ is significant because all observers have a common point of reference when describing and discussing its regions.
anatomical position
Rank the following terms from simplest to most complex. Start with the most SIMPLE structure first. ~cells ~organism ~organs ~organ systems ~tissues
cells tissues organs organ systems organism
The anatomical term for the lateral aspect of the lower leg is _____
fibular
An increase in body size is _________ and an increased specialization as related to form and function is ________
growth ; development
The correct anatomic directional term meaning "toward the midline of the body is" __________. a. distal b. lateral c. proximal d. medial
medial
Regarding the serous membranes of the ventral cavity, a _____ layer lines the internal surface of the body wall, while a __________ layer covers the external surface of organs.
parietal ; visceral
_______ is best described as an investigating the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury of that organ system?
pathophysiology
Scientists who examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances, as well as how their functions may change with disease are called _______________.
physiologist
The production of sex cells that, under the right conditions, have the ability to develop into a new living organism is _________. a. growth b. metabolism c. responsiveness d. reproduction
reproduction
A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but is either to the left or the right of the midsagittal plane is termed a ________ plane.
sagittal
In regards to the axial region, the __________ aspect contains cavities that are completely encased in bone.
thoracic
The anatomical term for chest is _______
thorax
Which of the following are characteristics of all living things? ⬝ growth and development ⬝ organization ⬝ organ systems ⬝ metabolism ⬝ tissues
⬝ growth and development ⬝ organization ⬝ metabolism
Which of the following body structures can serve as effectors? ⬝ sensory neurons of nervous system ⬝ insulin secreting cells of pancreas ⬝ brain and spinal cord ⬝ smooth muscles of bronchioles
⬝ insulin secreting cells of pancreas ⬝ smooth muscles of bronchioles
A - right lumbar region B - hypogastric C - left iliac D - left hypochondriac E - umbilical F - right iliac
Match the letter with the correct abdominopelvic region.
The anatomical term for hip is ____ while the anatomical term for wrist is _____. a. inguinal; tarsal b. gluteal; palmar c. sacral; manus d. coxal; carpal
coxal; carpal
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body is called _____
metabolism
The ________ plane would divide the head into a left half and a right half (each containing one eye, one ear, and half the nose and mouth). a. oblique b. coronal c. transverse d. midsagittal
midsagittal
The ____ pericardium forms the heart's external surface. a. pleural b. serous c. visceral d. parietal
visceral
The correct anatomic directional term for "closer to the head" is _____ a. lateral b. caudal c. medial d. superior
superior
The correct anatomical directional term meaning "toward the nose" is _________
superior
Which of the following statements correctly apply to homeostasis as a physiologic process? ⬝ negative feedback typically keeps these processes in check ⬝ positive feedback usually helps these processes maintain their set point ⬝ the control center is generally the nervous system or endocrine system ⬝ when homeostasis fails disease or even death occurs ⬝ these processes are dynamic
⬝ negative feedback typically keeps these processes in check ⬝ the control center is generally the nervous system or endocrine system ⬝ when homeostasis fails disease or even death occurs ⬝ these processes are dynamic
True or False: Most homeostatic variables aren't constant over time but fluctuate around a set point.
true
The _______ covers the surfaces of most digestive organs. a. parietal pleura b. visceral pericardium c. visceral peritoneum d. parietal pericardium
visceral peritoneum
Item A: coronal plane (purple) Item B: sagittal plane (green)
Label the major anatomic body planes as indicated in the illustration. Item A: _____ plane (purple) Item B: ____ plane (green)
