Exam 1 Chapter 4

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In which of the following environments would you expect to find lithogenous sediment? (3)

a muddy lagoon a sandy beach at the base of the continental slope

Which of the following organisms are responsible for the creation of siliceous ooze? (2)

Radiolarians Diatoms

Which of the following is the most abundant component by weight for deep-ocean sediments?

Clay

Which of the following are microscopic, single-celled floating algae that accumulate to form biogenous sediment? (2)

Coccolithophores Diatoms

Most chalk is made from ___________.

Coccoliths

Beneath the calcite compensation depth (CCD), ___________.

calcium carbonate dissolves in seawater

Which of the following statements about biogenous oozes is FALSE?

Biogenous oozes are created by underwater eruptions, which cover the sea floor with fine ash particles.

Because they tend to move downslope, most lithogenous sediments are deposited in abyssal plains.

False

Black volcanic beach sand is a type of hydrogenous sediment.

False

The calcite compensation depth (CCD) represents the depth where wave action ceases to form calcareous oolites.

False

All of the following are examples of sediment-transporting media EXCEPT ___________.

Levitation

Which of the following statements about manganese nodules is FALSE?

Manganese nodules are a type of foraminifer.

Of the following statements about surface water temperature above biogenous sea floor deposits, which is/are true? (2)

Siliceous ooze on the sea floor indicates cool surface water above. Calcareous ooze on the sea floor indicates warm surface water above.

Microscopic shells that create biogenous sediment on the sea floor are called ___________.

Tests

Which of the following statements about the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) is FALSE?

The DSDP drilled to the center of Earth and confirmed that the outer core is composed of liquid iron-nickel material.

Which of the following conditions allows for calcareous ooze to be found beneath the CCD?

The ooze accumulates above the CCD and then is covered before being transported to deeper depths by sea floor spreading.

Which of the following is the most fine-grained sediment?

abyssal clay

Of the following environments, in which one(s) would lithogenous sediment (of any amount) be found? (All/5)

abyssal plains continental shelves continental rises continental slopes deep-ocean trenches

Where are most modern-day calcareous oozes found in the ocean?

along the mid-ocean ridge beneath warm surface waters

ow is most sediment transported from the continental shelf out to the continental rise?

by turbidity currents

Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? (2)

coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers manganese nodules

Populations of microscopic marine organisms in ocean surface waters closely match their abundance in sediments on the ocean floor, even though it takes 10 to 50 years for an individual particle to sink to deep-ocean depths. What accounts for this pattern?

concentration of the particles in fecal pellets.

In sediments, what does the Wentworth scale describe?

grain size

Of the following environments, where would you expect to find large amounts of lithogenous sediment? (2)

in deep trenches not far offshore on the continental shelf

Lithogenous sediments are ___________.

made of material derived from pre-existing rock material

Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered biogenous? (2)

tests of foraminifers radiolarian ooze

Marine sediments provide valuable clues about which of the following Earth history events? (All/5)

the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins previous ocean circulation patterns the climate on Earth millions of years ago past catastrophes, such as major extinction events movement of the ocean floor

The only way for siliceous ooze to be preserved in the ocean is ___________.

to have it accumulate faster than it dissolves

Calcareous ooze is associated with ________ surface water conditions, and siliceous ooze is associated with ________ surface water conditions.

warm; cool


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