EXAM 1 EVERYTHING (leadership)

1. During a therapeutic group, which nursing action demonstrates a laissez-faire leadership style? 1. The nurse mandates that all group members reveal an embarrassing personal situation. 2. The nurse asks for a show of hands to determine group topic preference. 3. The nurse sits silently as the group members stray from the assigned topic. 4. The nurse shuffles through papers to determine the facility policy on length of group.

. ANS: 3 Chapter: Chapter 9, Intervention in Groups Objective: Identify various leadership styles in groups. Page: 187 Heading: Leadership Styles >Laissez-faire Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 Mandating that all group members reveal an embarrassing personal situation is not an example of a laissez-faire leadership style. 2 Asking for a show of hands to determine group topic preference is not an example of a laissez-faire leadership style. 3 The nurse leader who sits silently and allows group members to stray from the assigned topic is demonstrating a laissez-faire leadership style. This style allows group members to do as they please with no direction from the leader. Group members often become frustrated and confused in reaction to a laissez-faire leadership style. 4 Shuffling through papers to determine the facility policy on length of group is not an example of a laissez-faire leadership style.

18. Order the following leadership expectations that occur in the three phases of the group development process. ___The leader encourages members to provide feedback to each other about individual progress and to review goals and discuss outcomes. ___The leader promotes an environment of trust and ensures that rules established by the group do not interfere with fulfillment of the goals. ___The leader helps to resolve conflict and fosters cohesiveness, while ensuring that members do not deviate from the intended task.

ANS: The correct order is 3, 1, 2. Chapter: Chapter 9, Intervention in Groups Objective: Phases of Group Development: Leadership Expectations. Page: 184 Heading: Physical Conditions That Influence Group Dynamics > Seating Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Feedback: In the Initial, or Orientation, phase, the leader is expected to orient members to specific group processes, encourage members to participate without disclosing too much too soon, promote an environment of trust, and ensure that rules established by the group do not interfere with fulfillment of the goals. In the Middle, or Working, phase, the role of leader diminishes and becomes more one of facilitator. Some leadership functions are shared by certain members of the group as they progress toward resolution. The leader helps to resolve conflicts and continues to foster cohesiveness among the members, while ensuring that they do not deviate from the intended task or purpose for which the group was organized. In the Final, or Termination, phase, the leader encourages the group members to reminisce about what has occurred within the group, to review the goals and discuss the actual outcomes, and to encourage members to provide feedback to each other about individual progress within the group. The leader encourages members to discuss feelings of loss associated with termination.

14. A 10-week, prenuptial counseling group composed of five couples is terminating. At the last group meeting, a nurse notices that the two most faithful and participative couples are absent. When considering concepts of group development, what might explain this behavior? 1. They are experiencing problems with termination, leading to feelings of abandonment. 2. They did not think any new material would be covered at the last session. 3. They were angry with the leader for not extending the length of the group. 4. They were bored with the material covered in the group.

ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 9, Intervention in Groups Objective: Describe physical conditions that influence groups. Page: 186 Heading: Phases of Group Development > Phase III: Final or Termination Phase Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 The nurse should determine that the clients' absence from the final group meeting may indicate that they are experiencing problems with termination. The termination phase of group development may elicit feelings of abandonment and anger. Successful termination may help members develop skills to cope with future unrelated losses. 2 This statement is unlikely for members who have attended every meeting previously. 3 They are likely experiencing sadness, not anger. 4 It is unlikely that they were bored.

6. During a group discussion, members freely interact with each other. Which member statement is an example of Yalom's curative group factor of imparting information? 1. "I found a Web site explaining the different types of brain tumors and their treatment." 2. "My brother also had a brain tumor and now is completely cured." 3. "I understand your fear and will be by your side during this time." 4. "My mother was also diagnosed with cancer of the brain."

ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 9, Intervention in Groups Objective: Discuss "curative factors" that occur in groups. Page: 185 Heading: Curative Factors Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 Yalom's curative group factor of imparting information involves group members sharing knowledge gained through formal instruction, as well as advice and suggestions. 2 Stating, "My brother also had a brain tumor and now is completely cured," is not an example of imparting information. 3 Stating, "I understand your fear and will be by your side during this time," is not an example of imparting information. 4 Stating, "My mother was also diagnosed with cancer of the brain," is not an example of imparting information.

9. During a group session, which client statement demonstrates that the group has progressed to the middle, or working, phase of group development? 1. "It's hard for me to tell my story when I'm not sure about the reactions of others." 2. "I think Joe's Antabuse suggestion is a good one and might work for me." 3. "My situation is very complex, and I need professional, not peer, advice." 4. "I am really upset that you expect me to solve my own problems."

ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 9, Intervention in Groups Objective: Describe the phases of group development. Page: 186 Heading: Phases of Group Development > Phase II: Middle or Working Phase Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 Stating, "It's hard for me to tell my story when I'm not sure about the reactions of others," does not demonstrate that the group has progressed to the working phase. 2 The nurse should recognize that group members have progressed to the working phase of group development when members begin to look to each other instead of to the leader for guidance. Group members in the working phase begin to accept criticism from each other and use it constructively to create change. 3 Stating, "My situation is very complex, and I need professional, not peer, advice," does not demonstrate that the group has progressed to the working phase. 4 Stating, "I am really upset that you expect me to solve my own problems," does not demonstrate that the group has progressed to the working phase.

5. A client diagnosed with alcohol use disorder experiences a first relapse. During an Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meeting, another group member states, "I relapsed three times, but now have been sober for 15 years." Which of Yalom's curative group factors does this illustrate? 1. Imparting of information 2. Instillation of hope 3. Catharsis 4. Universality

ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 9, Intervention in Groups Objective: Discuss "curative factors" that occur in groups. Page: 185 Heading: Curative Factors Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 Imparting of information consists of giving and receiving information through formal instruction. 2 This scenario is an example of the curative group factor of instillation of hope. This occurs when members observe the progress of others in the group with similar problems and begin to believe that their personal problems can also be resolved. 3 Catharsis is the expression of both positive and negative feelings in the group setting. 4 Universality occurs when individuals realize that they are not alone in the problems, thoughts, and feelings they are experiencing.

16. A nursing instructor is teaching about psychodrama, a specialized type of therapeutic group. Which student statement indicates that further teaching is necessary? 1. "Psychodrama provides a safe setting in which to discuss painful issues." 2. "In psychodrama, the client is the antagonist." 3. "In psychodrama, the client observes actor interactions from the audience." 4. "Psychodrama facilitates resolution of interpersonal conflicts."

ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 9, Intervention in Groups Objective: Discuss psychodrama as a specialized form of group therapy. Page: 189 Heading: Psychodrama Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This statement does not indicate a need for further teaching. 2 The nurse should educate the student that in psychodrama the client plays the role of him or herself in a life situation scenario and is called the protagonist. 3 This statement is accurate about psychodrama. 4 This statement indicates that teaching has been effective.

3. Which situation should a nurse identify as an example of an autocratic leadership style? 1. The president of Sigma Theta Tau assigns members to committees to research problems. 2. Without faculty input, the dean mandates that all course content be delivered via the Internet. 3. During a community meeting, a nurse listens as clients generate solutions. 4. The student nurses' association advertises for candidates for president.

ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 9, Intervention in Groups Objective: Identify various leadership styles in groups. Page: 187 Heading: Leadership Styles: Autocratic Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 Assigning members to committees to research problems is not an example of an autocratic leadership style. 2 The nurse should identify that mandating decisions without consulting the group is considered an autocratic leadership style. Autocratic leadership increases productivity but often reduces morale and motivation owing to lack of member input and creativity. 3 Listening as clients generate solutions is not an example of an autocratic leadership style. 4 Advertising for candidates for president is not an example of an autocratic leadership style.

12. When planning group therapy, a nurse should identify which configuration as most optimal for a therapeutic group? 1. Open-ended membership; circle of chairs; group size of 5 to 10 members 2. Open-ended membership; chairs around a table; group size of 10 to 15 members 3. Closed membership; circle of chairs; group size of 5 to 10 members 4. Closed membership; chairs around a table; group size of 10 to 15 members

ANS: 3 Chapter: Chapter 9, Intervention in Groups Objective: Describe physical conditions that influence groups. Page: 184 Heading: Physical Conditions That Influence Group Dynamics > Seating Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 Membership should be closed and focused on relations within the group. 2 Closed membership helps keeps the focus on members within the group. 3 The nurse should identify that the most optimal conditions for a therapeutic group is one in which the membership is closed and the group size is between 5 and 10 members, who are arranged in a circle of chairs. These criteria create a more favorable working environment for clients, as they are able to become more comfortable with each other. The focus of therapeutic groups is directed to relations within the group and the interactions among group members. 4 This configuration is not the most optimal.

15. An experienced psychiatric registered nurse has taken a new position leading groups in a day treatment program. Which group is this nurse most qualified to lead? 1. A psychodrama group 2. A psychotherapy group 3. A parenting group 4. A family therapy group

ANS: 3 Chapter: Chapter 9, Intervention in Groups Objective: Describe the role of the nurse in group therapy. Page: 189 Heading: The Role of the Nurse in Therapeutic Groups Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 Psychodrama is a form of group therapy and must be lead by qualified leaders who generally have advanced degrees in psychology, social work, nursing, or medicine. 2 Psychotherapy is a form of group therapy and must be lead by qualified leaders who generally have advanced degrees in psychology, social work, nursing, or medicine. 3 A psychiatric registered nurse is qualified to lead a parenting group. A parenting group can be classified as either a teaching group or therapeutic group. 4 Family therapy is a form of group therapy and must be lead by qualified leaders who generally have advanced degrees in psychology, social work, nursing, or medicine.

7. Prayer group members at a local Baptist church are meeting with a poor, homeless family whom they are supporting. Which member statement is an example of Yalom's curative group factor of altruism? 1. "Social services might be able to help you find a job." 2. "The last time we helped a family, they got back on their feet and prospered." 3. "I can give you all of my baby clothes for your little one." 4. "I can appreciate your situation. I had to declare bankruptcy last year."

ANS: 3 Chapter: Chapter 9, Intervention in Groups Objective: Discuss "curative factors" that occur in groups. Page: 185 Heading: Curative Factors Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 The statement, "Social services might be able to help you find a job," is not an example of the curative group factor of altruism. 2 The statement, "The last time we helped a family, they got back on their feet and prospered," is not an example of the curative group factor of altruism. 3 Yalom's curative group factor of altruism occurs when group members provide assistance and support to each other that creates a positive self-image and promotes self-growth. Individuals gain self-esteem through mutual caring and concern. 4 The statement, "I can appreciate your situation. I had to declare bankruptcy last year," is not an example of the curative group factor of altruism.

4. A single, pregnant teenager in a parenting class discloses her ambivalence toward the pregnancy and the subsequent guilt that these thoughts generate. A mother of three admits to having felt that way herself. Which of Yalom's curative group factors does this illustrate? 1. Imparting of information 2. Instillation of hope 3. Altruism 4. Universality

ANS: 4 Chapter: Chapter 9, Intervention in Groups Objective: Discuss "curative factors" that occur in groups. Page: 185 Heading: Curative Factors > Universality Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 Imparting of information consists of giving and receiving information through formal instruction. 2 Installation of hope gives members hope that their problems can be resolved. 3 Altruism is assimilated through mutual sharing and concern. 4 The scenario is an example of the curative group factor of universality. Universality occurs when individuals realize that they are not alone in the problems, thoughts, and feelings they are experiencing. This realization reduces anxiety by the support and understanding of others.

13. During the sixth week of a 10-week parenting skills group, a nurse observes as several members get into a heated dispute about spanking. As a group, they decide to create a pros-and-cons poster on the use of physical discipline. At this time, what is the role of the group leader? 1. The leader should referee the debate. 2. The leader should adamantly oppose physical disciplining measures. 3. The leader should redirect the group to a less controversial topic. 4. The leader should positively reinforce the behavior of collective problem solving.

ANS: 4 Chapter: Chapter 9, Intervention in Groups Objective: Identify various roles that members assume within a group. Page: 186 Heading: Phases of Group Development > Phase II. Middle or Working Phase > Leader Expectations Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 Members are encouraged to solve issues that relate to the group cooperatively. 2 The leader should not take sides in the debate. 3 A democratic leadership style supports members in their participation and problem-solving. 4 The role of the group leader is to encourage the group to solve the problem collectively.

What does a decision grid allow the decision maker to do? A) Examine alternatives visually and compare each against the same criteria B) Quantify information C) Plot a decision over time D) Predict when events must take place to complete a project on time

Ans: A Feedback: A decision grid allows one to visually examine the alternatives and compare each against the same criteria. Although any criteria may be selected, the same criteria are used to analyze each alternative.

A transition has occurred in the twenty-first-century industrial age leadership to what type of leadership? A) Relationship age B) Quantum C) Authentic D) Thought

Ans: A Feedback: A transition has occurred in the twenty-first-century industrial age leadership to relationship age leadership. Quantum leadership suggests that the environment and context in which people work is complex and dynamic and that this has a direct impact on organizational productivity required by leader-managers in order to enhance their success. Authentic leadership suggests that in order to lead, leaders must be true to themselves and their values and act accordingly. Thought leadership refers to any situation whereby one individual convinces another to consider a new idea, product, or way of looking at things.

12. In checking the background of a potential candidate for hire, which is the least frequently checked source? A) Academic credentials B) References of former employers C) References of recent teachers D) Verification of work history

Ans: A Feedback: Academic credentials are the least frequently checked background information. All of the other options are frequently checked.

7. Which area of questioning is considered an illegal interview inquiry? A) Questions about the applicant's marital status B) The languages the applicant speaks or writes C) Inquiries about educational experiences D) Place of residence

Ans: A Feedback: Asking applicants about their marital status or whether they have children is unlawful. None of the other options are considered illegal areas of questioning.

Avolio states that there are four factors that cover the components of authentic leadership. What is occurring when analyzing data rationally before making decisions? A) Balanced processing B) Internalized moral perspective C) Relational transparency D) Self-awareness

Ans: A Feedback: Balanced processing refers to analyzing data rationally before making decisions. Internalized moral perspective suggests that the authentic leader is guided by internal moral standards, which then guide his/her behavior. Relational transparency refers to openly sharing feelings and information appropriate to a situation, and self-awareness alludes to a knowing of self so as to make sense of the world.

22. What is the purpose of competency assessment regarding a nurse's career? A) Identifying ways to exceed minimal licensing requirements B) Fulfilling state requirements for minimal nursing practice C) Facilitating advancement up the facility's career ladder D) Satisfying institutional employment qualification

Ans: A Feedback: Competency assess ment and goal setting in career planning should help the employee identify how to exceed the minimum levels of competency required by federal, state, or organizational standards. The remaining options do not describe the purpose of competency assessments.

11. Why would an experienced nurse voluntarily opt for a self-selected downward transfer? A) Doing so increases the chances of long- term career success B) It allows for keeping a similar salary while decreasing energy expenditure C) lo times of downsizing, it al lows a nurse to stay employed D) It occurs when a nurse is physically impaired and productivity is affected

Ans: A Feedback: For individuals to gai n experience in a new area and to enhance long-term career goals, a self-selected downward transfer may be used. None of the other options accurately describe the reason for a self-selected downward transfer.

15. From an economic perspective, what is driving the current nursing shortage? A) Supply side of the supply/demand equation B) Demand side of the supply/demand equation C) Both the supply and demand sides of the supply/demand equation D) Short-term rise in demand in nursing services

Ans: A Feedback: From an economic perspective, the current nursing shortage is being driven more by the supply side of the supply/demand equation than the demand side. None of the other options identify that connection.

What does the Hawthorne effect implied about people? A) Human beings under investigation will respond to the fact that they are being studied B) Production will increase or decrease as light in a factory is increased or decreased C) Membership in small groups forms social control D) People are inherently good and will seek out work

Ans: A Feedback: Hawthorne effect indicated that people respond to the fact that they are being studied, attempting to increase whatever behavior they feel will continue to warrant the attention. The other statements do not reflect implied beliefs about people.

14. What contributed to beginning of an acute shortage in many health-care settings in the late 1990s? 1. Hospital downsizing 2. National businesses downsizing 3. Shortsightedness regarding recruitment 4. Shortsightedness regarding retention A) 1, 2, 3 B) 1, 2, 4 C) 1, 3, 4 D) 2, 3, 4

Ans: A Feedback: Hospital downsizing and shortsightedness regarding recruitment and retention contributed to the beginning of an acute shortage of RNs in many health-care settings by the late 1990s. Retention was not considered a factor.

9. Which statement about the proper placement of employees within the organization is correction? A) It occurs when an attempt is made to place employees in units where they have the greatest chance of success B) It is overrated as a retention strategy because most employees readily adapt to whatever unit on which they are placed C) It refers to placing employees on units that have the greatest need for new staff D) It occurs when employees are able to modify their own personal values and beliefs to coincide with that of the unit on which they are placed

Ans: A Feedback: If employees are placed where they have the greatest chance of success, employee morale and retention will be positively affected. None of the other options are accurate statements.

6. Which is an appropriate strategy for planning, conducting, and controlling the interview? A) When an applicant clearly does not have the proper qualifications for a position, the interviewer should be tactful, but advise the applicant as soon as possible that there is a lack of appropriate qualifications for the job B) Personal questions should be asked early during the interview process so a rapport can be established between the interviewer and the applicant C) The interviewer should develop questions that can be answered with a yes or no answer D) The interviewer should assess an applicant's perceptive skills by sending nonverbal cues to the applicant during his or her responses

Ans: A Feedback: In situations in which the interviewee is not qualified for the position, the interviewer must inform the interviewee of this early and tactfully. After the interview is completed, the interviewer should take notes for the file of the exact reason for rejection in case of later discrimination charges. None of the other options identify an appropriate strategy.

10. Which statement describes the induction phase of employee indoctrination? A) It occurs after hiring but before performing the role B) It includes the activities performed by the personnel department C) It relates to the information included in the employee's handbook D) It is the responsibility of the staff development department

Ans: A Feedback: Induction, the first phase of indoctrination, includes all activities that educate the new employee about the organization and personnel policies and procedures before actually assuming nursing responsibilities. None of the other options identify that phase accurately.

18. What type of interview questions are difficult to respond to without some advance thought? 1. Personal philosophy of nursing 2. Professional organizations membership 3. Individual strengths and weaknesses 4. Career goals A) 1, 3, 4 B) 1, 2, 3 C) 1, 2, 4 D) 2, 3, 4

Ans: A Feedback: It is difficult to spontaneously answer interview questions about your personal philosophy of nursing, your individual strengths and weaknesses, and your career goals if you have not given them advance thought.

What statement regarding management decision-making aides is true? A) They are subject to human error B) They ensure good decision making C) They eliminate uncertainty and risk D) They tend to save management time

Ans: A Feedback: Management decision-making aides are subject to human error. Some of these aides encourage analytical thinking, others are designed to increase intuitive reasoning, and a few encourage the use of both hemispheres of the brain. Despite the helpfulness of these tools, there is a strong tendency for managers to favor first impressions when making a decision, and a second tendency, called confirmation biases, often follows.

What is heuristics? A) Discrete, unconscious process to allow individuals to solve problems quickly B) Set of rules to encourage learners to discover solutions for themselves C) Formal process and structure in the decision-making process D) Trial-and-error method or rules-of-thumb approach

Ans: A Feedback: Most individuals rely on discrete, often unconscious processes known as heuristics, which allows them to solve problems more quickly and to build upon experiences they have gained in their lives. Thus, heuristics use trial-and-error methods or a rules-ofthumb approach, rather than set rules, and in doing so, encourages learners to discover solutions for themselves.

Goleman in his best seller Emotional Intelligence identifies self-awareness as one of the five components of emotional intelligence. What is self-awareness? A) The ability to recognize and understand one's moods, emotions, and drives as well as their effects on others B) The ability to control or redirect disruptive impulses or moods as well as the propensity to suspend judgment C) A passion to work for reasons that go beyond money or status; a propensity to pursue goals with energy and commitment D) The ability to understand and accept the emotional makeup of other people

Ans: A Feedback: Self-awareness: The ability to recognize and understand one's moods, emotions, and drives as well as their effects on others. Self-regulation: The ability to control or redirect disruptive impulses or moods as well as the propensity to suspend judgment. Motivation: A passion to work for reasons that go beyond money or status; a propensity to pursue goals with energy and commitment. Empathy: The ability to understand and accept the emotional makeup of other people.

25. What is the advantage of staff turnover? A) Fresh ideas B) Younger staff C) Cost containment D) Increased groupthink

Ans: A Feedback: Some turnover is normal and, in fact, desirable. Turnover infuses the organization with fresh ideas. It also reduces the probability of groupthink, in which everyone shares similar thought processes, values, and goals. However, excessive or unnecessary turnover reduces the ability of the organization to produce its end product and is expensive.

Which activity supports the principles of strengths-based leadership? A) Tuition reimbursement for LPN to RN transition programs B) Rehab services to staff diagnosed with abuse problems C) Mental health counseling for depression and anxiety D) Smoking cessation support classes

Ans: A Feedback: Strengths-based leadership, which grew out of the positive psychology movement (began in the late 1990s), focuses on the development or empowerment of workers' strengths as opposed to identifying problems, improving underperformance, and addressing weaknesses and obstacles.

What is the basic premise of the interactional theory? A) Leadership behavior is generally determined by the relationship between the leader's personality and the specific situation B) Manager behaviors are generally determined by the relationship between the manager's personality and the specific situation. C) Both managers and followers have the ability to raise each other to higher levels of motivation and morality. D) Both leaders and followers have the ability to raise each other to higher levels of motivation and morality.

Ans: A Feedback: The basic premise of interactional theory is that leadership behavior is generally determined by the relationship between the leader's personality and the specific situation. Transformational leadership is where both leaders and followers have the ability to raise each other to higher levels of motivation and morality.

23. Which action on the part of a manager demonstrates the mark of a great leader? A) Acknowledging the accomplishment of staff members at the unit's staff meeting B) Providing onsite in-services on new equipment for the staff C) Including funds in the unit's budget of staff development D) Stressing the importance of patient safety to all new employees

Ans: A Feedback: The mark of a great leader is when he or she can recognize the excellent performance of someone else and allow others to shine for their accomplishments. While the other options are appropriate, they are not identified as being the mark of a great leader but rather an efficient manager.

24. Which factor is considered the greatest obstacle to solving the projected nursing shortage? A) Lack of nursing faculty B) Expense of nursing education C) Lack of interest in nursing as a career D) Poor social respect of the nursing profession

Ans: A Feedback: The nursing faculty shortage will likely be the greatest obstacle to solving the projected nursing shortage. None of the other options have the impact on the nursing shortage that the lack of nursing faculty has on the projected nursing shortage.

Which statement by a subordinate demonstrates the greatest problem for the leader? A) ìYour plans for the changes will be difficult to implement.î B) ìI don't think you heard what the rest of us had to say.î C) ìDo you have an idea what direction we need to go?î D) ìCan you tell me why my suggestion will not work?î

Ans: A Feedback: The statement is a clear indication that the subordinate feels the leader is not listening and collaborating; this is a fatal flaw. The other statements are more open to explanation by and with the subordinate and leader.

What is the conclusion of interactional theories regarding successful leadership? A) Leaders, followers, and the situation were all variables that interacted B) The situation had the most profound effect on success in leadership C) The situation has a greater effect on outcomes than followers do D) Good results would occur if leaders led well

Ans: A Feedback: The successful leader will diagnose the situation before applying strategies from a large repertoire of skills that involve assessing the various variables presented by the leader, the followers and the situation. The remaining options are not related to interactional leadership theory.

Which situation is characteristic of the weakness of the nursing process? A) The frequent absence of well-written patience-focused objectives B) The confusion created by the existence of numerous nursing diagnoses C) The ever-increasing need for effective assessment skills required of the nurse D) The amount of nursing staff required to implement the patients' plans of care

Ans: A Feedback: The weakness of the nursing process, like the traditional problem-solving model, is in not requiring clearly stated objectives. Goals should be clearly stated in the planning phase of the process, but this step is frequently omitted or obscured. While the remaining options relate to the nursing process, they are not directly a result of the process itself.

Which principle will help increase the likelihood that followers do not mislead their leader? A) Support the followers' right to disagree B) Rely only on facts and discount intuition C) Discourage acceptance until the facts are proved D) Identify who to rely upon and who not to listen to

Ans: A Feedback: There is no guarantee that followers will not mislead leaders, but adhering to certain principles, such as making sure that followers are allowed to disagree, will guard against this happening. The remaining options are flawed in the principles they support.

What concept is servant leadership based upon? A) Trusting and valuing employees B) Genuinely liking your colleagues C) A laissez-faire style of leadership D) A dynamic leadership charisma

Ans: A Feedback: These managers, termed servant leaders, put serving others, including employees, customers, and the community, as the number-one priority. In addition, servant leaders foster a service inclination in others that promotes collaboration, teamwork, and collective activism. The servant leader is not necessarily associated with the concepts identified in the other options.

What is a focus of thought leadership? A) Challenging the status quo B) Learning new technology C) Keeping up with current nursing knowledge D) Being a transformational leader

Ans: A Feedback: Thought leadership applies to a person who is recognized among his or her peers for innovative ideas and who demonstrates the confidence to promote those ideas. Thus, thought leadership refers to any situation in which one individual convinces another to consider a new idea, product, or way of looking at things. None of the other options is a focus of thought leadership.

13. What is the focus of the entry job stage? A) Skill development B) Job es tee m C) Sense of purpose D) Indifference

Ans: A Feedback: During the entry phase of learning a job, an individual concentrates on skill development. None of the other options is the focus of this stage.

13. When do nursing shortages historically occur? A) When the economy is beginning an upswing B) When the economy is receding C) When nursing salaries decline D) When patient acuity increases

Ans: A, B Feedback: Historically, nursing shortages occur when the economy is on the upswing and decline when the economy recedes. Historically, salaries were not a factor in existing nursing shortages. Currently, as the nursing pool ages, there is a nursing shortage projected.

Which statement demonstrates a characteristic of a critical thinker? Select all that apply. A) ìSince that didn't work effectively, let's try something different.î B) ìThe solution has to be something the patient is willing to do.î C) ìI'll talk to the patient's primary care giver about the problem.î D) ìMaybe there is no new solution to this particular problem.î

Ans: A, B, C Feedback: A critical thinker displays persistence, empathy, and assertiveness. The remaining options reflect limited thinking and an inability to think outside the box.

21. Health disparities in the patient care population are most likely to occur when the health-care workforce lacks diversity in which area? Select all that apply. A) Age B) Gender C) Ethnicity D) Education

Ans: A, B, C Feedback: The workforce should also reflect the gender, culture, ethnicity, age, and language diversity of the communities that the organization serves. The lack of ethnic, gender, and generational diversity in the workforce has been linked to health disparities in the populations served. The importance of this goal cannot be overstated. The remaining options do not have the impact that the correct options have on this situation.

24. An effective transition program for new nursing graduates will address which issue? Select all that apply. A) Supporting practice autonomy B) Strengthening new clinical skills C) Introducing time management skills D) integrating into the nursing unit environment

Ans: A, B, C, D Feedback: A well-designed transition-to-practice program strengthens new graduates skills and competencies and prepares the new nurse for the demands of caring for patients. Fu11hermore, a systematic app roach to transition not only facilitates ion-boarding (integration into staffing on the nursing unit to prov ide direct patient care), it reduces turnover by decreasing the toll associated with insufficient preparation for the work environment. Satisfying nursing position needs is not a focus of a transition program for new graduates.

22. Which factor affects the accurate prediction of staffing needs? Select all that apply. A) When staff resignations historically occur B) How long new hires usually stay employed C) Education of current nursing staff members D) Third-party insurer reimbursement levels

Ans: A, B, C, D Feedback: Accurately predicting staffing needs is a crucial management skill because it enables the manager to avoid staffing crises. Managers should know the usual length of employment of newly hired staff and peak staff resignation periods. In addition, managers must consider the education and knowledge level of needed staff and have a fairly sophisticated understanding of third-party insurer reimbursement since this has a significant impact on staffing in contemporary health-care organizations.

23. Which activity represents a commitment to career planning? Select all that apply. A) Introduces evidence-based practice changes regarding wound dressings B) Discussing the health needs of the homeless with local politicians C) Earning a bachelor r's degree(BSN) in nursing D) Working with a seasoned mentor

Ans: A, B, C, D Feedback: Career planning should include, at minimum, a commitment to the use of evidence based practice, learning new skills or bettering practice through the use of role models and mentors, staying aware of and being involved in professional issues, and furthering one's education. Full-time employ ment is not a necessary commitment.

Which activity is associated with a leadership role? Select all that apply. A) Mentoring two new managers B) Establishing goals for the coming year C) Advocating for employee regarding personal policies D) Providing a motivational speech at the new employee orientation

Ans: A, B, C, D Feedback: Leadership roles include mentoring, decision making, advocating, andenergizing. Risk taking is also considered a leadership role.

25. Which activity is directed toward a new graduate's responsibility to their nursing career? SATA A) Earning a professional nursing certification B) Gaining expertise in a specific field of nursing C) Being a member of a professional nursing association D) Earning an advanced nursing degree within 5 years of initial licensure

Ans: A, B, C, D Feedback: New graduates also have responsibility during the crucial first few years of employment to gain the expertise they need to have more opportunities for career divergence in the future. This includes becoming an expert in one or more areas of practice, gaining professional certifications, and being well informed about professional nursing and health-care issues. This is also a time where participation in professional associations has great value as a result of the opportunities for mentoring and networking. Finally, all new graduates should consider at what point, continued formal education will be a part of their career ladder and professional journey.

Which action is associated with relationship age leadership? Select all that apply. A) Communicates regularly with subordinates B) Encourages teamwork to achieve problem solving C) Includes committee representatives from all areas that will be affected by the change D) Recognizes staff members who have contributed plausible problem-solving solutions

Ans: A, B, C, D Feedback: People skills, cooperation, and valuing staff knowledge are all characteristics of the relationship age leader. Focus on fact gathering rather than finding the meaning of the data is characteristic of an industrial age leader.

Which characteristics are associated with Collin's Highly Capable Individual level of leadership? Select all that apply. A) Possesses useful knowledge B) Builds effective interdisciplinary teams C) Galvanizes members to achieve goals D) Demonstrates effective organization skills

Ans: A, D Feedback: Level 1: Highly capable individual makes high quality contributions with their work; possesses useful levels of knowledge; and has the talent and skills needed to do a good job. Team building is a Level 2 characteristic. Organizational skills are associated with Level 3 while galvanizing members to achieve goals is demonstrated by Level 4 leaders.

If decision making is triggered by a problem with what does it end? A) An alternative problem B) A chosen course of action C) An action that guarantees success D) A restatement of the solution

Ans: B Feedback: A decision is made when a course of action has been chosen. Problem solving is part of decision making and is a systematic process that focuses on analyzing a difficult situation. Problem solving always includes a decision-making step.

5. What is the first step the manager takes when a subordinate is having difficulty carrying out a delegated task? A) Take over the task so the employee will not become demoralized B) Be available to the employee as a role model and resource for the task C) Assign another more experienced employee to help with the task D) Re-assign the employee a different, less complex task

Ans: B Feedback: A manager should be available to the employee to help identify solutions to problems encountered with a delegated task and should encourage the employee to persevere. Taking back a task that was originally delegated is an absolute last resort. Reassigning and co-assigning the task are options that are not initially considered.

Which response is characteristic of a servant leader? A) ìI don't think you have the skills necessary to be effective.î B) ìLet me think about that request for 24 hours.î C) ìDo whatever it takes to get it done fast.î D) ìI'll personal handle this situation.î

Ans: B Feedback: A servant leader always thinks before reacting. This leader also chooses words carefully so as to not damage those being led, provides directions toward goal achievement, and finds asking for input more important than personally providing solutions.

What is the value of using a structured approach to problem solving for the novice nurse? A) Facilitates effective time management B) Supports the acquisition of clinical reasoning C) Supplements the orientation process D) Encourages professional autonomy

Ans: B Feedback: A structured approach to problem solving and decision making increases clinical reasoning and is the best way to learn how to make quality decisions because it eliminates trial and error and focuses the learning on a proven process. This is particularly helpful to the novice nurse with limited clinical experience and intuition. The other options are outcomes of the possession of critical thinking skills and clinical reasoning.

20. What does indoctrination include for an employee? 1. Induction 2. Orientation 3. Socialization 4. Continuing education A) 1, 3, 4 B) 1, 2, 3 C) 1, 2, 4 D) 2, 3, 4

Ans: B Feedback: Indoctrination consists of induction, orientation, and socialization of employees.

3. What is the most important consideration for the manager when identifying the appropriate person to whom to delegate a specific task? A) Whose turn it is to delegate a task B) The qualifications of the person regarding the task C) The fiscal cost of delegating the task D) Whether the person has experience with similar tasks

Ans: B Feedback: Managers should ask the individuals to whom they are delegating if they are capable of completing the delegated task.

How do administrative man managers make the majority of their decisions? A) After gathering all the facts B) In a manner good enough to solve the problem C) In a rational, logical manner D) After generating all the alternatives possible

Ans: B Feedback: Many managers make decisions that are just ìgood enoughî because of lack of time, energy, or creativity to generate a number of alternatives. This is also called ìsatisficing.î Most people make decisions too quickly and fail to systematically examine a problem or its alternatives for solution.

Which statement concerning the role of the powerful in organizational decision making is true? A) They exert little influence on decisions that are made B) They make decisions made that are in congruence with their own values C) They allow others to make the decisions however they wish D) They make all the important decisions with consideration to others

Ans: B Feedback: Not only does the preference of the powerful influence decisions of others in the organization, but the powerful are also able to inhibit the preferences of the less powerful. Powerful people in organizations are more likely to have decisions made that are congruent with their own preferences and values.

3. What is the relationship between the national and local economy and an organization's ability to maintain an adequate workforce? A) When the economy is on an upswing, many unemployed nurses return to work and recruitment becomes easier B) When a recession occurs it causes many part-time nurses to return to full-time employment and others to delay their retirement C) Although the economy tends to affect the size of the blue-collar workforce, professions such as nursing remain fairly stable regardless of economic changes D) When there is an economic downturn, many nurses reduce their work hours from full time to part time

Ans: B Feedback: Nursing shortages occur when the economy is on the upswing and decline when the economy recedes, because many unemployed nurses return to the workforce and part- time employees return to full-time employment. None of the other options identify that relationship.

15. How can a nursing professional demonstrate advanced achievement of competencies? A) Lateral transfer B) Professional specialty certification C) Transfer to a new department D) Professional registered nursing licensure

Ans: B Feedback: Professional specialty certification is one way that an employee can demonstrate advanced achievement of competencies. The transfer, when used appropriately, may be an effective way to provide career development but a lateral transfer does not demonstrate advancement. A transfer to a new department often requires the acquisition of new skills before advance can occur. A nursing license signifies entry-level skills.

1. What is the advantage of recruiting from outside the organization? A) Promotes long-term retention of employees B) Tends to increase the number of candidates C) Provides well-motivated candidates D) Attracts well-qualified candidates

Ans: B Feedback: Recruiting from outside the organization provides an opportunity to increase the pool of candidates for positions but is no guarantee that these candidates will be more qualified or motivated than those who come from within the organization.

4. What has research shown regarding interviewing reliability? A) Interviewer reliability is high if the interview is unstructured B) Interviewer reliability improves if the interview is structured uniformly C) Reliability increases when there is a team approach to the interview D) Positive information is weighed more heavily than negative information

Ans: B Feedback: Reliability means that something is measured consistently time after time. Therefore, if more than one interviewer uses the same format to interview a candidate, the reliability of the interviews improves. None of the other options identify the research findings.

10. Research supports that which factor may lead nurses to become disengaged in their careers? A) They do not feel that nursing is valued as a career B) Boredom increases with time on the same job C) Many nurses interrupt their careers for childrearing D) Nursing is low paying compared with ot her careers

Ans: B Feedback: Research has shown that boredom and job indifference leading to disengage ment increase with time on the same job. While the o the r options may be factors they are not research supported.

Which problem-solving learning strategy provides the learner with the most realistic, risk-free learning environment? A) Case studies B) Simulation C) Problem-based learning (PBL) D) Grand rounds

Ans: B Feedback: Simulation provides learners opportunities for problem solving that have little or no risk to patients or to organizational performance while providing models, either mechanical or live, to provide experiences for the learner. While the other options provide learning opportunities that include problem solving, simulation is the most realistic while also being low risk.

1. What should managers do to maintain adequate staff in their organization? A) Proactively plan to hire two RNs for each unit each year B) Use knowledge of turnover rates on their units for planning and hiring C) Look at staff-to-patient ratios at other health-care organizations in the area D) Hire consultants to study national turnover rates to determine recruitment needs

Ans: B Feedback: Staffing needs are unique to each institution and should be determined by looking at patient census, patient health-care needs, the type of patient care management used, and budget. None of the remaining options are accurate statements concerning adequate staffing.

16. The manager may be greatly or minimally involved with recruiting, interviewing, and selecting personnel. What factors are important to consider in this process? 1. Size of the institution 2. Existence of a separate personnel department 3. Presence of a nurse recruiter within the organization 4. Use of decentralized nursing management system only A) 1, 3, 4 B) 1, 2, 3 C) 1, 2, 4 D) 2, 3, 4

Ans: B Feedback: The manager may be greatly or minimally involved with recruiting, interviewing, and selecting personnel depending on (a) the size of the institution, (b) the existence of a separate personnel department, (c) the presence of a nurse recruiter within the organization, and (d) the use of centralized or decentralized nursing management.

2. Anew graduate who began their nursing career 6 months ago and who completed orientation 3 months ago is in what stage of professional development? A) Experimentation B) Entry C) Mastery D) Disengagement

Ans: B Feedback: The nurse is still in the entry stage and will be until necessary skills are learned. It generally takes an extended period of time to obtain the skills necessary for mastery. The remaining options are not relevant to this questions.

8. A nurse has been transferred to another unit in the hospital to perform the same type of duties. What type of transfer is this called? E) Accommodating F) Lateral G) Diagonal H) Downward

Ans: B Doing the same type of duties in another location is called a lateral transfer

20. What is the name of the stage of a career where nurses are experienced clinicians with expert knowledge, skills, abilities, credentials, and education base? A) Promise B) Momentum C) Harvest D) Legacy

Ans: B Feedback: Momentum is the middle career phase and typically reflects the nurse with 11 to 29 years of experience. Nurses in this phase are experienced clinicians with expert knowledge, skills, abilities , credentials, and education base.

2. Which statement about the role of unit managers in recruitment and selection is accurate? A) The more centralized nursing management is and the more complex the personnel department, the greater the involvement of the unit manager B) Unit managers should always leave such decisions to a centralized personnel department so consistency can be maintained C) Regardless of the extent of their involvement, all managers must be aware of recruitment and selection constraints within their organization D) Unit managers should assume total responsibility for recruitment and selection of personnel on their units

Ans: C Feedback: Although some institutions have personnel departments and nurse recruiters to carry out most of the hiring responsibilities, the nurse-manager must understand how recruitment and selection are accomplished within the organization. None of the remaining options are accurate statements concerning recruiting.

What is a characteristic of a left-brain thinker? A) Creative B) Intuitive C) Analytical D) Holistic

Ans: C Feedback: Analytical, linear, left-brain thinkers process information differently from creative, intuitive, right-brain thinkers. Left-brain thinkers are typically better at processing language, logic, numbers, and sequential ordering, whereas right-brain thinkers excel at nonverbal ideation and holistic synthesizing.

14. What is the purpose of a cover letter? I. introduce the applicant 2. . Briefly highlight key points of career 3. Make a positive first impression 4. Always used when submitting a resume A) I, 2, 3 B) I, 2, 4 C) 1, 3, 4 D) 2, 3, 4

Ans: C Feedback: Cover letters (whether by mail or e- mail) should always be used when submitting a resume. Their purpose is to introduce the applicant, briefly highlight key points of the resume, and make a positive first impression.

Which statement is true concerning critical thinking? A) It is a simple approach to decision making B) It is narrower in scope than decision making C) It requires reasoning and creative analysis D) It is a synonym for the problem-solving process

Ans: C Feedback: Critical thinking has a broader scope than decision making and problem solving. It is sometimes referred to as reflective thinking. Critical thinking also involves reflecting upon the meaning of statements, examining the offered evidence and reasoning, and forming judgments about facts.

Managing conflict among staff members would occur in which part of the management process? A) Planning B) Organizing C) Directing D) Evaluating

Ans: C Feedback: Directing sometimes includes several staffing functions. However, this phase's functions usually entail human resource management responsibilities, such as motivating, managing conflict, delegating, communicating, and facilitating collaboration. Planning encompasses determining philosophy, goals, objectives, policies, procedures, and rules; carrying out long- and short-range projections; determining a fiscal course of action; and managing planned change. Organizing includes establishing the structure to carry out plans, determining the most appropriate type of patient care delivery, and grouping activities to meet unit goals.

4. Which statement is true regarding career planning? A) It is the emp lo ye r's responsibility B) It results in the spontaneous assessment of goals C) It requires the development of a long -term plan D) Functions best when the planning is episodic in nature

Ans: C Feedback: Effective career planning requires long-term planning; it is the responsibility of the individual and requires constant attention to function properly.

7. Which action is considered a leadership role associated with delegation? A) Creating job descriptions for all personnel B) Providing formal recognition or reward for completion of delegated tasks C) Demonstrating sensitivity to how cultural phenomena affect transcultural delegation D) Reprimanding employees who demonstrate overt resistance to the tasks they are delegated

Ans: C Feedback: Factors such as communication, space, social organization, timing, environmental control, and biologic variations affect delegation to a culturally diverse staff and should be modeled as a leadership role. The other choices are all management functions.

23. What factor contributed significantly to the beginning of the acute RN shortage that originated in the late 1990s? A) Closing of nursing programs B) Lack of interest in nursing C) Hospital downsizing D) Poor nursing salaries

Ans: C Feedback: Hospital downsizing and shortsightedness regarding recruitment and retention contributed to the beginning of an acute shortage of RNs in many health-care settings by the late 1990s. None of the other options were significant contributors to the nursing shortage that began in the late 1990s.

24. Which statement by the nurse-manager demonstrates an understanding of the need to provide effective guidance to those a project has been delegated? A) Don't be afraid to let me know if you feel the project is overwhelming you. B) What do you suggest we do to address the problems that exist with the project? C) I can give you a few solutions for the issues you have been having with the project. D) Do you want more time to complete the project?

Ans: C Feedback: If the worker is having difficulty carrying out the delegated task, the leader-manager should be available as a role model and resource in identifying alternative solutions. Leaders should encourage employees, however, to attempt to solve problems themselves first, although they should always be willing to answer questions about the task or to clarify desired outcomes as necessary. Suggesting solutions or removing the person from the task prematurely does not demonstrate an understanding of effective guidance.

What type of brain dominance creates a management style that is highly organized and detail oriented? A) Upper left brain B) Upper right brain C) Lower left brain D) Lower right brain

Ans: C Feedback: Individuals with lower-left-brain dominance are highly organized and detail oriented and individuals with upper-left-brain dominance truly are analytical thinkers who like working with factual data and numbers. These individuals deal with problems in a logical and rational way. Individuals with upper-right-brain dominance are big picture thinkers who look for hidden possibilities and are futuristic in their thinking. Individuals with lower-right-brain dominance experience facts and problem solve in a more emotional way than the other three types.

25. When a manager appropriately recognizes the successful completion of a delegated team task, what is the primary reward for the manager? A) Less involvement in uncomplicated tasks B) A staff that is familiar with team-related delegated tasks C) Professional recognition as a leader D) Staff that is growing as professional caregivers

Ans: C Feedback: Leaders are often measured by the successes of those on their teams. Therefore, the more recognition team members receive, the more recognition will be given to their leader. Spending less time on uncomplicated tasks is not the primary gain for the nurse- manager. It is the staff that benefit from the exposure to team work and professional growth.

15. What must managers delegate to another RN in order to assure completion of a task? A) Time and space B) Leadership and creativity C) Authority and responsibility D) Personnel and knowledge

Ans: C Feedback: Managers must delegate the authority and the responsibility necessary to complete the task. Nothing is more frustrating to a creative and productive employee than not having the resources or authority to carry out a well-developed plan. Qualities like leadership, knowledge, and creativity are not transferable. The remaining option choices are resources that are provided rather than delegated.

6. What statement concerning the delegating of tasks by the nurse to unlicensed assistive personnel (NAP) is true? A) One can safely assume that the NAP has at least a high school diploma as a minimum hiring criterion B) All unlicensed assistive personnel have achieved at least minimum standardized training pursuant to the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 C) No federal or community standards have been established for training the broad classification of NAP D) The nurse is protected from liability when allowing the NAP to perform only those tasks the employee includes in the job description

Ans: C Feedback: No federal or community standards have been established for the training of the NAP. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act relates to certified nursing assistants only. The hiring policies of institutions vary regarding the employment qualifications of the NAP and many institutions do not have distinct job descriptions for NAP that define their scope of practice.

What is the advantage of using a payoff table when applicable? A) It assures the correct decision when dealing with financial situations B) It is very helpful when quantitative information about the topic is available C) It assists in the visualization of the available historic and current data D) It is easy to construct even for the novice decision maker

Ans: C Feedback: Payoff tables do not guarantee that a correct decision will be made, but they assist in visualizing data. While it does lend itself to the use of quantitative data that are not its strength, the table may not be difficult to construct that is not its strength since it is dependent on the inclusion of accurate data and effective evaluation of that data.

19. What must be completed before a position is offered? A) Physical examination B) Preemployment testing C) Reference check D) Personal interview

Ans: C Feedback: Positions should never be offered until information on the application has been verified and references have been checked.

To decrease overtime, the manager of a surgical unit offers nurses who get their work finished on time for an entire 2-month period an extra day off with pay at regular time. What is this an example of? A) Bribing nurses B) Quantum leadership C) Principal agent theory D) Servant leadership

Ans: C Feedback: Principal agent theory suggests that followers may have an informational (expertise or knowledge) advantage over the leader as well as their own preferences, which may deviate from that of the principal. This may lead to a misalignment of goals. To influence the agent, the principal offers an incentive that corrects excessive overtime. The remaining options do not represent the example offered.

8. Which statement is true regarding the general delegation liability of the registered nurse (RN)? A) It is minimal because subordinates alone are held accountable for practicing within the accepted scope of practice for their job classification B) It is great because the RN is automatically held liable for the tasks delegated to all recognized subordinates C) It is reduced when the RN appropriately assesses what and to whom delegation is appropriate and supervises the completion of the tasks D) It is avoided entirely by delegating tasks to only other licensed personnel

Ans: C Feedback: Proper delegation practices that include assessment and evaluation help protect the RN from liability. The other statements are not true.

Avolio states that there are four factors that cover the components of authentic leadership. What is occurring when one openly shares feelings and information appropriate to a situation? A) Balanced processing B) Internalized moral perspective C) Relational transparency D) Self-awareness

Ans: C Feedback: Relational transparency refers to openly sharing feelings and information appropriate to a situation. Balanced processing refers to analyzing data rationally before making decisions. Internalized moral perspective suggests that the authentic leader is guided by internal moral standards, which then guide his/her behavior, and self-awareness alludes to a knowing of self so as to make sense of the world.

8. What should selectors do when processing the employment application? A) Accept the resume as an honest and objective source of data regarding the applicant B) Require a physical examination before making a hiring decision C) Always follow up on references and verify employment history D) Use unsolicited personal information about an applicant as a valid reason for job disqualification

Ans: C Feedback: Some managers prefer to verify credentials and references before the interview; others do it after the interview. Either way, doing a comprehensive check of credentials and references is of absolute importance. None of the other options identify the selector's processing role.

1. What is an inappropriate reason for delegation? A) To empower subordinates by stretching them in their work assignment B) To free the manager to address more complex, higher-level unit needs C) When the task is not a challenge for the manager D) Because someone else is better qualified to do the task that needs to be done

Ans: C Feedback: That the manager is not challenged by a task is not a valid reason for delegating that task to another. The other options are all appropriate reasons to delegate tasks to qualified staff.

What is the critical leadership skill when attempting to build a cooperative and effective team? A) Showing their true feelings B) Empathizing with followers C) Identifying existing emotions in themselves and others D) Manipulating the emotions of all involved to achieve stated goals

Ans: C Feedback: Theorists studying emotional intelligence posit that the ability to identify emotions in themselves and in others is a critical ingredient of leaders, enabling them to build a cooperative and effective team. While the other options may have value, they do not represent the critical skill related to team building.

It is the idea that context is an important mediator of transformational leadership, that led to the creation of full range leadership theory early in the 21st century. This theory originally developed by Antonakis, Avolio, and Sivasubramaniam suggests how many transformational factors impacting leadership style and its impact on followers? A) One B) Three C) Five D) Nine

Ans: C Feedback: There are nine factors impacting leadership style and its impact on followers; five are transformational, three are transactional, and one is a nonleadership or laissez-faire leadership factor.

Gardner states that integrated leaders-managers distinguish themselves from more traditional managers in six ways. Which is a distinguishing trait of a traditional manager rather than an integrated leader-manager? A) They are politically astute B) They look outward, toward the larger organization C) They extend influence only to their own group D) They emphasize vision, values, and motivation

Ans: C Feedback: Traditional managers influence those in their own groups while integrated leaders influence others beyond their own group. The remaining options represent traits that may be shared by both types.

21. Which factor has the greatest impact on the need for nurses to possess excellent delegation skills? A) Increase in patient acuity levels B) Decrease in patient hospitalization time C) Increase in the use of NAP D) Decrease in nurse-to-patient ratios

Ans: C Feedback: With the increased use of NAP in patient care, the need for nurses to have highly developed delegation skills has never been greater. The impact of acuity levels, nurseñpatient ratios, and hospitalization stays does not have as great an impact as does the correct option.

9. Which statement is accurate concerning management development classes? A} They are not cost-effective, but increase worker sat is faction B) They are necessary for advancement to management positions C) They require the inclusion of social learning activities D) They are a responsibility of middle-le vel management

Ans: C The inclusion of social learning activities in management development increases the possibility for employee retention. Management development is cost-effective for the organization but may not be necessary for all managers. Top executives in the organization have a responsibility to support the management development program.

17. What type of interview is a predictor of job performance and overall effectiveness? A) Unstructured B) Semistructured C) Structured D) Informal

Ans: C Feedback: As a predictor of job performance and overall effectiveness, the structured interview is much more reliable than the unstructured, semistructured, or informal interviews.

16. What arc restraining forces for specialty certification in professional nursing? I . Decreased collaboration with other health-care providers 2. Cost 3. Lack of recognition 4. Increased retention A) 1, 2 B) 1, 4 C) 2,3 D) 3, 4

Ans: C Feedback: Cost coupled with lack of institutional reward and support kept some nurses from pursuing certification. The impact of certification on absenteeism and retention was unclear.

3. Which reason qualifies as organizational justification for a career development program?? A) Employee attrition can be reduced B) Personnel can be used more effectively C) Employee scan increase earning power D) Employment benefits are increased

Ans: C, D Feedback: Organizational justification for career development programs includes attrition reduction, improved productivity, and general improved quality of life. Although employees may earn more money and additional benefits as a result of career development they are not the reason that organizations undertake career development programs.

12. How is competency of an employee best determined? A} An examination of patient records by a review team B) Self-reporting on an administered skills checklist C) Evidence of attendance in continuing education classes D) Documentation of effectively meeting role demands

Ans: D Feedback: Competency relates to role and is determined by each role demand. None of the other options are able to determine competency as effectively as documentation of performance.

Which function of the management process involves the performance evaluation of staff? A) Planning B) Organizing C) Staffing D) Controlling

Ans: D Feedback: Controlling is the function that includes performance appraisals, fiscal accountability, quality control, legal and ethical control, and professional and collegial control.

Which statement is true regarding an economic man style manager? A) Lacks complete knowledge and generates few alternatives B) Makes decisions that may not be ideal but result in solutions that have an adequate outcome C) Makes most management decisions using the administrative man model of decision making D) These managers gather as much information as possible and generate many alternatives

Ans: D Feedback: Economic managers gather as much information as possible and generate many alternatives. Most management decisions are made by using the administrative man model of decision making. The administrative man never has complete knowledge and generates fewer alternatives.

11. Which question asked during an interview is acceptable? A) Are you married? B) Have you ever been arrested? C) What is your religious preference? D) What professional organizations do you belong to?

Ans: D Feedback: It is lawful for an interviewer to ask about professional organizations, but the interviewer cannot ask the interviewee to produce a list of all memberships. None of the other options identify an acceptable question.

7. Which state ment is true regarding long-tem1coaching for career development? A) It occurs annually at performance appraisal reviews B) It focuses on employee performance deficits C) [I requires the same intensity as a mentoring relationship D) It occurs over the entire employment tenure of an employee

Ans: D Feedback: Long-term coaching should occur over the entire employment of the employee

18. What is a management function associated with career development? A) ls self-aware of personal values influencing career r development B) Encourages employees to lake responsibility for their own career planning C) Identifies, encourages, and develops future leaders D) Works cooperatively to arrange intra-organizational transfers

Ans: D Feedback: Management function is to work cooperatively with other departments in arranging for the release of employees to take other positions within the organization. Leadership functions associated with career development are self-aware of personal values influencing career development; encourage employees to take responsibility for their own career planning, and identifies, encourages, and develops future leaders.

6. Which activity is a personal responsibility for career management? A) Developing career ladders B) Establishing career paths C) providing challenging assignments D) Developing a career plan

Ans: D Feedback: Only the development of a career plan is the responsibility of the individual. The first 3 choices are management responsibilities.

An organization has hired six RNs who have recently immigrated to the United States. The manager has noticed they interact very little with other staff, often speaking in their own language during their breaks, although they speak English while on duty. Which intervention would be the most helpful action for the manager to help these new RNs better assimilate? A) Explain to the new nurses the problem that their isolating is causing. B) Arrange to send them to an English language course at the local adult school. C) Ask the established RNs to make an effort to include the new nurses in after-work activities. D) Begin a short sharing session before client report, so all RNs can share information about their cultures and differences in client care.

Ans: D Feedback: Providing an opportunity for both groups of nurses to share their cultural heritage and differences in nursing care is an opportunity to promote acceptance among all members of the staff. It has been established that speaking the language is not a problem since they do so while on duty. Including them in after-work activities may demonstrate willingness on the staff's part but will not address work-related isolation. Merely presenting the problem to the new nurses does not show managing initiative.

What statement describes the concept of quantum leadership? A) Ability to use emotions effectively that is required by leader-managers in order to enhance their success B) In order to lead, leaders must be true to themselves and their values and act accordingly C) One individual convinces another to consider a new idea, product, or way of looking at things D) The environment and context in which people work is complex and dynamic and that this has a direct impact on organizational productivity

Ans: D Feedback: Quantum leadership suggests that the environment and context in which people work is complex and dynamic and that this has a direct impact on organizational productivity required by leader-managers in order to enhance their success. Authentic leadership suggests that in order to lead, leaders must be true to themselves and their values and act accordingly. Thought leadership refers to any situation whereby one individual convinces another to consider a new idea, product, or way of looking at things.

What effect of organizational power on decision making is often reflected in the tendency of staff? A) Making decisions independent of organizational values B) Not trusting others to decide C) Desiring personal power D) Having private beliefs that are separate from corporate ones

Ans: D Feedback: The ability of the powerful to influence individual decision making in an organization often requires adopting a private personality and an organizational personality.

5. Which principle le is key in resumes' construction? A) Emphasize strong and weak points equally B) Be at least four to five pages in length C) Reflect complex, schola rly language D) Be concise and easy to read

Ans: D Feedback: The content of a resume should be able to be grasped quickly by the individual doing the hiring, so conciseness and readability are of key importance.

What needs to be considered in evaluating the quality of one's decisions? A) Is evaluation necessary when using a good decision-making model? B) Can evaluation be eliminated if the problem is resolved? C) Will the effectiveness of the decision maker be supported? D) Will the evaluation be helpful in increasing one's decision-making skills?

Ans: D Feedback: The evaluation phase is necessary to find out more about one's ability as a decision maker and to find out where the decision making was faulty.

Which statement about situational or contingency leadership theory is correct? A) High relationship behavior is much more essential to a good manager than high task behavior B) This leadership model is effective in bureaucratic organizations because it is task focused C) Management should be consistent in different situations so workers understand what is expected of them D) The leadership style chosen by a manager should reflect the task/relationship behavior of those being managed

Ans: D Feedback: The idea that leadership style should vary according to the situation or the individuals involved was first suggested almost 100 years ago by Mary Parker Follett, one of the earliest management consultants and among the first to view an organization as a social system of contingencies. The other options present statements that are incorrect.

17. The manager should have a well-developed, planned system for career development for all employees . What should be included in this program ? I . Policies communicated to administrators 2. Ap propriate use of transfers 3. How promotions are handled 4. Long-term coaching A) 1,2,3 B) 1, 2, 4 C) 1, 3, 4 D) 2, 3, 4

Ans: D Feedback: The manager should have a well-developed , planned system for a career development for all employees; this system should include the appropriate use of transfers, how promotions are to be handled, and long-term coaching. These policies should be fair and communicated effectively to all employees.

5. What should the interviewer do to increase the reliability and validity of an interview? A) Conduct single, rather than multiple, interviews B) Trust his or her first impressions of an applicant C) Avoid taking notes during the interview D) Develop a structured interview format

Ans: D Feedback: The same structured interview should be used for all employees applying for the same job classification. None of the other options identify an appropriate technique.

One of the nurses on the unit said, ìMale patients have a low threshold for pain.î This is an example of what type of illogical thinking? A) Affirming the consequences B) Arguing from analogy C) Deductive reasoning D) Overgeneralizing

Ans: D Feedback: This type of ìcrookedî thinking occurs when one believes that because A has a particular characteristic, every other A also has the same characteristic. This kind of thinking is exemplified when stereotypical statements are used to justify arguments and decisions.

Why do our values often cause personal conflict in decision making? A) Some values are not realistic or healthy B) Not all values are of equal worth C) Our values remain unchanged over time D) Our values often collide with one another

Ans: D Feedback: Values, life experience, individual preference, and individual ways of thinking will influence a person's decision making. No matter how objective the criteria will be, value judgments will always play a part in a person's decision making, either consciously or subconsciously.

19. The promise phase of career development typically reflects how many years of initial nursing employment'? A) 1 B) 2 C) 5 D) 10

Ans: D Feedback: Promise is the earliest of the career phases and typically reflects the first 10 years of nursing employment.

2. During a community meeting, a nurse encourages clients to present unit problems and discuss possible solutions. Which type of leadership style is the nurse demonstrating? 1. Democratic 2. Autocratic 3. Laissez-faire 4. Bureaucratic

ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 9, Intervention in Groups Objective: Identify various leadership styles in groups. Page: 187 Heading: Leadership Styles: Democratic Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 The nurse who encourages clients to present problems and discuss solutions is demonstrating a democratic leadership style. Democratic leaders share information with group members and promote decision-making by the members of the group. The leader provides guidance and expertise as needed. 2 The autocratic leader is in charge of the group and others must persuade the leaders. 3 The laissez-faire leader is easily swayed and gives little to no direction. 4 Bureaucratic is not a leadership style.

11. A nursing instructor is teaching students about self-help groups like AA. Which student statement indicates that learning has occurred? 1. "There is little research to support AA's effectiveness." 2. "Self-help groups used to be the treatment of choice, but their popularity is waning." 3. "These groups have no external regulation, so clients need to be cautious." 4. "Members themselves run the group, with leadership usually rotating among the members."

ANS: 4 Chapter: Chapter 9, Intervention in Groups Objective: Identify various types of groups Page: 184 Heading: Types of Groups > Self-help Groups Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 These groups allow members to talk about feelings and reduce feelings of isolation, while receiving support from others undergoing similar experiences. 2 Self-help groups are very popular and very effective. 3 The groups are run by members, with leadership rotating. 4 The student indicates an understanding of self-help groups when stating, "Members themselves run the group, with leadership usually rotating among the members." Nurses may or may not be involved in self-help groups.

19. What cultural phenomena must be considered for the biopsychosocial differences between racial and ethnic groups that have susceptibility to disease and physiologic differences? A) Space B) Social organization C) Environmental control D) Biologic variations

Ans: D Feedback: The phenomenon Biologic variations refers to the biopsychosocial differences between racial and ethnic groups, such as susceptibility to disease and physiologic differences. None of the other options are associated with managing these differences.

8. During an inpatient educational group, a client shouts out, "This information is worthless. Nothing you have said can help me." These statements indicate to a nurse leader that the client is assuming which group role? 1. The group role of aggressor 2. The group role of initiator 3. The group role of gatekeeper 4. The group role of blocker

ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 9, Intervention in Groups Objective: Identify various roles that members assume within a group. Page: 188 Heading: Table 9.2: Member Roles Within Groups Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 The nurse should identify that the client is assuming the group role of the aggressor. The aggressor expresses negativism and hostility toward others in the group or to the group leader and may use sarcasm in an effort to degrade the status of others. 2 The initiator outlines tasks at hands and proposes methods for solution. 3 The gatekeeper encourages acceptance of and participation by all members. 4 The blocker resists group efforts.

10. Which group leader activity should a nurse identify as being most effective in the final, or termination, phase of group development? 1. The group leader establishes the rules that will govern the group after discharge. 2. The group leader encourages members to rely on each other for problem solving. 3. The group leader presents and discusses the concept of group termination. 4. The group leader helps the members to process feelings of loss.

ANS: 4 Chapter: Chapter 9, Intervention in Groups Objective: Describe the phases of group development. Page: 186 Heading: Phases of Group Development > Phase III: Final or Termination Phase Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This option is not appropriate after the group has ended. 2 Group members should have gained independence while in the group. 3 This option does not have the group members move through the termination phase. 4 The most effective intervention in the final, or termination, phase of group development would be for the group leader to help the members to process feelings of loss as they are losing the support of their group as it disbands. The leader should encourage members to review goals and discuss outcomes, reminisce about what has occurred, and encourage members to provide feedback to each other about progress.

What type of management was emphasized in the human relations era of management? A) Participatory B) Authoritarian C) Democratic D) Laissez-faire

Ans: A Feedback: The human relations era of management science emphasized concepts of participatory and humanistic management. Three primary leadership styles have been identified: authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire.

12. Which assessment must the RN do initially when assigning tasks to non-licensed personnel (NAP)? A) Evaluating the NAP's skills and knowledge level B) Assessing which tasks the NAP is interested in assuming C) Evaluating how patients rate the NAP's performance D) Assessing how team members like working with the NAP

Ans: A Feedback: The manager must be knowledgeable about the skills and knowledge of all members of the health-care team. While the other options are factors regarding general NAP utilization, initially skills and knowledge levels take priority.

What is the typical focus of managers? Select all that apply. A) Establishing a legitimate source of power B) Delegating responsibilities to staff members C) Formulate the budget to achieve the stated goals D) Direct attention to the management of unwilling subordinates

Ans: A, B, C Feedback: The manager is typically involved in the delegation of responsibilities through the power of the legitimate power associated with the position. To manipulate people, the environment, money, time, and other resources to achieve organizational goals is also a manager's focus. Attention to both willing and unwilling subordinates as well as established responsibilities is associated with the role of the manager.

Which statement depicts leadership? A) A leadership position is assigned B) A leadership position carries a legitimate source of power C) Members of a group will follow a person in a leadership position only by choice D) Leadership requires meeting organizational goals

Ans: C Feedback: A leader is the person who guides direction, opinion, and course of action without having an assigned position within the formal organization and so people choose to follow them. The other options are not accurate descriptions of leadership.

A manager has proposed to the hospital board that it hires someone to teach management and leadership classes and that head nurses are paid to attend the classes. What is this an example of? A) Using emotional intelligence B) Transformational leadership C) Building human capital D) Using quantum leadership

Ans: C Feedback: By providing classes in leadership, the manager is investing in the potential of the head nurse staff to become better leaders and managers. Human capital refers to the attributes of a person that are productive in some economic context, although it is normally measured and conceived of as a private return to the individual as well as a social return. None of the remaining options relate to the example provided.

What statement is true regarding decision making? A) It is an analysis of a situation B) It is closely related to evaluation C) It involves choosing between courses of action D) It is dependent upon finding the cause of a problem

Ans: C Feedback: Decision making is a complex cognitive process often defined as choosing a particular course of action. Problem solving is part of decision making and is a systematic process that focuses on analyzing a difficult situation. Critical thinking, sometimes referred to as reflective thinking, is related to evaluation and has a broader scope than decision making and problem solving.

What is the best definition of decision making? A) The planning process of management B) The evaluation phase of the executive role C) One step in the problem-solving process D) Required to justify the need for scarce items

Ans: C Feedback: Decision making is a complex, cognitive process often defined as choosing a particular course of action. Decision making, one step in the problem-solving process, is an important task that relies heavily on critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills.

What concept does early leadership-theory development suggest? A) Leadership is a process of influencing others within an organizational culture B) The interactive relationship between the leader and the follower is significant C) Some are born to lead, whereas others are born to be led D) Vision and empowerment are two of the most critical leadership skills

Ans: C Feedback: Early leadership theorists focused on broad conceptualizations of leadership that assumed that people have certain characteristics or personality traits that make them better leaders than others. The remaining options do not describe a concept suggested by early leadership-theory development.

4. Which situation presents an example of inappropriate delegation? A) Temporary authority is given to support completion of a delegated task B) The person to whom a task is delegated considers it a challenge C) The employee is given exact instructions on completing the task D) Regular updates on the task are exchanged with the manager and the employee

Ans: C Feedback: If an employee has the skills necessary to complete a task, that employee should be able to carry out the task with autonomy and be provided with the authority and resources necessary. Depending on the complexity of the project, the manager should meet with the employee for updates. One of the goals of delegation is to challenge employees into learning new skills.

13. Which task would the director of a home health agency not delegate another staff RN? A) Assigning home health aides to specific patient care B) Serving on a diabetic study committee of community resources C) Meeting with the agency's administration regarding budget cuts D) Reviewing staff time cards for completion and accuracy

Ans: C Feedback: Management responsibilities associated with budgeting would not be delegated to another RN on the staff. The other options could be appropriately delegated to another RN.

10. Periodically during the day the RN checked with the team members to determine whether they are having difficulty completing their assigned tasks. This describes which manager role? A) Skills evaluation B) Patient safety C) Effective delegation D) Micromanagement

Ans: C Feedback: This manager provided the team with the autonomy to complete the work and was available should any need arise. This describes effective delegation. This action is not related to any of the other options.

How many primary leadership styles have been identified? A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four

Ans: C Feedback: Three primary leadership styles have been identified: authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire.

9. What managerial action is important when supporting the delegation of a task to a subordinate? A) Always requiring a maximizing quality outcome B) Frequently reassuring the employee that if they are incapable of completing a delegated task, it will be reassigned C) Drafting a preliminary plan of how the task will be redone if the outcome does not meet stated expectations D) Occasionally providing learning or stretching opportunities for employees

Ans: D Feedback: Stretching provides growth opportunities for employees, builds employee self-esteem, and helps prevent boredom and de-motivation. The other options are not actions that are supportive of the staff and the delegation process.

11. A member of the team reports that they have been given too much to do and are not going to be able to complete the work on time. What action will the RN take to effectively manage this situation? A) Assign the work to another team member B) Take on the responsibility of the tasks C) Have the team member perform only the necessary tasks D) Examine the workload and assist the individual in reprioritizing

Ans: D Feedback: The manager should help the overwhelmed employee reprioritize the workload with the goal of making it manageable for that employee. None of the other options realistically assist the team member in managing time and prioritizing effectively.

17. Which of the following behavioral skills should a nurse implement when leading a group that is functioning in the orientation phase of group development? (Select all that apply.) 1. Encourage members to provide feedback to each other about individual progress. 2. Ensure that group rules do not interfere with goal fulfillment. 3. Work with group members to establish rules that will govern the group. 4. Emphasize the need for and importance of confidentiality within the group. 5. Help the leader to resolve conflicts and foster cohesiveness within the group.

17. ANS: 2, 3, 4 Chapter: Chapter 9, Intervention in Groups Objective: Describe the phases of group development. Page: 186 Heading: Phases of Group Development > Phase I: Initial or Orientation Phase Integrated Processes: Planning Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1. Individuals should not be providing feedback to each other on progress. 2. The leader should ensure that group rules do not interfere with goal fulfillment. 3. During the orientation phase of group development, the nurse leader should work together with members to establish rules that will govern the group. 4. The leader should establish the need for and importance of confidentiality within the group. Members need to establish trust and cohesion in order to move into the working phase. 5. During the orientation phase it would not be appropriate to implement feedback or resolve conflict.

19. A ______________________ is a collection of individuals whose association is founded on shared commonalities of interest, values, norms, or purpose.

ANS: group Chapter: Chapter 9, Intervention in Groups Objective: Define a group. Page: 183 Heading: Functions of a Group Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Application[Applying] Concept: Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Feedback: A group is a collection of individuals whose association is founded on shared commonalities of interest, values, norms, or purpose. Membership in a group is generally by chance (born into the group), by choice (voluntary affiliation), or by circumstance (the result of life-cycle events over which an individual may or may not have control).

Which leadership style maintains strong control over the work group and uses coercion to motivate others? A) Authoritarian B) Democratic C) Laissez-faire D) A contingency approach

Ans: A Feedback: Lewin identified three common leadership styles: authoritarian, democratic, and laissezfaire. Authoritarian leadership results in well-defined group actions that are usually predictable, reducing frustration in the work group and giving members a feeling of security. Productivity is usually high, but creativity, self-motivation, and autonomy are reduced. Authoritarian leadership is frequently found in very large bureaucracies such as the armed forces. Coercion to motivate is not associated with the other options.

What type of manager is concerned with the day-to-day operations? A) Transactional B) Transformational C) Interactional D) Bureaucratic

Ans: A Feedback: The traditional manager, concerned with the day-to-day operations, is termed a transactional leader. This is not a characteristic of the other options.

What is a weakness of the traditional problem-solving model? A) Its need for implementation time B) Its lack of a step requiring evaluation of results C) Its failure to gather sufficient data D) Its failure to evaluate alternatives

Ans: A Feedback: The traditional problem-solving model is less effective when time constraints are a consideration. Decision making can occur without the full analysis required in problem solving. Because problem solving attempts to identify the root problem in situations, much time and energy are spent on identifying the real problem.

18. What occurs when a manager has the false assumption that delegation may be interpreted as a lack of ability on the subordinate's part to do the job correctly or completely? A) Underdelegating B) Overdelegating C) Improper delegating D) Inappropriate delegating

Ans: A Feedback: Underdelegating occurs when a manager has a false assumption that delegation may be interpreted as a lack of ability on his or her part to do the job correctly or completely.

16. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 established regulations for the education and certification of which health-care worker? A) Nurse aide (NA) B) NAP C) Licensed practical nurse (LPN) D) RN

Ans: A Feedback: Although the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 established regulations for the education and certification of nurse's aides (minimum of 75 hours of theory and practice and successful completion of an examination in both areas), no federal or community standards have been established for training the more broadly defined NAP. LPNs and RNs are not addressed by this act.

The failure to engage in which activity is considered a fatal flaw of leadership? Select all that apply. A) Collaboration B) Communication C) Self-improvement D) Staff development

Ans: A, B, C, D Feedback: Leadership is flawed and likely ineffective when the leader does not collaborate and communicate effectively with others in the organization. The improvement and development of both others and oneself is vital to the effectiveness of a leader. Clear forward thinking is associated with good leadership.

A manager demonstrating an understanding of the principles of Human Capital theory will schedule which staff in-service? Select all that apply. A) Effective communication skills B) Financial planning for retirement C) Advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation D) Meeting the needs of the patient's family

Ans: A, C, D Feedback: Human capital can refer to a group's collective knowledge, skills, and abilities. Human capital theory suggests that individuals and/or organizations will invest in education and professional development if they believe that such an investment will have a future payoff. Communication, meeting family needs, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation are all skills and abilities that will enhance the individual's professional development and ultimately the services of the facility. The other options are related to the personal interests of the staff.

Which is a characteristic of Theory Z? A) Non-consensus decision making B) Fitting employees to their jobs C) Rapid career promotions D) Authoritative problem solving

Ans: B Feedback: Characteristics of Theory Z include fitting employees to their jobs, consensus decision making, job security, slower promotions, examining the long-term consequences of management decision making, quality circles, guarantee of lifetime employment, establishment of strong bonds of responsibility between superiors and subordinates, and a holistic concern for the workers.

What does traditional management science focuses upon? A) Meeting worker satisfaction B) Delineating barriers to productivity C) Using a laissez-faire approach D) Encouraging employee participation

Ans: B Feedback: Classical, or traditional, management science focuses on production in the workplace and on delineating organizational barriers to productivity. Little attention was given to worker job satisfaction, and workers were assumed to be motivated solely by economic rewards.

What is an example of a positive outcome of a leader's emotional intelligence? A) Emotions are held in check B) Emotions are used effectively C) Expression of one's emotions is expected D) Expression of one's emotions is encouraged

Ans: B Feedback: Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to use emotions effectively and is required by leader-managers in order to enhance their success. Holding one's emotions in check can be unhealthy. The remaining options do not address the usefulness of emotions.

What does knowledge about good decision making lead one to believe? A) Good decision makers are usually right-brain, intuitive thinkers B) Effective decision makers are sensitive to the situation and to others C) Good decisions are usually made by left-brain, logical thinkers D) Good decision making requires analytical rather than creative processes

Ans: B Feedback: Good decision makers seem to have antennae that make them particularly sensitive to other people and situations. Left-brain thinkers are typically better at processing language, logic, numbers, and sequential ordering, whereas right-brain thinkers excel at nonverbal ideation and holistic synthesizing.

22. Which characteristic is most important when the nurse-manager is considering staff for a delegated role? A) Years of experience B) Willingness to grow professionally C) Aversion to risk taking D) Pervious experience with similar tasks

Ans: B Feedback: Identify which individuals can complete the job in terms of capability and time to do so. Remember that it is a leadership role to stretch new and capable employees who want opportunities to learn and grow. Also look for employees who are innovative and willing to take risks. It is also important that the person to whom the task is being delegated considers the task to be important. Years of experience and exposure to similar tasks are not as important as interest in professional growth.

Which statement regarding the characteristics of a good leader is true? A) They are totally trustworthy B) They may have character flaws C) They are by nature good intentioned D) Charisma is their strongest attribute

Ans: B Feedback: Leaders may be deceitful and trustworthy, greedy and generous, and cowardly and brave. To assume that all good leaders are good people is foolhardy and makes us blind to the human condition. It is only when we recognize and manage our failings that leaders achieve greatness.

Which represents the management functions that are incorporated into the management process? A) Planning, directing, organizing, staffing, and evaluating B) Planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling C) Organizing, planning, staffing, directing, and evaluating D) Organizing, staffing, planning, implementing, and controlling

Ans: B Feedback: Management functions include planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. These are incorporated into what is known as the management process.

What assumption about workers does Theory X hold? A) Workers will naturally put forth effort B) Workers need threats to be motivated C) Workers are diligent and responsible D) Workers are in tune with organizational needs

Ans: B Feedback: Theory X managers believe that their employees are basically lazy, need constant supervision and direction, and are indifferent to organizational needs.

What type of leader is the person who is committed, has a vision, and is able to empower others with this vision? A) Transactional B) Transformational C) Interactional D) Bureaucratic

Ans: B Feedback: Transformational leadership positively impacts the leader and the follower, who have a collective purpose. The traditional manager, concerned with the day-to-day operations, was termed a transactional leader. The remaining options are not associated with these characteristics.

Which of the following statements is true regarding decision making? A) Scientific methods provide identical decisions by different individuals for the same problems B) Decisions are greatly influenced by each person's value system C) Personal beliefs can be adjusted for when the scientific approach to problem solving is used D) Past experience has little to do with the quality of the decision

Ans: B Feedback: Values, life experience, individual preference, and individual ways of thinking will influence a person's decision making. No matter how objective the criteria will be, value judgments will always play a part in a person's decision making, either consciously or subconsciously.

Shirey suggests there are five distinguishing characteristics of authentic leaders. Which characteristic is occurring when authentic leaders link between purpose and passion by having congruence in beliefs and actions? A) Purpose B) Values C) Heart D) Relationships

Ans: B Feedback: Values: Authentic leaders link between purpose and passion by having congruence in beliefs and actions. Purpose: Authentic leaders understand their own purposes and passions as a result of ongoing self-reflection and self-awareness. Heart: Authentic leaders care for themselves and the people they lead, and their compassion is genuine. Relationships: Authentic leaders value building relationships and establishing connections with others, not to receive rewards but rather to strengthen the human connection.

Max Weber, a well-known German sociologist, began to study large-scale organizations to determine what made some more efficient than others. What was his conclusion? A) Workers had to have a say in management to work most effectively B) Consistent rules and regulations for workers increased efficiency C) Employees should feel appreciated and valued D) Workers need frequent rest periods to increase overall production

Ans: B Feedback: Weber saw the need for legalized, formal authority and consistent rules and regulations for personnel in different positions. He thus proposed bureaucracy as an organizational design. None of the other options reflect his conclusions.

What is a distinguishing trait of integrated leader-managers? Select all that apply. A) Inward thinkers B) Long-term thinkers C) Concerned with employee motivation D) Possess influence beyond their own group

Ans: B, C, D Feedback: Gardner asserted that integrated leader-managers possess six distinguishing traits: They influence others beyond their own group; they emphasize vision, values, and motivation; they think longer term; they look outward, toward the larger organization they are politically astute; they think in terms of change and renewal.

2. What is a common cause of a manager to underdelegation? A) A high degree of trust in subordinates B) A democratic leadership style C) A need for perfectionism D) Sufficient time to accomplish unit goals alone

Ans: C Feedback: A manager with a need for perfectionism and control may believe that another person will not complete a task. Trust in subordinates and a democratic leadership style would support effective delegation. Delegating should not be based on the issue of time exclusively.

20. Which restraining force occurs when a subordinate tests the water to determine what the consequences are of not completing a delegated task? A) Failure of delegator to see subordinate perspective B) Subordinate incapable of completing the task C) Subordinate inherent resistance to authority D) Overdelegation of specificity of the task

Ans: C Feedback: One cause of subordinate resistance to delegation is an inherent resistance to authority. Some subordinates simply need to test the water and determine what the consequences are of not completing delegated tasks. The remaining options do not represent the behaviors described.

How many characteristics such as servant leadership does Tabaka suggest is required of an agile organization today? A) 1 B) 5 C) 10 D) 15

Ans: C Feedback: Tabaka suggests that servant leadership is one of the top 10 characteristics of an agile organization today.

What influences the quality of a decision most often? A) The decision maker's immediate superior B) The type of decision that needs to be made C) Questions asked and alternatives generated D) The time of day the decision is made

Ans: C Feedback: The greater the number of alternatives that can be generated by the decision maker, the better the final decision will be. The alternatives generated and the final choices are limited by each person's value system.

There are current and future paradigm shifts in health care that affect the leadership skills needed by nurses in the twenty-first century. What issue at the organizational and unit levels are nurse-leaders being directed to address? A) Active involvement in greatly needed health-care reform B) Persistent and growing international nursing shortage C) Shortage of qualified first-level nursing managers D) High turnover rates by staff nurses

Ans: D Feedback: At the organizational and unit levels, nurse-leaders are being directed to address high turnover rates by staff, an emerging shortage of qualified top-level nursing administrators, growing trends toward unionization, and intensified efforts to legislate minimum staffing ratios and eliminate mandatory overtime, while maintaining cohesive and productive work environments. At the national level, nurse-leaders and nursemanagers are actively involved in greatly needed health-care reform and in addressing a persistent, and likely growing, international nursing shortage. The other options, while describing noteworthy issues, do not include the issue that affects needed skills.

Which statement concerning nursing leadership functioning at its potential is true? A) The leadership role is most important in nursing today B) Leadership is most important in managing health-care costs C) The most important nursing leadership role is being charismatic D) There is a need to integrate nursing management and nursing leadership

Ans: D Feedback: For managers and leaders to function at their greatest potential, the two roles must be integrated. The other statements are not true.

What is the idea that workers should be hired, trained, and promoted based on their competence and abilities related to? A) Part of the management functions identified by Fayol B) The result of the human relations studies C) The outcome of studies done by Mayo at the Hawthorne Works D) One of the four overriding principles of scientific management

Ans: D Feedback: Frederick Taylor, the ìfather of scientific management,î had the idea that workers should be hired, trained, and promoted based on their competence and abilities. This concept is not associated with any of the other options.

Goleman in his best seller Emotional Intelligence built upon work in his identification of five components of emotional intelligence. Which component of emotional intelligence is occurring when a person is proficiently handling relationships and building networks? A) Self-regulation B) Motivation C) Empathy D) Social skills

Ans: D Feedback: Social skills: Proficiency in handling relationships and building networks; an ability to find common ground. Self-regulation: The ability to control or redirect disruptive impulses or moods as well as the propensity to suspend judgment. Motivation: A passion to work for reasons that go beyond money or status; a propensity to pursue goals with energy and commitment. Empathy: The ability to understand and accept the emotional makeup of other people.

14. Which organization is actively engaged in clarifying the delegation parameters for RNs? A) American Hospital Association (AMA) B) The federal government C) National League for Nursing (NLN) D) State Boards of Nursing Licensure

Ans: D Feedback: State Boards of Nursing Licensure is responsible for clarifying the delegation parameters for RNs. None of the other options are involved in this process.

17. Who bears the ultimate responsibility for ensuring that the nursing care provided by team members meets or exceeds minimum safety standards? A) The patient's primary healthcare provider B) The facility's Director of Nursing C) The unit's nursing manager D) The team's RN

Ans: D Feedback: The team's RN always bears the ultimate responsibility for ensuring that the nursing care provided by his or her team members meets or exceeds minimum safety standards. This is not the role of any of the other positions mentioned.