exam 1

If the international scale of researcher goodliness has a Cronbach's alpha of .9, what is the degree of error variance?

19% error

What are the ways that your experience can mislead you in making scientific conclusions? (what are the thinking errors unique to learning from experience) -research is probabilistic, your experience is not -you are not an authority -you may be biased about your own experiences -your intuition -your experience could be confounded -your individual experience has no comparison group -you may be swayed by a good story

-your experience could be confounded -research is probabilistic, your experience is not -your individual experience has no comparison group

What is the cut-off value that is usually considered "adequate" for assessing reliability?

.7

Match up the research designs with the most important type of reliability: 1. Researchers want to know how often toddlers hit their parents. They plant observers in daycare centers 2. Researchers want to know how much parents report being bothered by being hit by their toddlers. They administer 5 items regarding distress related to being hit. 3. Researchers are developing a new measure of toddler emotional intelligence which is expected to be stable over the early years. A. Inter-rater B. Internal Consistency C. Test-retest

1. Inter-rater 2. Internal Consistency 3. Test-retest

Match the Ethical Violation with the Principle most related to the Violation Tuskegee Syphilis Study By only recruiting low-income, african-american men? By allowing their disease to go untreated? By withholding information about the true nature of the study? By actively lying to them about the nature of the study? Options: Beneficence, Respect for Persons, Integrity, Justice

1. Justice 2. Beneficence 3. Respect for Persons 4. Integrity

Suppose you see this claim: " Family meals curb eating disorders" Eating disorders were assessed by self-report questionnaires. Family meal time was assessed by observation (video-camera). 1. What would be required to establish that family meals decrease eating disorders? 2. How could the construct validity of eating disorder diagnosis be improved? 3. How could covariance be established? A. Random assignment to eating family meals a certain number of times per week (0 vs. 5) B. Use of trained clinical interviewers C. By assessing the number of family meals and number of eating disorder symptoms before intervention

1. Random assignment to eating family meals a certain number of times per week (0 vs. 5) 2. Use of trained clinical interviewers 3. By assessing the number of family meals and number of eating disorder symptoms before intervention

A researcher is interested in studying how gender affects the perception of blame for people who have been raped. All participants are assigned to read a short story about someone who was raped. In one story the person who was harmed is a man, in the other story the person is a woman. At the end of the story, the participant is asked to rate how much they would blame the person who was raped on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 7 (very much). Is this a true experiment? What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable? Which of the 3 features of experiments is most important? What type of measurement scale is being used to quantify blame?

1. Yes 2. gender of the person who was raped 3. how much the participant blamed the person who was raped 4. Random Assignment 5. Interval?

A researcher is interested in comparing two different treatments for depression. She recruits a group of 40 men and women and randomly assigns them to the two different treatments. Pre and post-treatment she assesses depression symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory. She also measures how many participants in each condition meet criteria for depression (BDI score 10 or above). She also assesses heart rate while looking at happy vs. sad images. For information, Beck Depresison Inventory scores have a range from 0-40, with 10 being the clinically significant cut-off. Participants complete the items on the questionnaire by themselves. The heart rate scores start at zero and range upward. At the end of the study, participants Beck Depression inventory scores in Treatment A have on average declined by 20 points for a mean of 8.2 points while those in Treatment B have declined by ten points for a mean of 27.5. The researcher declares that Treatment A is more effective in reducing depression symptoms than Treatment B. How was covariance established? How was temporal precedence established? What feature of the design ensured internal validity? A. depression symptoms were reduced by both treatments B. by measuring symptoms before and after treatment C. random assignment to treatment condition

1. depression symptoms were reduced by both treatments 2. by measuring symptoms before and after treatment 3. random assignment to treatment condition

A variable has at least _____ levels (use the number key, do not spell it out)

2

What is the definition of a conceptual variable?

An abstract, theoretical concept; a big idea

What is a confound? A. An individual variable B. Confusion C. A type of validity D. An alternative explanation for an outcome

An alternative explanation for an outcome

In the research abstract regarding masculinity and male sex risk behavior, what type of claim is being made?

Association Claim

You watch a news program that is advocating for a net under the Golden Gate Bridge to reduce suicide deaths. They state (correctly) that the Golden Gate Bridge is one of the most common places for people to commit suicide by jumping. You are very interested and passionate in reducing all suicide deaths, no matter what the method of suicide. You could conclude there are probably other ways to reduce a greater number of suicide deaths because you know what guns and poisons are far more common methods of suicide. What thinking error did the news program make? -availability heuristic, the Golden Gate bridge is an iconic image -confirmation bias, the news program only examined evidence for the deadliness of the bridge -lack of comparison group to people who jumped off other bridges -lack of random assignment (not this one)

Availability Heuristic

Match up the definitions Question Selected Match -What is test-retest reliability? -What is inter-rater reliability? -What is internal consistency reliability?

B. whether scores are consistent over time E. Whether different people will obtain the same score using the measure; are the observers consistent with each other C. Whether the pattern of responses is consistent across items that address the same thing

Why are we less concerned about internal validity when interrogating frequency and association claims? a. because these claims do not specify a cause b. because internal validity is not as important as other types of validity c. because there is no random assignment d. because these claims are not falsifiable

Because these claims do not specify a cause

Your friend tells you a story of how the basement in her grandmother's house is haunted. She tells you about how last time she was in the basement a jar of spaghetti sauce was knocked off the shelf - even though no one was near the shelf! She tells you how scared she was. Her grandmother declares the basement haunted. She firmly concludes this basement is haunted. If your friend invited Ghostbusters to assess the hauntedness of her basement, what type of bias in thinking would she be making? -lack of random assignment (not this one) -availability heuristic -bias for narratives/nice stories -confirmation bias

Confirmation Bias

You read the following headline: 20% of children surveyed are overweight Which is the Constant? Which is the Variable? What type of Claim is being Made?

Constant = Children Variable = Weight Claim = Frequency

What statistic is more frequently used to assess reliability?

Correlation Coefficient?

You have created a new measure of tendency to love dogs. To test this questionnaire, you have participants complete the questionnaire and then observe their behavior around dogs. Specifically, you record the number of times they pet each dog they are presented with during a 10 minute period of dog presentation. What type of validity are you assessing?

Criterion

You are talking about a new scientific theory with friends. Theory A has good content and face validity - it makes intuitive sense. It is also consistent with your own observations. Theory A states that college students are highly social and like to sleep in. Theory B does not have good face validity. It predicts that college students at Kent State are highly variable in their sleep patterns depending on their activities, values regarding GPA, and friend groups. Scientists studying Theory A have not collected any data, Scientists studying Theory B have collected data. Based on the available evidence, why would you choose Theory B?

Empiricism

Based on the picture of the two doctors reporting pregnancy, the doctor in the right panel has made what type of error? A. Construct Validity B. False Negative C. Internal Validity D. False Positive

False Negative

In Kanin's lists of motives to file a false allegation of rape, what is the constant?

False allegation of rape

A researcher is interested in studying how gender affects the perception of blame for people who have been raped. All participants are assigned to read a short story about someone who was raped. In one story the person who was harmed is a man, in the other story the person is a woman. At the end of the story, the participant is asked to rate how much they would blame the person who was raped on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 7 (very much). -Is this a true experiment? -What is the independent variable? -What is the dependent variable? -Which of the three features of experiments is MOST important? -What type of measurement scale is being used to quantify blame?

G. Yes F. the gender of the person who was raped C. how much the participant blamed the person who was raped A. random assignment D. interval

Which below is an example of basic psychological research? A. Can decreasing binge drinking in the lab improve GPA for college students B. How frequent is binge drinking among college students C. Can a cognitive behavioral program designed to decrease binge drinking and improve focus improve GPA for college students

How frequent is binge drinking among college students?

Your BFF has recently invented a questionnaire of best-friendship. Her theory states that best-friends have the following two qualities: good listeners and class attendance. (list of items from questionnaire) This questionnaire is probably lacking in which kind of reliability that is most important for self-report questionnaires?

Internal Consistency

What are the 3 criteria for establishing causation?

Internal Validity Temporal Precendence Covariance

You are asked to examine the following chart and make a conclusion about the criterion validity of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). This chart displays the BDI scores of people who have been rated by psychiatrists on the severity of their depression using the diagnostic manual. This is an example of what type of method for testing criterion validity? A. Discriminant Validity B. Known Groups Paradigm C. Within Group Comparison Method D. Inter-rater Consistency

Known Groups Paradigm

Your friend is interested in understanding the role of stress hormones in sleep. He reads one article that finds evidence of a relationship between stress hormones and sleep and concludes that she should begin taking supplement to decrease her stress hormones. Is this a supportable conclusion?

No/False

Note: presume the scientists' research has been well constructed and executed appropriately. Two scientists are debating the merit of two different theories. Scientist A's data demonstrates a direct relationship between variable X and variable Y. Scientist B's data demonstrates an indirect relationship between X and Y that is mediated by Q, R, S, T and Z. Considering the qualities of good scientific theories, we are going to use Scientist A's theory in our research. Why? -parsimony -the weight of the evidence suggests Scientist A's theory is better -being good consumers of research -falsifiability (not this one)

Parsimony

What are the ways in which intuition can be biased? - confounds - present bias - lack of peer-review - confirmation bias - availability heuristic - bias blind spot - intuition is probabilistic - misuse of authority - lack of comparison group - tendency to be swayed by good narratives

Present Bias, Confirmation Bias, Availability Heuristic, Bias Blind Spot, and Tendency to be Swayed by Good Narratives

Look at Graph. There will be some patients with and without the disease who obtain a score of 25 on the test results. Thus, a score of 25 will not always tell us whether the patient has the disease or not. Some might say this means the test is bad, but you could also say this makes sense, because research is ________. A. Non-probabilistic, all findings must explain all cases for parsimony B. Probabilistic, not all findings explain all cases C. The test is invalid

Probabilistic, not all findings explain all cases

Recall the Bushman 2002 study. All participants were induced to be angry, randomly assigned to three different conditions to express their anger (sit quietly, punch a bag, punch a bag imagining Steve's face). Then their levels of aggression were tested by allowing participants to shock Steve with a loud noise. Which comparison group helped control for a potential confound of arousal/activity?

Punching the bag without Steve's face

What are the three criteria that define an experiment? - random assignment - external validity - a dependent variable - an association claim - non-random assignment - an independent variable

Random Assignment, Dependent Variable, and Independent Variable

Many people use their own experiences to create theories about how the world works. You have a friend who recently saw a news article about the link between skin cancer and tanning beds and declares, "I've used tanning beds for 10 years and no cancer yet! Those uppity scientists must be wrong". What logical error is your friend making? A. Parsimony B. Research is Probabilistic - just because she doesn't have cancer now doesn't mean her risk hasn't increased C. There is no possible comparison for her experience

Research is Probabilistic, just because she doesn't have cancer now doesn't mean her risk hasn't increased.

Many people have strong feelings about certain topics of research. For example, research on discrimination, violence, or substance use. If researchers stopped studying these subjects because they might be too upsetting for participants, what ethical principle would they be ignoring? A. Respect for persons - people are autonomous and can make their own decisions with appropriate informed consent B. Non-malfeasance - researchers should try to avoid causing harm C. Integrity - Researchers should strive to be accurate and honest in their roles D. Fidelity - Researchers should establish relationships of trust

Respect for persons - people are autonomous and can make their own decisions with appropriate informed consent

Which below is an example of a program that was demonstrated to be not helpful after rigorous research? A. Scared Straight programs B. psychotherapy for PTSD C. exercise for Alzheimer's D. self-defense

Scared Straight programs

Match description to picture of targets based on relationship between reliability and validity

Target One = Reliable, but not Valid Target Two = Valid, but not Reliable Target Three = Neither Reliable nor Valid Target Four = Both Reliable and Valid

You have recently participated in a study wherein you feel that you were deceived. You received no debriefing. You did sign informed consent. To whom are you entitled to bring your concerns AND is responsible for overseeing the conduct of researchers? A. your BFF B. The Institutional Review Board of the institution C. the researcher themselves

The Institutional Review Board of the institution

The Milgram obedience studies demonstrate what challenge in ethics?

The challenge of balancing potential harm with potential knowledge gained

What is the goal of basic research? A. The goal is to enhance the general body of knowledge about a particular topic B. to bridge from basic to applied research in which findings from basic research are then used to develop applications C. to solve practical problems

The goal is to enhance the general body of knowledge about a particular topic

If eating a banana every day increases the risk for throat cancer by .5% for those who have a citrus allergy, what would be said about the statistical validity of this finding? A. The strength (size) of the finding is quite small B. Who cares C. The finding can not help people change their behavior D. We need an experiment

The strength (size) of the finding is quite small

Based on the Simpson's clip, what is the best way to falsify Homer's theory of the tiger rock? A. Study the rock's properties and compare it to properties of things tigers are afraid of B. Throw the rock in the tiger pit at the zoo and observe whether the tigers avoid the rock C. Discuss the rock with tiger behavior experts D. Bring the rock to the tiger pit at the zoo

Throw the rock in the tiger pit at the zoo and observe whether the tigers avoid the rock.

T/F Scientists would never say (at least in an official paper), that the data proves the theory

True

A measure could be highly reliable but still lacking in _______. A. Empiricism B. Test-Retest Reliability C. Validity D. Internal Consistency

Validity

Recall the Bushman 2002 study. All participants were induced to be angry, randomly assigned to three different conditions to express their anger (sit quietly, punch a bag, punch a bag imagining Steve's face). Then their levels of aggression were tested by allowing participants to shock Steve with a loud noise. Is this study an experiment?

Yes/True

The two figures are discussing association vs. causal claims. Why can't the lady stick figure make a causal claim? -there was no data to establish covariance -there was no temporal precedence -there is no data on internal validity -all of the above

all of the above

Your friend tells you a story of how the basement in her grandmother's house is haunted. She tells you about how last time she was in the basement a jar of spaghetti sauce was knocked off the shelf - even though no one was near the shelf! She tells you how scared she was. Her grandmother declares the basement haunted. She firmly concludes this basement is haunted. What is the BEST data your friend could collect to test her hypothesis?

assess how many times she has been in the basement and nothing has been knocked off the shelves

If a researcher used this graph to make the claim, "gratitude is related to relationship longevity" what type of claim are they making and what type of association is demonstrated? (the graph is going up) -association claim; positive association -causal claim, negative association -association claim, negative association -causal claim, positive association

association claim; positive association

What is the main reason (scientifically speaking) that authority is not a reliable source of knowledge? A. authorities can be biased by experience and intution errors just like everyone else B. Dr. Oz has sold out C. some authorities base their answers and recommendations in science

authorities can be biased by experience and intution errors just like everyone else

What is the main reason (scientifically speaking) that authority is not a reliable source of knowledge? (dr.oz picture) a. authorities can be biased by experience and intution errors just like everyone else b. Dr. Oz has sold out c. some authorities base their answers and recommendations in science

authorities can be biased by experience and intution errors just like everyone else

The list of motives by Kanin (1994) is the most cited list of motives to file a false allegation of rape. Kanin posited that complainants file a false allegation out of revenge, to produce an alibi or to get sympathy. A new list of motives is proposed in which gain is the predominant factor. In the proposed list, complainants file a false allegation out of material gain, emotional gain, or a disturbed mental state. The list can be subdivided into eight different categories: material gain, alibi, revenge, sympathy, attention, a disturbed mental state, relabeling, or regret. To test the validity of the list, a sample of 57 proven false allegations were studied at and provided by the National Unit of the Dutch National Police (NU). The complete files were studied to ensure correct classification by the NU and to identify the motives of the complainants. The results support the overall validity of the list. Complainants were primarily motivated by emotional gain. Most false allegations were used to cover up other behavior such as adultery or skipping school. Some complainants, however, reported more than one motive. A large proportion, 20% of complainants, said that they did not know why they filed a false allegation. The results confirm the complexity of motivations for filing false allegations and the difficulties associated with archival studies. In conclusion, the list of Kanin is, based on the current results, valid but insufficient to explain all the different motives of complainants to file a false allegation. -translational -applied -basic

basic

Why are we less concerned about internal validity when interrogating frequency and association claims? a. because these claims do not specify a cause b.because internal validity is not as important as other types of validity c. because there is no random assignment d. because these claims are not falsifiable

because these claims do not specify a cause

Identify the 5 APA ethical principles

beneficence respect for persons justice integrity fidelity and responsibility

Which below is an example of applied research? A. interviewing depressed people about their drug habits B. testing the efficacy of a new drug for depression, compared to a placebo C. comparing the effectiveness of three already existing drugs for depression to see which is most effective D. comparing the efficacy of a drug developed for anxiety to assess whether it could also treat depression

comparing the effectiveness of three already existing drugs for depression to see which is most effective

Your friend from Los Angeles is very prepared for earthquakes. She has an earthquake kit and does an earthquake drill once per year. She thinks that you, from Kent, OH, are nuts for not being similarly prepared. Her estimation of the harm of earthquakes seems to be biased by the frequency of them in her experience. What does she need to better understand this situation? A. to read news reports on earthquake readiness B. comparison groups of people from areas where earthquakes are more common and less common to assess their comparative earthquake readiness C. a prescription for an anti-anxiety medication

comparison groups of people from areas where earthquakes are more common and less common to assess their comparative earthquake readiness

__________ is another term for a conceptual variable

construct

Your BFF has recently invented a questionnaire of best friendship. Her theory states that best friends have the following two qualities: good listeners and class attendance. Here are some of the items from her questionnaire: all items are rated on a scale from 1 (never) - 5 (always) 1. Do you try to listen closely when people are talking? 2. Did you attend class this morning? 3. How often do you attend every class in a week? 4. Do you say things like "right", "wow I hear you", and "uh-huh" when people are talking? 5. Do you plan to attend class tomorrow? 6. Do you ask a lot of questions when people are talking? Based on what your friend has told you about her questionnaire, what type of validity does this questionnaire seem to have? discriminant content criterion internal consistency

content

What are the types of construct validity?

convergent face criterion discriminant content

Your friend is conducting a study of whether using Vicks Vapo Rub reduces allergies. She wants to know whether the experience of Vicks has an effect on sneezes. She has counted the number of sneezes among people wearing Vicks. What else does she need to do to make sure her data are scientific? A. count the number of sneezes among people not wearing Vicks. B. assessing their history of allergies C. get informed consent D. have a second observer count sneezes

count the number of sneezes among people not wearing Vicks.

Empiricists might say: SHOW ME THE ______________________!

data

What validity(ies) are most important for interrogating association claims?

external construct statistical

The list of motives by Kanin (1994) is the most cited list of motives to file a false allegation of rape. Kanin posited that complainants file a false allegation out of revenge, to produce an alibi or to get sympathy. A new list of motives is proposed in which gain is the predominant factor. In the proposed list, complainants file a false allegation out of material gain, emotional gain, or a disturbed mental state. The list can be subdivided into eight different categories: material gain, alibi, revenge, sympathy, attention, a disturbed mental state, relabeling, or regret. To test the validity of the list, a sample of 57 proven false allegations were studied at and provided by the National Unit of the Dutch National Police (NU). The complete files were studied to ensure correct classification by the NU and to identify the motives of the complainants. The results support the overall validity of the list. Complainants were primarily motivated by emotional gain. Most false allegations were used to cover up other behavior such as adultery or skipping school. Some complainants, however, reported more than one motive. A large proportion, 20% of complainants, said that they did not know why they filed a false allegation. The results confirm the complexity of motivations for filing false allegations and the difficulties associated with archival studies. In conclusion, the list of Kanin is, based on the current results, valid but insufficient to explain all the different motives of complainants to file a false allegation. a. gender b. reason for allegation c. false allegation of rape

false allegation of rape

What aspect of scientific theories is Lisa trying to demonstrate to Homer?

falsifiability

What three features make a good theory?

falsifiability empiricism parsimony

Your mother was recently diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. She sees an advertisement from a homeopath that suggests she consume cod liver oil to cure her cancer. You want to investigate whether this is an empirically supported treatment using scientific databases. What benefit of being a good consumer of research are you utilizing? A. understanding media B. your wealth C. career skills D. health

health

What is the definition of construct validity? a. how well the operational variables match up to the conceptual variables b. the extent to which the results of the study generalize to a larger population, time period, or situation whether random assignment was in place c. whether temporal precedence was established

how well the operational variables match up to the conceptual variables

A researcher is studying the effect of poverty on school achievements. She looks up participants grades, asks participants to report their grades, and observes participants in classrooms. Records of grades, self-reports of grades, and observations are all what type of variable? A. operational B. conceptual C. poorly defined D. low face validity

operational

What is the best scientific source? A. a peer-reviewed journal article B. a review article published in a peer-reviewed journal C. a peer-reviewed, empirical, journal article D. an empirical study published in a scientific book

peer reviewed, empirical, journal article

Your friend tells you a story of how the basement in her grandmother's house is haunted. She tells you about how last time she was in the basement a jar of spaghetti sauce was knocked off the shelf - even though no one was near the shelf! She tells you how scared she was. Her grandmother declares the basement haunted. She firmly concludes this basement is haunted. What thinking error is your friend making? A. Present Bias B. Lack of Randomization C. Relying on Authority (no) D. Bias Blind Spot

present bias

What is the main difference between producers and consumers of research? A. consumers create knowledge B. producers operationalize consumers C. producers and consumers use knowledge D. producers create knowledge

producers create knowledge

What are the three criteria that define an experiment?

random assignment a dependent variable an independent variable

What is translational research? A. research that uses findings from basic research to develop ideas for practical applications B. research the describes basic facts about phenomena C. research that tests a solution, derived from research, for a practical problem D. research that uses findings from another country to test a new solution in this country

research that uses findings from basic research to develop ideas for practical applications

What validity(ies) are most important for interrogating causal claims? - statistical - external - internal - construct

statistical external internal construct

Quantitative analyses exploring the relationship between masculinities and men's sexual risk behaviors have most commonly used one dimension of masculinities: men's gender ideology. Examining other dimensions may enhance our understanding of and ability to intervene upon this relationship. In this article, we examined the association between gender role conflict/stress (GRC/S)—men's concern about demonstrating masculine characteristics—and three different sexual risk behaviors (having two or more sex partners in the last 30 days; never/inconsistent condom use with non-steady partners; and drinking alcohol at last sex) among a sample of heterosexual men in the Dominican Republic who were participating in an HIV prevention intervention (n = 293). The GRC/S Scale we used was adapted for this specific cultural context and has 17 items (α = 0.75). We used logistic regression to assess the relationship between GRC/S and each sexual behavior, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. In adjusted models, a higher GRC/S score was significantly associated with increased odds of having two or more sex partners in the past 30 days (AOR 1.33, 95 % CI 1.01-1.74), never/inconsistent condom use with non-steady partners (AOR 1.45, 95 % CI 1.04-2.01), and drinking alcohol at last sex (AOR 1.56, 95 % CI 1.13-2.17). These results highlight the importance of expanding beyond gender ideology to understanding the influence of GRC/S on men's sexual risk behaviors. Interventions should address men's concern about demonstrating masculine characteristics to reduce the social and internalized pressure men feel to engage in sexual risk behaviors. a. that men in the Dominican Republic engage in more sexual risk behaviors than other men b. that gender role stress was not related to drinking alcohol during sex c. that strict operational definitions of gender ideology are best for understanding the link between gender role stress and sexual risk behavior d. that there is a relationship between gender role conflict/stress and sexual risk behavior

that there is a relationship between gender role conflict/stress and sexual risk behavior

Read this abstract: Quantitative analyses exploring the relationship between masculinities and men's sexual risk behaviors have most commonly used one dimension of masculinities: men's gender ideology. Examining other dimensions may enhance our understanding of and ability to intervene upon this relationship. In this article, we examined the association between gender role conflict/stress (GRC/S)—men's concern about demonstrating masculine characteristics—and three different sexual risk behaviors (having two or more sex partners in the last 30 days; never/inconsistent condom use with non-steady partners; and drinking alcohol at last sex) among a sample of heterosexual men in the Dominican Republic who were participating in an HIV prevention intervention (n = 293). The GRC/S Scale we used was adapted for this specific cultural context and has 17 items (α = 0.75). We used logistic regression to assess the relationship between GRC/S and each sexual behavior, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. In adjusted models, a higher GRC/S score was significantly associated with increased odds of having two or more sex partners in the past 30 days (AOR 1.33, 95 % CI 1.01-1.74), never/inconsistent condom use with non-steady partners (AOR 1.45, 95 % CI 1.04-2.01), and drinking alcohol at last sex (AOR 1.56, 95 % CI 1.13-2.17). These results highlight the importance of expanding beyond gender ideology to understanding the influence of GRC/S on men's sexual risk behaviors. Interventions should address men's concern about demonstrating masculine characteristics to reduce the social and internalized pressure men feel to engage in sexual risk behaviors. In the masculinity and male sexual behavior abstract, what is the argument the article is trying to make?

that there is a relationship between gender role conflict/stress and sexual risk behavior

What is the definition of external validity?

the extent to which the results generalize to a larger population, time, or situation

There is a demonstrated moderate sized effect between height and income. However, as of this date there is no healthy way to change an adult's height. What might you say about the statistical validity of this finding? A. the significance is limited since an individual can't act on it B. the strength is limited C. random assignment is needed D. height is the measured variable

the significance is limited since an individual can't act on it

In the masculinity and male sexual behavior abstract, what is the evidence for the argument/claim these researchers are making?

there was a significant, statistical association between scores on the GRC/S scale and sexual risk behavior

t/f Recall the Bushman 2002 study. All participants were induced to be angry, randomly assigned to three different conditions to express their anger (sit quietly, punch a bag, punch a bag imagining Steve's face). Then their levels of aggression were tested by allowing participants to shock Steve with a loud noise.

true

What is the main difference between an interval and a ratio variable is that a ratio variable has a (two words)

true zero

What best fills in the blank? After reviewing 20 empirical studies that tested the Grand Theory of Psychology, the _________________ suggests the theory is supportable. the parsimony falsifiability weight of the evidence

weight of the evidence