Exam 1 HIST 222

Leonard Jerome

"Playboy" in New York City

Paper Chases

"hare and hound" races in England - cross country races in which torn up paper would mark the courses

Kolven

- A game introduced to the New York colony by the Dutch. - Resembles modern game of golf

Reserve Clause

- Allowed clubs to reserve the rights of players for their careers. - It left players with very little power when negotiating contracts and controlling their futures

"Beer and Whisky League"

- American Association, early rival to the National League - Served alcohol (NL did not)

Rational Recreation

- Appropriate by the Victorian middle class including reading newspapers, books and playing musical instruments - Sports were allowed, non-competitiveness

Alexander Joy Cartwright

- Bank clerk and volunteer firefighter - Formed the Knickerbocker baseball club and devised first rules

Republicanism

- Belief during the American Revolution that everything done by the colonists should be separate from Europe - Had to be virtuous and idle recreation had no part in this society

Needful Recreation

- Deemed appropriate in Pennsylvania - Similar to Puritan Lawful sport - Allowed if it benefited individuals through exercise or food

Playground Movement

- Designed to keep children out of trouble - Began in Chicago in 1903 and was responsible for the jump of cities with supervised playgrounds from 41 to 504 in a little more than a decade

Knickerbockers

- Earliest organized baseball club - Reserved for gentleman and interested in the social aspect than the competitiveness - Played first organized games in Hoboken, NJ at Elysian Fields in 1845

National League

- Eight teams made up original league and no teams could be owned by players - Have to have 75,000 population and approval of existing clubs

Cincinnati Red Stockings

- First recognized all-salary team in baseball - 1869 they went 57-0-1

Henry Chadwick

- Former cricket player who embraced the game of baseball and became a sportswriter for the New York Clipper - He invented the batting average and box score and eventually became known as "Father Baseball"

Harry Wright

- Former cricket player who switched to baseball and was one of the best of the early players - He was the player-manager of the Cincinnati Red Stockings

AG Spalding

- Former star pitcher for the Chicago White Stockings - Became a sports magnate - Wanted to prove baseball was uniquely American sport

College Crew

- Harvard and Oxford - First ever international collegiate sporting event (750,000 people on Thames River) - First rowing match was Harvard and Yale in 1852 - Harvard and Yale withdrew from Regatta, ended annual regatta and the popularity

Oliver Cromwell

- Leader of the Parliamentary forces during the British Civil War - Titular ruler of Great Britain after the Civil War when there was no monarch - Bring power of parliament, lessen power of the king and reform the Church of England

Tavern Pastimes

- Men gathered to seek shelter, company and drinks - Tavern could be found in every region of the colonies

Pageant of Misrule

- Most interesting game - All the males got together and elected a "Lord of Misrule" - Lord was usually a young bachelor and mocked married men, older men, the monarch and the upperclass - People donated, donators got badges (non-donators were mocked and flouted)

Enlightenment

- Movement away from religion and superstition and an embrace of science and reason - Began in Europe

Quarter Horses

- New breed of horse - Raced shorter distances (1/4 mile or less) - Smaller than British thoroughbreds

Cap Anson

- One of the earliest superstar players in baseball - Played first base for the White Sox for 22 seasons - .333 BA and 3,418 hits

YMCA

- One place the Strenuous Life could be practiced was at the YMCA - Was initially founded in England in 1851 and focused more on the Christian part of its name but by the end of the 19th century it became synonymous with exercise and sports

Public Schools Athletic League

- Organized in NY City by Luther Gulick in the early 20th century to put on competitions between schools - Keep youth out of trouble after school

Strenuous Life

- Phrase coined by Theodore Roosevelt who believed in the absence of a recent war had led to a feminization of the late 19th-century male - Designed to toughen up the American male through vigorous exercise and sports

Rough and Tumble

- Popular sport with no rules in the Backcountry about manhood - Goal was to gouge out the eyes of opponent

Caledonian Clubs

- Roman name for Scotland - Revolved around track and field as well as racing - Sprang up in America in the 1850s by Scottish immigrants and were responsible for setting up races all over the country

"Muscular Christianity"

- Second half of the 19th Century that stressed a balance of physical and spiritual exercise - Writer Thomas Wentworth Higgenson was a leading proponent of the movement

Separate Spheres

- Separation of sexes - Business and politics = men - Home and family = woman

Sporting Spectacles

- Set up by fraternities to showcase their sports and their best competitors - Victorians were against them because of competitiveness and the gambling and money paid to the participants went against basic beliefs

Sporting Fraternity

- Subcultures created by the counterculture for those who were interested in specific sports - Brotherhood

Town Ball

- Three more bases were added - formerly known as Four Old Cat - Resembles modern game of baseball and towns versing one another

Victorian Counterculture

- Working-class men who took no pride in their work - Immigrants, alongside upper-class - Rebelling against the restraint of the Victorian middle-class in many ways (inc. sports)

Southern Gentry

A relatively small group of landowners in Virginia who owned most of the land and became the cultural elite of the colony

1st Great Awakening

A revivalist (back to the bible) movement that began in the 1730s that emphasized a closer relationship with God

"Book of Sports"

Acceptable / not acceptable sports for the entire nation/his sons

Lawful Sport

Activities allowed by Puritan society which were designed to refresh the mind and body of the participant while being completely disassociated from Britain's Festive Culture

Violent Games

Boxing and Football Football was the most violent

Primogeniture

British cultural tradition of the first-born son inheriting the family fortune

Mills Commission

Committee that decided Abner Doubleday was the inventor of baseball based on the testimony of one man

"Race of the Century"

Considered by many the first major sporting event that received national attention and promotion in newspapers - it pitted a northern horse Eclipse vs. souther horse Sir Henry in a sectional battle at Union race track on Long Island

Barn Ball

Early incarnation of baseball that included bouncing a ball off the side of a barn and allowing another participant to hit it with a stick

James Gordon Bennett

First generation Scottish immigrant who inherited the New York Herald newspaper

Walking City

First of three stages of development of urban areas in which the edge of town was no more than two miles from the center of the city

William Cammeyer

First one to enclose a baseball field with a fence and charge admission Started the "enclosure movement" "The beginning of professional baseball according to Henry Chadwick"

Toli

Game of stickball played by Native Americans most closely resembling lacrosse

Britain's "Festive Culture"

Games played in conjunction with the gathering of large groups of people in British society celebrating religious or pagan holidays or celebrating life

John Cox Stevens

Heir to a steamboat fortune, Stevens used his wealth to stage and promote sporting events (races) involving horses, yachts and people

Luther Halsey Gulick

Instructor at the YMCAs headquarters in Springfield, MA, and believed in the importance of balancing physical and mental conditioning

Royal Sports

Joust and Tennis

Moses Fleetwood Walker

Last black player to compete in the major leagues before the color barrier set in during the late 1880s

Sabbatarian Laws

Laws passed in colonies to restrict recreation on the Sabbath

Baseball Fraternity

Most popular sporting fraternity to emerge

Middle Class Victorianism

Named for the longest-serving monarch in British history (Victoria) it was a time period in which there was a belief that there was commonality between the middle class of the western industrialized world. The common themes included evangelical Protestantism, self-restraint and hard work

4 Folkways

New England, Virginia, Middle Colonies and Backcountry

One Old Cat

Next incarnation of the game that replaced the barn with a base

Elysian Fields

Portion of John Cox Steven's property in Hoboken, New Jersey, that was donated for use as cricket fields and the New York Yacht Club

William Hulbert

President of Chicago White Stockings, formed National League in 1876

2nd Great Awakening

Religious revival movement of the 18th Century that was more wide-spread and longer-lasting than the movement of the previous century

"King" Kelly

Started career in Chicago and was sold to Boston for $10,000 in 1887

19th Century Changes

Steamboat, Railroad and Telegraph

Positive Sports Ideology

The idea that sports and athletics is a positive alternative to the more negative aspects of city life

Self-Restraint

To hold in anger, to not go any further than should