Exam 1

normal tissue perfusion equation

(CHP-IFHP) - (BCOP-IFCOP) = FP

The conduction pathway

1. The SA node and the remainder of the conduction system are at rest. 2. The SA node initiates the action potential, which sweeps across the atria. 3. After reaching the atrioventricular node, there is a delay of approximately 100 ms that allows the atria to complete pumping blood before the impulse is transmitted to the atrioventricular bundle. 4. The impulse travels through the atrioventricular bundle and bundle branches to the Purkinje fibers, and also reaches the right papillary muscle via the moderator band. 5. The impulse spreads to the contractile fibers of the ventricle. 6. Ventricular contraction begins.

phases of cardiac cycle

1. atrial systole 2. ventricular systole/isovolumetric contraction 3. ventricular systole/ventricular ejection phase 4. atrial diastole 5. ventricular diastole

Which of the following is required to have a net flow at the venous side of the capillary? a. A greater hydrostatic pressure than the blood colloid osmotic pressure. b. A greater blood colloid osmotic pressure than the hydrostatic pressure. c. Equal blood colloid osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure. d. A greater interstitial hydrostatic pressure than the capillary hydrostatic pressure.

A greater blood colloid osmotic pressure than the hydrostatic pressure.

The ______ bundle, or bundle of His, proceeds through the inter ventricular septum before dividing into two atrioventricular bundle branches, commonly called the left and right bundle branches.

AV (atrioventricular bundle)

After leaving the AV node, the impulse travels through the: a. AV bundle b. internodal pathway c. bundle branches d. Purkinje cell

AV bundle

The bundle of His is also known as the: a. AV node b. Purkinje cell c. SA node d. AV bundle

AV bundle

Which of the following statements is FALSE in reference to blood flow? a. Blood flow is inversely proportional to vessel length. b. Blood flow is directly proportional to vessel width. c. Blood flow is inversely proportional to blood viscosity. d. Blood flow is directly proportional to blood turbulence. e. Blood flow is inversely proportional to resistance.

Blood flow is directly proportional to blood turbulence.

Which of the following statements about blood is FALSE? a. Blood has a pH which is slightly acidic. b. Blood cells which are carrying more oxygen are brighter than those who are carrying less. c. Th temperature of blood is slightly warmer than that of the body. d.Blood makes up approximately 8% of the body weight.

Blood had a pH which is slightly acidic.

______ muscles are extensions of the myocardium in the ventricles to which chordae tendineae attach, preventing the valves from prolapsing.

Chordae

The ______(EDV/ESV) is the amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of the atrial systole just prior to atrial contraction.

EDV (end diastolic volume)

______ is a surface recording of the electrical activity of the heart that can be used for diagnosis of irregular heart function.

EKG (electrocardiogram)

The ______(EDV/ESV) is the amount of blood remaining in each ventricle following systole. It is the least amount of blood that the ventricles will ever contain.

ESV (end systolic volume)

The relationship between ventricular stretch and contraction in which the force of the heart contraction is directly proportional to the initial length of the muscle fiber is referred to as the ______-______ mechanism.

Frank-Starling

Bundle of ______ is a group of specialized myocardial conductive cells that transmit the impulse from the AV nose through the interventricular septum. It is also called the atrioventricular bundle.

His

Your patient has a serious hemorrhage and has low blood pressure. This would mean: a. His HP will be low b. His HP will be high c. His BCOP will be low d. His BCOP will be high

His HP will be low (low hydrostatic pressure)

Which of the following accurately describes the umbilical cord? a. It is only cut when the fetus leaves for college or reaches 18 years of age. b. It consists of a single artery and a single vein connecting the fetus to the mother. c. It consists of a single artery and two veins connecting the fetus to the placenta. d. It consists of two arteries and a single vein connecting the fetus to the placenta. e. It consists of two arteries and one vein connecting the fetus to the mother.

It consists of two arteries and a single vein connecting the fetus to the placenta

Which of the following accurately describes the umbilical cord? a. It consists of a single artery and a single vein. b. It consists of two arteries and two veins. c. It consists of two arteries and a single vein. d. It consists of a single artery and two veins.

It consists of two arteries and a single vein.

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning hemolytic crisis of the newborn? a. It is of most concern id mom is Rh negative. b. It is most serious for the first born. c. It is of most concern if dad is Rh positive. d. The incidence has been greatly reduced since the drug Rhoo-gam has been available.

It is most serious for the first born child.

Along with calcium ions and the other 12 clotting factors (calcium ions are factor IV), adequate vitamin __ levels are essential for normal clotting. In fact, it has been used to treat hemorrhage due to an unidentified cause. a. E b. C c. K d. B

K

Which of the following statements is true about leukocytes? a. Leukocytes have a much longer life span. b. Leukocytes are smaller than RBCs. c. Leukocytes have a nuclei and other organelles, unlike red blood cells. d. leukocytes are more in number.

Leukocytes have nuclei and other organelles, unlike red blood cells.

diastolic pressure

Lower number recorded when measuring arterial blood pressure; represents the minimal value corresponding to the pressure that remains during ventricular relaxation

Which of the following regarding capillary exchange is true? a. NFP=HP-BCOP b. NFP=BCOP+HP c. HP=NFP-BCOP d. BCOP= NFP-HP

NFP=HP-BCOP

The lymphocyte which provides non-specific immunity by recognizing abnormal cell membrane proteins of cancer cells or virus-infected cells is a ______. a. NK cells b. B cells c. phagocytes d. T cells

NK cells

depolarization of the atria

P wave

The ______ fibers are myocardial conductive fibers that spread the impulse to the ventricles from the apex of the heart.

Purkinje

depolarization of the ventricles

QRS complex

Which of the following is NOT true about red blood cells? a. Red blood cells are approximately equal in number to white blood cells. b. Red blood cells are flexible, and will bend squeezing through capillaries. c. Red blood cells have a lifespan of approximately 120 days. d. Red blood cells are in the shape of a biconcave disc. e. Mature red blood cells do not have a nucleus.

Red blood cells are approximately equal in number to white blood cells

If an infant suffers from hemolytic crisis of the newborn, then dad must be: a. Rh+ b. O- c. A- d. Rh-

Rh+

The normal heart sound created by the closing of the atrioventricular valves is the: a. S3 b. S4 c. S2 d. S1

S1

The normal heart sound created by the closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves is the: a. S2 b. S3 c. S4 d. S1

S2

The sound of blood flowing into the atria, which may be heard in youth, some athletes, and pregnant women but may indicate congestive heart failure in an older person is the ______ sound. a. S3 b. S4 c. S2 d. S1

S3

This heart sound results from the contraction of the atria pushing blood into a stiff or hypertrophic ventricle, indicating failure of the left ventricle. a. S3 b. S4 c. S2 d. S1

S4

The normal sinus rhythm of the heart is initiated by the: a. AV bundle b. Purkinje cell c. SA node d. AV node

SA node

repolarization of the ventricles

T wave

At the middle of the capillary bed: a. The hydrostatic pressure is greater than the blood colloid osmotic pressure. b. The interstitial hydrostatic pressure is greater than the capillary hydrostatic pressure. c. The blood colloid osmotic pressure is about the same as the hydrostatic pressure. d. The blood colloid osmotic pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure.

The blood colloid osmotic pressure is about the same as the hydrostatic pressure.

Which of the following statements is true concerning the umbilical cord? a. The umbilical arteries carry oxygenated blood to the fetus. b. The umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the fetus. c. The umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood away from the fetus. d. The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood away from the fetus.

The umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood away from the fetus.

Vasoconstriction and venoconstriction differs in its effects. All of the following statements are true except: a. Venoconstriction decreases the diameter of a vein, decreasing flow. b. vasoconstriction decreases flow but increases blood pressure while c. Venoconstriction increases flow and increases blood pressure. d. Vasoconstriction decreases the diameter of an artery, decreasing flow.

Venoconstriction decreases the diameter of a vein, decreasing flow.

Polycythemia is: a. the color variation seen in normal blood b. a condition of low hemoglobin c. a condition of too many red blood cells d. a condition of too few blood cells

a condition of too many red blood cells

blood pressure

a form of hydrostatic pressure

capacitance

ability of a vein to distend and store bood

hypervolemia

abnormally high levels of fluid and blood within the body

hypovolemia

abnormally low levels of fluid and blood within the body

The ______ is the force the ventricles must develop to effectively pump blood against the resistance in the vessels.

afterload

The ______(preload/afterload) is the force the ventricles must develop to effectively pump blood against the resistance in the vessels.

afterload

The tension that the ventricles must develop to pump blood effectively against the resistance in the vascular system is the: a. stroke volume b. cardiac output c. preload d. afterload

afterload

______ is the force the ventricles must develop to effectively pump blood against the resistance in the vessels.

afterload

______ refers to the tension that the ventricles must produce to pump blood effectively against the resistance in the vascular system; it must increase to overcome any condition that increase resistance in order to force open the semilunar valves.

afterload

The process of clumping that occurs between antigens and antibodies is referred to as ______. a. agglutination b. allergen c. antigen d. antibody

agglutination

The most common plasma protein is ______. a. fibrinogen b. globulin c. albumin d. hemoglobin

albumin

The plasma protein that contributes the most to the blood colloid osmotic pressure is ______. a. hemoglobin b. albumin c. globulin d. fibrinogen

albumin

Which of the following is a mechanism to keep blood flowing in one direction on its way back to the heart in the low pressure veins? a. skeletal muscle pump b. respiratory pump c. all of these d. venous system

all of these

Anemias may be caused by: a. blood loss b. an iron deficiency c. all of this d. a vitamin B12 deficiency e. bone marrow disease

all of this

Prior to birth, blood cells are made in the: a. yolk sac b. all of this c. fetal liver d. lymphatic tissue e. splee

all of this

The effect of angiotensin II is to: a. cause release of aldosterone b. cause vasoconstriction, increasing blood pressure c. all of this d. cause release of ADH

all of this

The heart lies inside: a. all of this b. pericardium c. thoracic cavity d. mediastinum

all of this

pulse

alternating expansion and recoil of an artery as blood moves through; indicates heart rate

The type of shock that may be produced by a severe allergic reaction and results in a generalized vasodilation is ______ shock. a. obstructive b. cardiogenic c. anaphylactic d. hypovolemic

anaphylactic

An inadequate number of blood cells or amount of hemoglobin is referred to as: a. polycythemia b. anemia c. hypoxemia d. hypoxia

anemia

If your blood type is O positive, you have: a. no antibodies against AB, or D b. antibodies against A and B but no antibodies for D c. no antibodies against A and D, but antibodies against B d. antibodies against A, B, and D

antibodies against A and B but no antibodies for D

The largest artery in the body is: a. aorta b. brachiocephalic artery c. superior vena cava d. pulmonary artery

aorta

The average pressure of blood in vessels is a calculation known as the mean ______ pressure. a. pulse b. systolic c. diastolic d. arterial

arterial

The tunica media is usually thicker in ______ than in other types of vessels. a. arterioles b. capillaries c. venules d. arteries e. veins

arteries

elastic artery

artery with abundant elastic fibers located closer to the heart, which maintains the pressure gradient and conducts blood to smaller branches

Approximately 70-80 percent of ventricular filling occurs during: a. isovolumetric contraction b. ventricular systole c. atrial diastole d. atrial systole

atrial diastole

The T wave of the ECG occurs during the mid-phase of: a. isovolumetric contraction b. atrial diastole c. atrial systole d. ventricular systole

atrial diastole

In a normal, healthy heart, there are only two audible heart sounds: S1 and S2. S1 is the sound created by closing of the ______ valves during ventricular contraction and is normally described as a "lub," or first heart sound.

atrioventricular

The valves between the atria and ventricles are known generically as ______ valves.

atrioventricular

What is the upper or receiving chamber of the heart that pumps blood into the lower chambers just prior to their contraction?

atrium

The leaf-like extension of the heart on each side is called the ______, because of its elephant ear shape. a. auricle b. ventricle c. sulcus d. atrium

auricle

One of the simplest, yet effective, diagnostic techniques applied to assess the state of a patient's heart is ______ using a ______.

auscultation; stethoscope

______ is the ability of cardiac muscle to initiate its own electrical impulse that triggers the mechanical contraction that pumps blood at a fixed pace without nervous or endocrine control.

autorhythmicity

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

average approximated by taking diastolic pressure and adding 1/3 of pulse pressure

The atrial reflex, also known as the ______ reflex, is an autonomic reflex that responds to stretch receptors in the atria that send impulses to the cardioaccelerator area to increase HR when venous flow into the atria increases.

bainbridge

With increased pressure and stretch, the rate of ______ firing increases, and the cardiac centers decrease sympathetic stimulation and increase parasympathetic stimulation.

baroreceptor

______ reflex is the autonomic reflex in which the cardiac centers monitor signals from the baroreceptor stretch receptors and regulate heart function based on blood flow.

baroreceptor

The leukocyte found in the lowest number in circulation is the ______. a. basophil b. lymphocyte c. eosinophil d. neutrophil e. monocyte

basophil

The leukocyte which intensifies the inflammatory response by releasing heparin and histamine is the ______. a. eosinophil b. lymphocyte c. neutrophil d. monocyte e. basophil

basophil

Jaundice is a yellowing of the tissues, which may be visible in the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera. It is an indication of too much ______ in the bloodstream, which may be secondary to liver failure or excessive breakdown of erythrocytes. a. oxygen b. hemoglobin c. bilirubin d. cardon dioxide

bilirubin

The non-iron part of heme released after a red blood cell has been phagocytized is ultimately processed into: a. ferritin b. hemosiderin c. amino acids d. bilirubin

bilirubin

A heart ______ is an interruption in the conduction pathway of the heart.

block

Heart ______ is an interruption in the normal conduction pathway.

block

Which of the following is NOT detected by chemoreceptors? a. oxygen level b. carbon dioxide level c. blood pressure d. pH

blood pressure

sphygmomanometer

blood pressure cuff attached to a device that measures blood pressure

artery

blood vessel that conducts blood away from the heart; may be a conducting or distributing vessel

When blood is spun in a centrifuge, a thin layer of white blood cells and platelets separate out just above the red cells. This layer is known as the ______. a. hematocrit b. buffy coat c. CBC d. RBC count

buffy coat

The right ventricle develops from the: a. truncus arteriosus b. bulbs cordis c. endocardial tubes d. cariogenic region

bulbs cordis

The ______ branches are offshoots of the bundle of His in the heart's ventricle.

bundle

The vessels which allow tissue perfusion are: a. veins b. capillaries c. arteries d. venules e. arterioles

capillaries

The blood vessel which consists of an endothelial layer surrounded by a basement membrane with occasional smooth muscle fibers is called ______. a. pulmonary artery b. systemic artery c. arteriole d. capillary e. venule

capillary

The tiny blood vessel where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged is called a/an ______.

capillary

The ______ output is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle during one minute; equals HR multiplied by SV.

cardiac

Which is NOT true for cardiac muscle? a. cardiac myocytes are capable of autorhythmicity b. cardiac myocytes depend on anaerobic metabolism c. cardiac myocytes have a long refractory period d. cardiac myocytes usually have a single nucleus

cardiac myocytes depend on anaerobic metabolism

The type of shock that may be produced by a heart attack is ______ shock. a. hypovolemic b. anaphylactic c. obstructive d. cardiogenic

cardiogenic

Compared to the giant cylinders of skeletal muscle, ______ are considerably shorter with much smaller diameters.

cardiomyocytes

hypovolemic shock

caused by excessive loss of blood volume due to hemorrhage or possibly dehydration

Coming off the abdominal aorta, the ______ branches into the left gastric artery, the splenic artery, and the common hepatic artery. a. brachiocephalic artery b. celiac trunk c. inferior phrenic artery d. superior mesenteric artery

celiac trunk

When the blood flow to the brain is compromised for several minutes, long term brain damage can occur. This is referred to as a stroke, or a: a. transient ischemic attack b. cerebrovascular accident c. heart attack d. myocardial infarction

cerebrovascular accident

There is a third heart sound, S3, but it is rarely heard in healthy individuals. It may be the sound of blood flowing into the atria, or blood sloshing back and forth in the ventricle, or even tensing of the ______ tendineae.

chordae

The cardiac valves are prevented from prolapsing by strands of connecting tissue called the: a. chordae tendineae b. trabecular carneae c. papillary muscles d. pectinate muscles

chordae tendineae

The leaflets of the heart valves are attached to strong strands of connective tissue called the ______ ______.

chordae tendineae

precapillary sphincters

circular rings of smooth muscle that surround the entrance to a capillary and regulate blood flow into that capillary

The arteries that branch from the aorta, then branch again to supply blood to the urinary bladder, walls of the pelvis, external genitalia, and eventually branch into the femoral arteries of the upper legs are the ______ arteries. a. celiac trunk b. inferior phrenic artery c. common iliac d. inferior vena cava

common iliac

The final stage of formation of a blood clot, which ends with a fibrin plug to the wound and sealing off the vessel, is the: a. extrinsic clotting pathway b. intrinsic clotting pathway c. common clotting pathway d. fibrinolysis

common plotting pathway

All of the following will decrease the heart rate except: a. hypothermia b. increased levels of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) c. decrease levels of potassium d. parasympathetic stimulation

decreased levels of potassium

hypothermia ______(increases/decreases) heart rate

decreases

parasympathetic stimulation in the atria ______(increases/decreases) preload

decreases

compliance

degree to which a blood vessel can stretch as opposed to being rigid

Intercalated discs consist of ______, specialized linking proteoglycans, tight junctions, and large numbers of gap junctions that allow the passage of ions between cells and help to synchronize the contraction.

desmosomes

At the start of atrial ______(systole/diastole), the ventricles are normally filled with approximately 70-80 percent of their capacity due to inflow during diastole.

diastole

The relaxation stage of the cardiac cycle, during which the chambers are filled with blood is called ______.

diastole

______ is the period of time when the heart muscle is relaxed and the chambers fill with blood.

diastole

______ is the relaxation phase of the heart.

diastole

Mary's blood pressure is 134/87. The number 87 is the ______ pressure.

diastolic

pulse pressure (PP)

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

Most of the carbon dioxide in your bloodstream is: a. carried as deoxyhemoglobin b. carried as free gas c. carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin d. dissolved in the plasma

dissolved in the plasma

Perfusion

distribution of blood into the capillaries so the tissues can be supplied

The ______ ______ is a connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta, allowing some blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit.

ductus arteriosus

The fetal shunt which is a connection between the aorta and pulmonary trunk and diverts some blood away from the fetal pulmonary circulation is the: a. fossa ovale b. ductus arteriosus c. foramen ovale d. ductus venosus

ductus arteriosus

The fetal shunt which is a blood vessel that branches from the umbilical vein, allowing much of the freshly oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the fetal liver and go directly to the fetal heart is the: a. ductus venosus b. fossa ovale c. foramen ovale d. ductus arteriosus

ductus venosus

Your patient has cirrhosis of the liver, and is unable to manufacture plasma proteins. Because of this, his BCOP is reduced. Therefore, you would expect to see: a. pallor b. dehydration c. edema d. diarrhea

edema

Your patient has glomerulonephritis, and is losing large amounts of protein in his urine. Because of this, his BCOP is reduced. Therefore, you would expect to see: a. edema b. dehydration c. diarrhea d. pallor

edema

Your patient has hypertension; his blood pressure is dangerously high. Because of this, his hydrostatic pressure is high. Therefore, you would expect to see: a. dehydration b. pallor c. edema d. diarrhea

edema (excessive fluid in the tissues)

______ fraction is the portion of the blood that is pumped or ejected form the hearth with each contraction. SV divided by EDV

ejection

An electrocardiogram records the ______ of the heart. a. heart sounds b. contractions c. valve motion d. electric activity

electric activity

A clot has formed in the leg and moves to a second site (lungs) and is trapped. This trapped clot is referred to as a/an ______. a. embolism b. thrombosis c. thrombolytic d. hemorrhage

embolism

The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of atrial systole just prior to ventricular contraction is termed

end diastolic volume (EDV)

At the end of the ventricular systole, the ventricles contains the lease volume of blood at any point in the cardiac cycle. That volume is referred to as the: a. end diastolic volume b. end systolic volume c. ejection fraction d. ejection fraction e. stroke volume f. cardiac output

end systolic volume

The amount of blood remaining in each ventricle following systole is termed

end systolic volume (ESV)

The endothelial lining of blood vessels is continuous with the heart's: a. epicardium b. endocardium c. myocardium d. pericardial sac

endocardium

The innermost layer of the heart wall is the ______. a. myocardium b. endocardium c. epicardium

endocardium

The is the thin inner epithelial layer, and it is continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels.

endocardium

The endocardium is made of simple squamous epithelium called ______, which is continuous with the endothelial lining of the blood vessels. a. epithelium b. mesothelium c. endothelium

endothelium

In the event of bone marrow failure, which may be seen? a. scarring of the liver b. enlargement of the spleen c. enlargement of the thymus d. swelling of the kidneys

enlargement of the spleen

The leukocyte that contains red to orange granules when stained with an acidic stain is the ______. a. eosinophil b. lymphocyte c. neutrophil d. monocyte e. basophil

eosinophil

The ______ is the thin outer epithelial layer, and is also called the visceral pericardium.

epicardium

The visceral pericardium is also known as the: a. myocardium b. endocardium c. pericardial sac d. epicardium

epicardium

All of the following are negative inotropic factors except: a. hypoxia b. epinephrine c. hyperkalemia d. hypocalcemia e. beta blocker medications

epinephrine

This will increase the force of contraction. It makes your heart pound then you are really scared.

epinephrine

Red blood cells are also known as ______.

erythrocytes

The blood cells or components containing hemoglobin are: a. plasma b. erythrocytes c. platelets d. leukocytes e. albumin

erythrocytes

The component of blood whose job is to transport oxygen is: a. platelets b. leukocytes c. plasma d. erythrocytes e. albumin

erythrocytes

The hemopoietic growth factor that stimulates red blood cell production is: a. interleukin b. cytokines c. thrombopoietin d. erythropoietin e. granulocyte CSF

erythropoietin

The hormone produced in the kidneys which is a vasoconstrictor and stimulates the productions of red blood cells is: a. aldosterone b. atrial natriuretic peptide c. renin d. erythropoietin

erythropoietin

The hormone that is often used illegally by athletes in an attempt to improve endurance by increasing oxygen carrying capacity is: a. granulocyte CSF b. cytokines c. interleukin d. thrombopoietin e. erythropoietin

erythropoietin

Which is the correct progression from larger to smaller of these veins of the leg? a. femoral, external iliac, popliteal, posterior tibial b. popliteal, femoral, external iliac, posterior tibial c. external iliac, femoral, posterior tibial, popliteal d. external iliac, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial

external iliac, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial

The clotting pathway which is quicker and is usually triggered by tissue trauma is the: a. intrinsic clotting pathway b. common clotting pathway c. fibrinolysis d. extrinsic clotting pathway

extrinsic clotting pathway

Tachycardia may result in syncope, which means ______. It is the body's attempt to preserve blood flow to the brain.

fainting

Tachycardia may result in syncope, which means: a. shortness of breath b. lightheadedness c. chest pain d. fainting

fainting

The type of capillary which has pores in the endothelium to allow passage of larger molecules is referred to as a ______ capillary. a. fenestrated b. sinusoidal c. continuous

fenestrated

The fetal shunt which is an opening between the right and left atria and prevents backflow of blood during the fetal period is: a. fossa ovale b. ductus arteriosus c. foramen ovale d. ductus venosus

foramen ovale

The opening in the fetal heart between the right and left atrium which is designed to allow blood in the fetal heart to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, allowing some blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit is the: a. foramen ovale b. fossa ovalis c. ductus arteriosus d. atrial septal defect

foramen ovale

capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

force blood exerts against a capillary

net filtration pressure (NFP)

force driving fluid out of the capillary and into the tissue spaces; equal to the difference of the capillary hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloidal osmotic pressure

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

force exerted by the fluid in the tissue spaces

The term "angiogenesis" refers to: a. formation of blood vessels from existing blood vessels b. development of blood vessels from hemangioblast stem cells c. all of these d. formation of blood cells

formation of blood vessels from existing blood vessels

The plasma protein type which includes the antibodies of the immune system is ______. a. hemoglobin b. albumin c. fibrinogen d. globulin

globulin

Your patient is suffering from pneumonia. The lung infection requires a large number of neutrophils. This recruitment happens because of a hemopoietic growth factor called: a. granulocyte CSF b. cytokines c. interleukin d. thrombopoietin e. erythropoietin

granulocyte CSF

sinusoid capillary

has extensive gaps and incomplete basement membranes

fenestrated capillary

has pores in the cells

A person that has type A blood: a. has type A antibodies and type B antigens b. has type A antigens and no antibodies c. has really good grades and no social life d. has type A antibodies and no antigens e. has type A antigens and type B antibodies

has type A antigens and type B antibodies

In the developing human, the first organ to become functional is the: a. lungs b. heart c. brain d. stomach e. aorta

heart

The the developing human, the first organ to become functional is the ______. It starts beating and pumping blood around day 21.

heart

An interruption in the conduction pathway of the heart is referred to as a: a. myocardial infarction b. heart attack c. heart block d. stroke

heart block

The 5 regions of the primitive ______ develop into recognizable structures in a fully developed heart. a. cariogenic region b. endocardial region c. primitive ventricle d. heart tube e. truncus arteriosus

heart tube

When blood is spun in a centrifuge to measure the percentage of RBCs, the RBCs settle at the very bottom of the tube. This measure of the volume of erythrocytes to the total volume is known as a packed cell volume, or a ______. a. CBC b. RBC count c. hematocrit d. buffy coat

hematocrit

Red blood cells contain the protein ______, which binds, transports, and then releases oxygen. a. albumin b. hemoglobin c. fibrinogen d. globulin

hemoglobin

A group of inherited clotting disorders in which one or more clotting factors is underproduced is called ______. a. thrombocytopenia b. hemostasis c. thrombocytosis d. hemophilia

hemophilia

repolarization of the atria

hidden by the QRS complex

White blood cells are also known as ______.

leukocytes

Plasma proteins are mostly manufactured in the ______. a. spleen b. bone marrow c. liver d. kidney

liver

The myogenic response to blood pressure, which is designed to prevent damage to compromised blood vessels in ischemic tissues and organs, is a type of ______ control mechanism. a. endocrine b. central c. neural d. local

local

The leukocyte which is the only cell not to develop from the myeloid is the ______. a. eosinophil b. lymphocyte c. neutrophil d. monocyte e. basophil

lymphocyte

The control centers of the heart are located in the: a. hypothalamus b. medulla oblongata c. pons d. cerebrum e. thalamus

medulla oblongata

Blood vessels develop from the embryonic layer known as the: a. endoderm b. mesoderm c. placenta d. ectoderm

mesoderm

Of the 3 layers that give rise to adult tissues of the human body, the heart develops from the: a. placenta b. ectoderm c. endoderm d. mesoderm

mesoderm

Precapillary sphincters are located at the junction of ______ and capillaries. a. metarterioles b. venules c. veins d. arteries

metarterioles

Precapillary sprinters are located at the junction of ______ and capillaries. a. metarterioles b. arteries c. venules d. veins

metarterioles

tunica media

middle layer or tunic of a vessel (except capillaries)

______ are plentiful, providing energy for the contractions of the heart.

mitochondria

The large leukocyte which leaves circulation to become a macrophage is ______. a. eosinophil b. lymphocyte c. neutrophil d. monocyte e. basophil

monocyte

continuous capillary

most common type of capillary, characterized by a complete endothelial lining with tight junctions between endothelial cells

blood flow

movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ that is usually expressed in terms of volume per unit of time

A ______ is an unusual heart sound detected by auscultation. It is typically related to septal or valve defects.

murmur

The term ______ is used to describe an unusual sound coming from the heart that is caused by the turbulent flow of blood.

murmur

A blockage in a coronary artery can lead to the tissue of the heart being deprived of oxygen and dying. This is called a: a. pulmonary embolism b. myocardial infarction c. transient ischemic attack d. cerebrovascular accident

myocardial infarction

The ______ in the left ventricle is significantly thicker than that of the right ventricle. a. myocardium b. endocardium c. epicardium

myocardium

The thickest layer of the heart is the: a. epicardium b. pericardium c. myocardium d. endocardium

myocardium

All of the following are characteristics of veins except: a. presence of valves b. narrow lumens c. thin walls d. low pressure

narrow lumens

Parasympathetic stimulation is a ______(positive/negative) inotrope.

negative

The WBC that responds the quickest to a bacterial infection is the ______. a. eosinophil b. lymphocyte c. neutrophil d. monocyte e. basophil

neutrophil

The most common leukocytes in circulation is the ______. a. eosinophil b. lymphocyte c. neutrophil d. monocyte e. basophil

neutrophil

The type of shock that may be produced in adults from severe hemorrhage or in small children by fluid loss caused due to vomiting and diarrhea is ______ shock. a. cardiogenic b. anaphylactic c. hypovolemic d. obstructive

hypovolemic

All of the following are positive inotropic factors except: a. catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) b. hypoxia c. digitalis d. sympathetic nervous system stimulation

hypoxia

filtration

in the cardiovascular system, the movement of material from a capillary into the interstitial fluid, moving from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure

reabsorption

in the cardiovascular system, the movement of material from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries

Decreased levels of potassium will ______(decrease/increase) the heart rate.

increase

Increased levels of calcium will ______(increase/decrease) the heart rate.

increase

epinephrine and norepinephrine

increase heart rate and force of contraction, while temporarily constricting blood vessels to organs not essential for flight-or-fight responses and redirecting blood flow to the liver, muscles, and heart

The catecholamines from the adrenal medulla i.e. epinephrine and norepinephrine, will: a. increase heart rate and strength of contraction b. increase heart rate and decrease strength of contraction c. decrease heart rate and strength of contraction d. not affect heart rate and strength of contraction

increase heart rate and strength of contraction

What would increase vascular resistance? a. decreased vessel length b. increased vessel length c. increased blood viscosity d. all of the above

increased blood viscosity

All of the following will decrease the heart rate except: a. increased levels of calcium b. increased levels of catecholamines c. parasympathetic stimulation d. high sodium and potassium e. hypothermia

increased levels of calcium

All of the following will increase the heart rate except: a. increased thyroid hormones b. increased levels of calcium c. stress d. increased levels of sodium e. increased levels of carbon dioxide and acid

increased levels of sodium

High calcium level ______(increases/decreases) heart rate

increases

higher vascular resistance ______(increases/decreases) afterload

increases

higher ventricular filling ______(increases/decreases) preload

increases

A myocardial ______ is caused by a blockage in the coronary vessels and the resultant ischemia of the myocardium. It is the same thing as a heart attack.

infarction

What large systemic vein returns blood to the heart from the inferior portion of the body? a. superior vena cava b. inferior vena cava

inferior vena cava

tunica intima

innermost lining or tunic of a vessel

A junction between two adjoining cells is marked by a critical structure called an ______ disc, which helps support the synchronized contraction of the muscle.

intercalated

Which of the given is found only in cardiac muscle cells and not in smooth or skeletal muscle cells? a. actin filaments b. intercalated discs c. T tubules d. sarcomeres

intercalated discs

lumen

interior of a hollow tubular structure

______ pathways are specialized conductive cells within the atria that transmit the impulse from the SA node throughout the myocardial cells of the atrium and to the AV node.

internodal

The SA and the AV nodes are connected by the: a. bundle branches b. AV bundle c. internodal pathway d. Purkinje cell

internodal pathway

The ion need for formation of hemoglobin is from the mineral: a. iron b. copper c. calcium d. zinc

iron

Vasomotion

irregular, pulsating flow of blood through capillaries and related structures

______ contraction is the initial phase of ventricular contraction in which tension and pressure in the ventricle increase, but no blood is pumped from the heart.

isovolumetric

The initial phase of the ventricular contraction in which tension and pressure in the ventricle increase, but no blood is pumped or ejected from the heart is referred to as: a. systole b. bradycardia c. isovolumetric contraction d. diastole e. syncope

isovolumetric contraction

What is the initial phase of ventricular contraction in which tension and pressure in the ventricle increase, but no blood is pumped or ejected from the heart? a. isovolumetric contraction b. atrial diastole c. atrial systole d. ventricular systole

isovolumetric contraction

Erythropoietin is formed in adults by the: a. kidney b. liver c. bone marrow d. spleen

kidney

If you decide you want to ascend Mt. Everest, you may want to stay at base camp long enough for your ______ to produce EPO, so that you can increase your number of red blood cells, thereby increasing the amount of oxygen in your blood stream. a. dad b. kidneys c. bone marrow d. liver e. heart

kidneys

Blood is pumped from the ______(left/right) ventricle through the aortic valve into the aorta.

left

The blood arriving into the ______(left/right) atrium is coming from the lungs through the pulmonary vein, and leaves through the mitral (bicuspid) valve.

left

The blood arriving into the ______(left/right) atrium is coming from the lungs through the pulmonary vein.

left

The blood arriving into the ______(left/right) ventricle is coming from the left atrium. It leaves through the aorta.

left

The blood arriving into the left ventricle is coming from the ______(left/right) atrium. It leaves through the aorta.

left

The oxygenated blood arriving into the ______(left/right) atrium is coming from the lungs through the pulmonary vein, and leaves through the mitral valve.

left

The oxygenated blood arriving into the ______(left/right) ventricle is coming from the left atrium. It leaves through the aorta through the aortic valve, a semilunar valve.

left

The chamber of the heart receiving blood directly from the lungs is the: a. right ventricle b. left atrium c. left ventricle d. right atrium

left atrium

The chamber of the heart receiving blood from the pulmonary vein is the: a. left atrium b. right ventricle c. right atrium d. left ventricle

left atrium

The chamber of the heart sending blood through the bicuspid valve is the: a. left ventricle b. left atrium c. right atrium d. right ventricle

left atrium

The chamber of the heart sending oxygenated blood through an atrioventricular valve is the: a. right ventricle b. left atrium c. left ventricle d. right atrium

left atrium

The chamber of the heart sending blood directly to the aorta is the: a. left ventricle b. right atrium c. right ventricle d. left atrium

left ventricle

The chamber of the heart sending blood into the systemic circulation is the: a. left atrium b. right atrium c. left ventricle d. right ventricle

left ventricle

The chamber of the heart sending blood through the aortic valve is the: a. left ventricle b. right atrium c. right ventricle d. left atrium

left ventricle

The chamber of the heart sending oxygenated blood through a semilunar valve is the: a. left atrium b. right ventricle c. left ventricle d. right atrium

left ventricle

The chamber of the heart with the thickest myocardium is the: a. left atrium b. right atrium c. left ventricle d. right ventricle

left ventricle

If you have O negative blood, you will have: a. type B antigen, type A antigens, and type D antigens b. a weekly appointment as a blood donor c. no type B antigen, no type A antigens, and only type D antigens d. no type B antigens, no type A antigens, and no type D antigens e. type O antigens and type D antibodies

no type B antigens, no type A antigens, and no type D antigens

Korotkoff sounds

noise of turbulent flow through the vessels

The type of shock that may be produced by a blood clot that has emboli zed to the lung is ______ shock. a. obstructive b. anaphylactic c. hypovolemic d. cardiogenic

obstructive

obstructive shock

occurs when a significant portion of the vascular system is blocked

vascular shock

occurs when arterioles lose their normal muscular tone and dilate dramatically

neurogenic shock

occurs with cranial or high spinal injuries that damage the cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata or the nervous fibers originating from this region

Local auto regulation of blood flow is controlled by: a. increasing stroke volume and heart rate b. fluid less or retention at the kidneys c. opening and closing of precapillary sphincters d. erythropoietin

opening and closing of precapillary sphincters

The net pressure which drives reabsorption from the tissues into the capillaries is: a. hydrostatic pressure b. osmotic pressure c. vesicular transport d. diffusion

osmotic pressure

tunica externa

outermost layer or tunic of a vessel (except capillaries

Cardiac ______(output/reserve) is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle during one minute.

output

In the adult heart, the intertribal septum bears an oval-shaped depression known as the fossa ovals, a remnant of the foramen ______.

ovale

Normally in an adult heart, the interatrial septum bears an oval-shaped depression known as the fossa ovalis, a remnant of an opening in the fetal heart known as the foramen ______.

ovale

The foramen ______ allows blood in the fetal heart to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, allowing some blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit.

ovale

The ______ is a cluster of specialized myocardial cells known as the SA node that initiates the sinus rhythm.

pacemaker

Chordae tendineae connect the valves to the: a. pectinate muscles b. papillary muscles c. trabecular carneae d. septum primum

papillary muscles

Cardiac output will be increased by all of the following except: a. increased thyroid hormones b. parasympathetic system stimulation c. increased stroke volume d. increased calcium ion levels

parasympathetic system stimulation

The ridges of muscle inside the atria are called the: a. papillary muscles b. chordae tendineae c. trabecular carneae d. pectinate muscles

pectinate muscles

A pulse oximeter measures: a. blood count b. hemoglobin level c. percentage saturation of oxygen d. the amount of free oxygen in the bloodstream

percentage saturation of oxygen

Which of the following is NOT a response to low blood volume and pressure due to hemorrhage? a. sympathetic nervous system activation b. activation of cardiovascular centers in medulla oblongata to increase cardiac out put c. release of aldosterone and angiotensin d. peripheral vasodilation

peripheral vasodilation

Blood is a connective tissue. A connective tissue is composed of specialized cells and a matrix. Tn blood, the matrix is: a. leukocytes b. erythrocytes c. plasma d. platelets e. albumin

plasma

The liquid portion of blood is called ______.

plasma

The blood colloidal osmotic pressure is created by: a. red blood cells b. platelets c. plasma proteins d. white blood cells

plasma proteins

A fragment od cytoplasm of a megakaryocytic is a ______. a. platelet b. monocyte c. eosinophil d. lymphocyte e. basophil

platelet

A promegakaryocyte will mature into a/an a. erythrocyte b. basophil c. neutrophil d. platelet e. lymphicyte

platelet

The stage of hemostasis which occurs immediately after vascular spasm is: a. platelet plug formation b. intrinsic clotting pathway c. extrinsic clotting pathway d. common clotting pathway e. fibrinolysis

platelet plug formation

Sympathetic nervous system stimulation is a ______(positive/negative) inotrope, meaning it will increase heart contractility/

positive

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

powerful vasoconstrictor, greatly increasing blood pressure; stimulates the release of ADH and aldosterone

Another way of expressing EDV is ______. It is increased with a greater EDV.

preload

Increasing the ______(preload/afterload) will increase contractility and therefore cardiac output.

preload

The Frank-Sterling Law states that increasing the stretch of the ventricular muscle will increase the force of contractility; in other words, greater ______ will cause greater force of contraction, increasing cardiac output. a. stroke volume b. cardiac output c. afterload d. preload

preload

The ______(preload/afterload) is the end diastolic volume; it is the maximum stretch the ventricles will experience prior to the contraction.

preload

______ is the amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of atrial systole just prior to ventricular contraction. It is also known as end diastolic volume.

preload

Baroreceptors measure: a. pressure b. carbon dioxide levels c. temperature d. oxygen levels

pressure

blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP)

pressure exerted by colloids suspended in blood within a vessel; a primary determinant is the presence of plasma proteins

interstitial fluid colloidal osmotic pressure

pressure exerted by the colloids within the interstitial fluid

An anticoagulant, such as heparin, would: a. prevent blood clotting b. prevent hemorrhage c. dissolve a blood clot d. activate platelets

prevent blood clotting

The left ventricle develops from the: a. cariogenic region b. primitive ventricle c. trunks arteriosus d. endocardial tubes

primitive ventricle

The left ventricle develops from the: a. truncus arteriosus b. endocardial tubes c. cariogenic region d. primitive ventricle

primitive ventricle

aldosterone

produced by adrenal cortex; increases the reabsorption of sodium into the blood by the kidneys

______(systemic/pulmonary) circuit ejects blood into the pulmonary trunk and is powered by the right side of the heart.

pulmonary

Blood is carried from the right ventricle to the lungs by the: a. systemic arteries b. pulmonary veins c. pulmonary arteries d. capillaries e. systemic veins

pulmonary arteries

The vessels leaving the right ventricle is the ______. a. pulmonary artery b. pulmonary vein c. superior vena cava d. aorta

pulmonary artery

What circuit allows blood flow to and from the lungs? a. pulmonary circuit b. systemic circuit

pulmonary circuit

What large arterial vessel carries blood ejected from the right ventricle and divides into the left and right pulmonary arteries?

pulmonary trunk

The truncus arterioles develops into the: a. left ventricle b. pulmonary trunk and aorta c. inferior and superior vena cava d. right ventricle

pulmonary trunk and aorta

The vessel arriving at the left atrium from the lungs is the ______. a. pulmonary vein b. pulmonary trunk c. aorta d. superior vena cava

pulmonary vein

What veins carry highly oxygenated blood into the left atrium, which pumps the blood into the left ventricle, which in turn pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta and to the many branches of the systemic circuit?

pulmonary veins

The difference between the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure is the ______ pressure.

pulse

The heart rate is found by counting the: a. pulse pressure b. mean arterial pressure c. blood pressure d. pulse

pulse

______ fibers are specialized myocardial conduction fibers that arise from the bundle branches and spread the impulse to the myocardial contraction fibers of the ventricles.

purkinje

After birth, blood cell production occurs primarily in the: a. red bone marrow b. spleen c. lymphatic tissue d. yolk sac e. liver

red bone marrow

Vasodilation

relaxation of smooth muscle in the wall of a blood vessel, resulting in an increased vascular diameter

Erythropoietin

released by the kidneys when blood flow and/or oxygen levels decrease; stimulates the production of erythrocytes within the bone marrow

The ______(repolarization/depolarization) of the atria is hidden by the QRS complex.

repolarization

systolic pressure

represents the maximum value following ventricular contraction; larger number

Cardiac ______(output/reserve) is the difference between maximum and resting cardiac output.

reserve

An immature red blood cell which has just entered the circulation and still contains the remnants of its organelles is called a/an: a. hemocytoblast b. reticulocyte c. leukocyte d. erythrocyte

reticulocyte

The blood arriving into the ______(left/right) atrium is coming from the systemic circulation through the vena cava.

right

The blood arriving into the ______(left/right) atrium is coming from the systemic circulation through the vena cava. It leaves through the tricuspid valve.

right

The blood arriving into the ______(left/right) ventricle is coming from the right atrium. It leaves through the pulmonary artery.

right

The blood arriving into the ______(left/right) ventricle is coming from the right atrium. It leaves through the pulmonary trunk/artery.

right

The deoxygenated blood arriving into the ______(left/right) atrium is coming from the body. It leaves through the tricuspid valve.

right

The chamber of the heart receiving blood directly form the systemic circulation of the body is the: a. right ventricle b. left atrium c. right atrium d. left ventricle

right atrium

The chamber of the heart receiving blood from the vena cava is the: a. right atrium b. left ventricle c. left atrium d. right ventricle

right atrium

The chamber of the heart receiving blood from the vena cava is the: a. right ventricle b. left ventricle c. left atrium d. right atrium

right atrium

The chamber of the heart sending blood through the tricuspid valve is the: a. right atrium b. left atrium c. left ventricle d. right ventricle

right atrium

The chamber of the heart sending deoxygenated blood through an atrioventricular valve is the: a. right ventricle b. right atrium c. left atrium d. left ventricle

right atrium

The chamber of the heart sending blood through the pulmonary trunk is the: a. left ventricle b. right ventricle c. right atrium d. left atrium

right ventricle

The chamber of the heart sending blood through the pulmonary valve is the: a. left ventricle b. right atrium c. left atrium d. right ventricle

right ventricle

Leukocytes differ from erythrocytes because leukocytes: a. are more in number b. routinely leave the blood vessels c. are made in the blood vessels d. contain hemoglobin

routinely leave the blood vessels

There are one-half as many T tubules in cardiac muscle as in skeletal muscle, and the ______ reticulum stores calcium ions, so most of the calcium ions must come from outside the cells.

sarcoplasmic

atrial natriuretic hormone

secreted by cells in the atria of the heart, atrial natriuretic hormone when blood volume is high enough to cause extreme stretching of the cardiac cells

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

secreted by the cells in the hypothalamus via the posterior pituitary in response to increasing osmolarity of tissue fluid; signals its target cells in the kidneys to reabsorb more water, thus preventing the loss of additional fluid in the urine

The second heart sound, S2, is the sound of the closing of the ______ valves during ventricular diastole and is described as a "dub".

semilunar

The valves at the openings that lead to the pulmonary trunk and aorta are known generically as ______ valves.

semilunar

A ______ refers to a wall or partition that divides the heart into chambers.

septum

Metarteriole

short vessel arising from a terminal arteriole that branches to supply a capillary bed

Arteriovenous anastomosis

short vessel connecting an arteriole directly to a venule and bypassing the capillary beds

The normal pacemaker of the heart is the ______ node, and it initiates the normal sinus rhythm of the heart.

sinoatrial (SA)

The ______ node is known as the pacemaker, a specialized clump of myocardial conducting cells located in the superior portion of the right atrium that has the highest inherent rate of depolarization that then spreads throughout the heart.

sinoatrial (SA) node

______ rhythm is the normal contractile pattern.

sinus

The posterior portion of the right atrium, the SA node, and the coronary sinus develop from the: a. endocardial tubes b. cariogenic region c. primitive ventricle d. truncus arteriosus e. sinus venous

sinus venosus

You were standing in the back of the crowd at a school presentation because there were no seats left. The speaker droned on and on for what seemed like forever. You knew to keep flexing your leg muscles periodically to prevent fainting due to inadequate venous return to keep your brain supplied with oxygenated blood. By flexing this, you were able to take advantage of your: a. respiratory pump b. muscle layers of the tunica media c. skeletal muscle pump d. sympathetic nervous system

skeletal muscle pump

Since the openings and valves structurally weaken the atrioventricular septum, the remaining tissue is heavily reinforced with dense connective tissue called the cardiac ______.

skeleton

venule

small vessel leading from the capillaries to veins

capillary

smallest of blood vessels where physical exchange occurs between the blood and tissue cells surrounded by interstitial fluid

In an adult with severe bone marrow insufficiency, extra medullary hemopoiesis can occur in the liver and the: a. red bone marrow b. yolk sac c. spleen d. lymphatic tissue

spleen

The term "diapedesis" refers to the ability of leukocytes to: a. phagocytize bacteria b. squeeze and migrate through the capillary walls c. kill virus infected cells d. mature in the thymus

squeeze and migrate through the capillary walls

Cardiac muscle also demonstrates ______, the alternating pattern of dark A bands and light I bands attributed to the precise arrangement of the myofilaments and fibrils that are organized in ______ along the length of the cell.

striations; sarcomeres

The _____ volume is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per contraction; also, the difference between EDV and ESV.

stroke

______ volume is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per contraction; also, the difference between EDV and ESV.

stroke

What is the large systemic vein that returns blood to the heart from the superior portion of the body? a. superior vena cava b. inferior vena cava

superior vena cava

______(systemic/pulmonary) circuit ejects blood into the aorta, systemic arteries, and arterioles and is powered by the left side of the heart.

systemic

What circuit allows blood flow to and from virtually all of the tissues of the body? a. pulmonary circuit b. systemic circuit

systemic circuit

The blood vessels in the body that have valves are: a. systemic arteries b. pulmonary veins c. pulmonary arteries d. capillaries e. systemic veins

systemic veins

______ is the contraction phase of the heart

systole

______ is the period of time when the heart muscle is contracting.

systole

Shema's blood pressure is high at 154/98. The number 154 is the ______ pressure.

systolic

The blood pressure taken when the arterial pressure is at its highest is the ______ pressure. a. pulse b. diastolic c. systolic d mean arterial

systolic

If excess fluid builds within the pericardial space, it can lead to a condition called cardiac ______, or pericardial ______.

tamponade

When the pericardial sac fills with a fluid such as blood the the point that the heart muscles cannot expand to fill with blood, it is called a cardiac ______.

tamponade

septic shock

that which follows a massive infection resulting in organism-wide inflammation

The S1 heart sound is created by: a. the opening of the pulmonic valves b. the opening of the AV valves c. the closing of the AV valves d. the closing of the pulmonic valves

the closing of the AV valves

The P wave of an ECG represents: a. the depolarization of the atria b. the depolarization of the ventricles c. the depolarization of the ventricles d. the repolarization of the atria

the depolarization of the atria

The hepatic portal system connects: a. the liver and the aorta b. the liver and the absorptive surfaces of the GI tract c. the liver and the stomach d. the liver and the superior vena cava

the liver and the absorptive surfaces of the GI tract

cardiac output

the measurement of blood flow from the heart through the ventricles

The electrical event of an ECG masked by the QRS complex is the: a. the repolarization of the atria b. the depolarization of the atria c. none of these d. the repolarization of ventricles

the repolarization of the atria

The T wave of an ECG represents: a. the repolarization of the atria b. the repolarization of the ventricles c. the depolarization of the ventricles d. the depolarization of the atria

the repolarization of the ventricles

viscosity

the thickness of fluids that affects their ability to flow

The hemopoietic growth factor that stimulates maturation of platelets is: a. granulocyte CSF b. cytokines c. interleukin d. thrombopoietin e. erythropoietin

thrombopoietin

The ridges of cardiac muscle in the ventricles are the: a. trabecular carneae b. pectinate muscles c. chordae tendineae d. papillary muscles

trabecular carneae

The walls of the ventricle are lined with ______ ______, ridges of cardiac muscle covered by endocardium.

trabecular carneae

Temporary loss of consciousness or damage due to blockage of the cerebral blood flow, lasting for seconds and leaving no apparent damage, is sometimes called a mini-stroke or a: a. transient ischemic attack b. myocardial infarction c. cerebrovascular accident d. heart attack

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

True or False. The impulse spreads from its initiation in the SA node throughout the atria through the internodal pathways, to the atrial myocardial cells and the AV node.

true

True or False. The thoracic cavity contains the mediastinal cavity, which contains the pericardial cavity, which contains the heart.

true

If you have B+ blood, you will have: a. type B antigen, type A antibodies, and type D antibodies b. type B antigen, type A antibodies, and type D antibodies c. type B antigen, type A antigens, and type D antigens d. type B antigen, type A antibodies, and type D antigens

type B antigen, type A antibodies, and type D antigens

If you are a universal recipient, you have: a. type B antibodies, type A antibodies, and type D antibodies b. type B antigens, type A antigens, and type D antigen c. type B antibodies, type A antibodies, and type D antigens d. type B antigen, type A antigens, and type D antibodies

type B antigens, type A antigens, and type D antigens

cardiogenic shock

type of shock that results from the inability of the heart to maintain cardiac output

You were a bit too enthusiastic when you sliced into your bagel this morning, and also sliced into your palm. The first stage of hemostasis (after you stopped screaming) was: a. vascular spasm b. intrinsic clotting pathway c. plateler plug formation d. extrinsic clotting pathway e. common clotting pathway

vascular spasm

The blood vessels with the highest capacitance are: a. venules b. arterioles c. veins d. capillaries e. arteries

veins

What is the term for one of the primary pumping chambers of the heart located in the lower portion of the heart?

ventricle

The second phases of ventricular systole during which blood is pumped from the ventricle is called what?

ventricular ejection phase

The smallest blood vessel carrying deoxygenated blood away from the capillary bed is call a/an:

venule

The blood vessels collecting blood from the capillaries are: a. arterioles b. arteries c. venules d. capillaries e. veins

venules

arteriole

very small artery that leads to a capillary

Of the factors that can affect blood flow, which of the following can be changed very quickly and dramatically to react to blood pressure or perfusion demand? a. blood viscosity b. blood turbulence c. vessel length d. vessel diameter

vessel diameter

The component of blood which functions in the immunity is the: a. platelets b. albumin c. plasma d. red blood cell e. white blood cell

white blood cell