EXAM 1
The electron transport chain
A series of redox reactions
Which component is a protein fiber of the extracellular matrix
A worm
Which functional groups show above is characteristic of alcohols?
A —OH
In a analysis of the nucleotide composition of DNA, which of the following will be found?
A+C=G+T
Which component is a micro filament of the cytoskeleton?
C
Which of the following molecule is polar? C3H7OHC2H5COOH
C3H7OH and C2H5COOH are both polar colecules
Which of these listed statements describe the results of the following reactions? C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O+Energy
C6H12O6 is oxidized and o2 is reduced
The element present in all organic molecules is
Carbon
In what way do the membranes of a eukaryotic cell vary?
Certain proteins are unique to each membrane.
Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system?
Chloroplast
When homologous chromosomes cross over, what occurs?
Corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged.
Which component is a peripheral protein
D (on the bottom outside the bilayer)
In eukaryotic cells, chromosome are composed of
DNA and proteins
In trying to determine whether DNA or protein is the genetic material, Hershey and Chase made use of which of the following facts?
DNA contains phosphorus, whereas protein does not.
A covalent chemical bond is one in which
outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both atoms
Which of the following processes includes all others?
passive transport
White blood cells engulf bacteria using
phagocytosis
In photosynthetic cells, synthesis of atp by the chemiosmotic mechanism occurs during
photosynthesis and respiration
What results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms?
polar covalent bond
A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely
primarily producing proteins in the cytosol
You disrupt all hydrogen bonds in a protein. What level of structure will be preserved?
primary structure
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?
proteins
Mendel crossed yellow-seeded and green-seeded pea plants and then allowed the offspring to self-pollinate to produce an F2 generation. The results were as follows: 6022 yellow and 2001 green (8023 total). The allele for green seeds has what relationship to the allele for yellow seeds?
recessive
Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle
release of oxygen
Which of the following does not occur during mitosis
replication of DNA
Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?
ribosome
What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?
small and hydrophobic
You collect data on the effect of pH on the function of the enzyme catalase in human cells. Which of the following graphs would you expect?
starts low, goes up, goes back down (a hill)
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
stroma of the chloroplast
The two molecules shown in the figure below are best described as _____.
structural isomers
What is a major difference between eukaryotic DNA replication and prokaryotic DNA replication?
Prokaryotic chromosomes have a single origin of replication, while eukaryotic chromosomes have multiple origins of replication.
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?
Rough ER
Which levels of proteins structure do the a-helix and the B-pleated sheet represent?
Secondary
The replication of DNA is because
Semiconservative; one strand of parental DNA is retained in each daughter DNA
The fastest way for organism to adapt to a changing environment involves
Sexual reproduction
Which of the following is the best description of a control for an experiment?
The control group is matched with the experimental group except for the one experimental variable.
When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result?
The gene involved is on the X chromosome.
In a plant, the reactions that produce molecular oxygen (O2) takes place in
The light reactions alone
Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?
The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
A patient was involved a serious accident and lost a large quantity of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water—equal to the volume of blood lost—is added to the blood directly via one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion?
The patient's red blood cells will swell and possibly burst because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells.
What does a frequency of recombination of 50% indicate?
The two genes are likely to be located on different chromosomes.
Cell membranes are asymmetrical, which of the following statements is most likely explanation for the membrane's asymmetrical nature?
The two sides of cell membrane face different environments and carry out different functions
What is the reason that closely linked genes are typically inherited together
They are located close together on the same chromosome.
In cats, black fur color is cause but an X linked allele the other allele at this locus cause orange color. This heterozygote is tortoishell
Tortoiseshell females, black males
Can the atomic mass of an element vary?
Yes. Adding or losing neutrons will change the atomic mass without forming a different element.
About twenty-five of the ninety-two natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these twenty-five elements make up approximately 96 percent of living matter?
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
Amino acids are acids because they always possess which functional group?
carboxyl
Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
carboxyl and amino groups
homologous chromosomes
carry information for the same traits
Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?
catabolism (catabolic pathways)
Cells are
characteristic of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
Most CO2 from catabolism is released during
citric acid cycle
Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with?
compounds that have polar covalent bonds
anabolic pathways
consume energy to build up polymers from monomers
Which curve(s) on the graphs may represent the temperature and pH profiles of an enzyme taken from a bacterium that lives in a mildly alkaline hot springs at temperatures of 70°C or higher?
curves 3 and 5
A strong acid like HCl
dissociates completely in an aqueous solution
A chemical reaction that has a positive AG is best described as
endergonic
Which of these classes of biological molecules does NOT include polymers?
lipids
Which of the following macromolecules leaves the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell through pores in the nuclear membrane?
mRNA
Independent assortment of chromosomes occurs during
meiosis I only
Suppose a young boy is always tired and fatigued, suffering from a metabolic disease. Which of the following organelles is most likely involved in this disease?
mitochondria
Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in a eukaryotic cells?
mitochondrion
Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
mitochondrion
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?
mitochondrion
A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a
monosaccharide
When the atoms involved in a covalent bond have the same electronegativity, what type of bond results?
nonpolar covalent bond
Bonds between two atoms that are equally electronegative are _____.
nonpolar covalent bonds
In a bacterium, we will find DNA in _____.
nucleoid
Nucleic acids are polymers made up which of the following monomers?
nucleotides
Plants photosynthesize _____.
only in the light but respire in light and dark
Which of these is a Karyotype?
organized images of a cell's chromosomes
A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X → Y → Z → A. Product A binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position remote from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme. What is a substance X?
substrate
A cell with an extensive area of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is specialized to _____.
synthesize large quantities of lipids
What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle
synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide
What is the major structural difference between starch and glycogen?
the amount of branching that occurs in the molecule
Which of the following defines a genome?
the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences
What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids?
the components of the R-group
Knowing the atomic mass of an element allows inferences about which of the following?
the number of protons plus neutrons in the element
In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with and guanine pairs with
thymine and cytosine
The tertiary structure of a protein is the
unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide
What is the genotype of individual 11-5?
ww
In certain plants, tall is dominant to short. If a heterozygous plant is crossed with a homozygous tall plant, what is the probability that the offspring will be short?
0
A recessive allele on the X chromosomes is responsible for red green color blindness in humans. A woman with normal vision whose father is color blind marries a color blind male. What is the probability that this couple's first son will be color blind
1/2
Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of crosses BbTt × BBtt will be expected to have black fur and long tails?
1/2
Cinnabar eyes is a sex-linked recessive characteristic in fruit flies. If a female having cinnabar eyes is crossed with a wild-type male, what percentage of the F1 males will have cinnabar eyes?
100%
From its atomic number of 15, it is possible to predict that the phosphorus atom has
15 protons and 15 electrons
Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of four cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells?
16
A group of cells is assayed for DNA content immediately following mitosis and is found to have an average of 8 picograms of DNA per nucleus. How many picograms would be found at the end of S and the end of G2?
16; 16
How many amino acids are common to all living systems
20
Albinism is an autosomal (not sex-linked) recessive trait. A man and woman are both of normal pigmentation?
3/4
If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine?
30%
Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) in aerobic cellular respiration?
30-32
If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence 5'GTCCAT 3' what is the sequence of the other strand
5'ATGGAC 3'
How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE?
8
The atomic number is 7. Nitrogen-15 has a greater mass number than nitrogen-14 because the atomic nucleus of nitrogen-15 contains
8 neutrons
Cytosine makes up 42% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine?
8%
Refer to the figure above. What bases will be added to the primer as DNA replication proceeds? The bases should appear in the new strand in the order that they will be added starting at the 3' end of the primer.
A, G, A, C, G, A, C
A black guinea pig crossed with an albino guinea pig produced twelve black offspring. When the albino was crossed with a second black animal, six blacks and six albinos were obtained. What is the best explanation for this genetic situation?
Albino is recessive; black is dominant.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
All life requires the same essential elements.
Which component is a glycolipid?
B 4 dots
Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?
Bacteria and Archaea
Suppose you are provided with an actively dividing culture of E. coli bacteria to which radioactive thymine has been added. What would happen if a cell replicates once in the presence of this radioactive base?
DNA in both daughter cells would be radioactive.
Which of the following is the strongest evidence that protein structure and functions are correlated?
Denatured (unfolded) proteins do not functions normally.
Which component is cholesterol?
E) E
Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosomes number of 2n=16
Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs.
Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have more intracellular organelles than prokaryotes.
Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics
Every chemical reaction must increase the total entropy of the universe.
Mitochondrial DNA is primary involved in coding for proteins needed for protein complexes of electron transport chain and ATP synthase. Therefore, mutations in mitochondrial genes would most affect
Generations of ATP muscle cells
The somatic cells of a privet shrub each contain 46 chromosomes. To be as different as they are from human cells, which have the same number of chromosomes, which of the following must be true?
Genes of privet chromosomes are significantly different than those in humans.
Which is the final result of mitosis in a human?
Genetically identical 2n somatic cells
Which of the following are compounds?
H2O and CH4, but not O2
A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism?
HT
Which of the following is true of osmosis?
In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration.
Diffusion
Is a passive process in which molecules move from a regions of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
Which of the following is true about carbon
It can form both polar and nonpolar bonds.
Which of the following statements describes a eukaryotic chromosomes
It consists of a single linear molecule of double-stranded DNA plus proteins.
If a cells has completed meiosis 1 and is just beginning meiosis 2, which of the following is an appropriate description of its content?
It has half the amount of DNA AS THE CELL THAT BEGAN MEIOSIS
If an atoms has a charge of +1, which of the following must be true?
It has one more proton than it does electrons
Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?
It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
What is the function of nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotes?
It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus.
What is the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotes
It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus.
A given organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. We can therefore conclude which of the following?
Its gametes must have 23 chromosomes.
Crossing over normally takes place during which of the following processes?
Meiosis I
Homologous pair of chromosomes align opposit of each other at the equator of a cell during
Meiosis metaphase 1
Asexual reproduction occur during
Mitosis
Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability?
Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.
Wishing a double- stranded DNA molecule, adenine forms hydrogen bonds with thymine and cystosine forms hydrogen bonds with guanine
Permits complementary base pairing
Which of the following descriptions best fit the class of molecules known as nucleotides?
a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar
Metaphase is characterized by _____.
aligning of chromosomes on the equator
A man who carries an allele of an X-linked gene will pass it on to _____.
all of his daughters
All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except
an endoplasmic reticulum
If you change the number of neutrons in an atom, you create _____.
an isotope
Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?
anabolic reactions
Which of the following allows water to move much faster across cell membranes?
aquaporins
Lipids
are insoluble in water
Which of the following is a false statement concerning amino groups? Amino groups
are nonpolar
Which of the following is NOT true? Both chloroplast and mitochondria
are part of the endomembrane system
Which of the following is not true? Both chloroplast and mitochondria
are part of the endomembrane system
starch and cellulose
are polymers of glucose
In comparison to eukaryotes, prokaryotes
are smaller
Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified?
as a disaccharide
One of the primary functions of RNA molecules is to
function in the synthesis of proteins
Which of the following characteristics structures, or processes is common to bacteria and viruses
genetic material composed of nucleic acid
Which of the following normally occurs regardless of whether or not oxygen is present?
glycolysis
Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
glycolysis and fermentation
After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is
haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids
Water molecules are attracted to one another by
hydrogen bonds
Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize?
hydrogen bonds
In the process of science, which of these is tested?
hypothesis
Scientists isolate cells in various phases of the cell cycle. They find a group of cells that have 1.5 times more DNA than G1 phase cells. The cells of this group are _____.
in the S phase of the cell cycle
In a plant cell, DNA may be found
in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
The human X and Y chromosomes
include genes that determine an individual's sex
A controlled experiment
includes at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment
