Exam 1 Questions - PSY 350

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Students are given a measure at the beginning of the school year. Three months later they are given the same measure to test for what type of reliability: a. Inter-rater b. Test-retest c. Internal reliability d. None of the above

b. Test-retest

Following a study using deception, how does the researcher attempt to restore an honest relationship with the participant? 1. by apologizing to the participant and offering monetary compensation for any discomfort or stress 2. by debriefing each participant in a structured conversation 3. by reassuring the participant that all names and identifiers will be removed from the data 4. by giving each participant a written description of the study's goals and hypotheses along with references for further reading

by debriefing each participant in a structured conversation Debriefing (Standard 8.08) —The researcher must describe the nature of the deception, explain why it was necessary, and explain the importance of the research.

When is Cohen's Kappa used? a. To represent validity b. To represent test-retest reliability c. To represent the degree to which raters agree d. All of the Above e. None of the Above

c. To represent the degree to which raters agree

What is key about a good operationalized construct? a. All experts agree about its definition b. It is defined by more abstract ideas c. You are able to quantify it and has a very concrete definition d. A and C e. All of the above

c. You are able to quantify it and has a very concrete definition

Josiane has found an online test that claims to measure IQ. It consists of choosing the correct definitions for a series of words. She is concerned that it doesn't include any tests of other things that are part of IQ such as problem solving or visual-spatial ability. What type of validity is she questioning? 1. content validity 2. concurrent validity 3. convergent validity 4. discriminant validity

content validity Face Validity and Content Validity—Her concern is that the test does not capture all parts of the construct of intelligence. In her subjective judgment, parts of the construct of intelligence are not included in a vocabulary test.

I am working on my dissertation on anxiety. I'm having difficulty recruiting participants and realize "hey why don't I just use the students in my class". Other than being unethical, what type of sampling am I using? a. Simple Random Sampling b. Cluster Sampling c. Self-selected d. Convenience sampling

d. Convenience sampling

. I am creating a measure on depression. I'm not entirely sure if it is a good measure so I ask my "expert friends". They say it looks pretty good. What type of validity is presented in this scenario? a. Construct Validity b. Content Validity c. Face Validity d. None of the Above

d. None of the Above

Lorenzo is studying aggression in children. First, a questionnaire about their own aggression is administered to the children. Then the children are observed while at play and instances of aggression are recorded. The results of these two parts of the study are compared. Lorenzo plots the questionnaire scores on the x-axis and the observed instances of aggression on the y-axis of a scatterplot and determines r. What type of validity is he examining? 1. content validity 2. predictive validity 3. divergent validity 4. convergent validity

convergent validity Convergent and Discriminant Validity—As both of these measures are of aggression, the results of the observation should have a strong positive correlation with the results of the questionnaire. This would show convergent validity.

convergent validity Convergent and Discriminant Validity—If a measure correlates strongly with other measures of the same construct, it shows convergent validity. This is considered evidence for the validity of the measure.

Which of the following is a form of self-report? a. Projective measures b. Associative measures c. Surveys d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Pariya has noticed that in all her classes, the students who major in biology tend to ask more questions than students who major in other areas. Which type of claim is this? 1. causal 2. association 3. frequency 4. anecdotal

anecdotal Frequency Claims—This claim is anecdotal since Pariya has not systematically studied this.

Which of the following types of data do not raise issues concerning confidentiality? 1. photographs of participants 2. handwriting samples from participants 3. participants' dates of birth 4. answers to a completely anonymous questionnaire

answers to a completely anonymous questionnaire Informed Consent (Standard 8.02)—Any records that might allow an individual's data to be identified must be protected.

Dr. Jackson is a personality psychologist who is interested in studying the characteristics of people who report being abducted by UFOs. She finds several people in a support group to research and asks them if they can provide the names and contact information of other people who have also been abducted. Upon contacting these new participants, she asks them to refer her to even more people they may know who have been abducted. This is an example of what kind of sampling? A) Purposive sampling B) Convenience sampling C) Snowball sampling D) Self-selection sampling

B) Convenience sampling

For his research methods class project, Hiro is studying the effect of pet ownership on stress levels. Although a lot of research has been done on dog and cat owners, not much is known about other pets, so Hiro decides to study hamster owners. Which of the following would demonstrate a purposive sampling technique? A) He is interested in hamster owners and not pet owners in general. B) He recruits his hamster owners by e-mailing members of the National Hamster Owners Association and asking for participants. C) His participants are all the people who have purchased hamsters at his local pet store in the past year. D) He asks hamster owners to give him the names of other hamster owners.

B) He recruits his hamster owners by e-mailing members of the National Hamster Owners Association and asking for participants.

Online surveys commonly suffer from which of the following? A) Poor reliability B) Self-selection C) Probability sampling D) Over sampling

B) Self-selection

In a study of a new drug for asthma, a researcher finds that the group receiving the drug is doing much better than the control group, whose members are receiving a placebo. Which principle of the Belmont Report requires the researcher to also give the control group the opportunity to receive the new drug? 1. Informed Consent 2. Justice 3. Beneficence 4. Respect for Persons

Beneficence The Principle of Beneficence—To conform to the principle of beneficence, researchers must ensure participants' well-being and may not withhold treatments that are known to be beneficial to study participants.

Professor Nakum designs a memory experiment to test the effect of word familiarity on memory. Three lists of words are created: common words, uncommon words, and made-up words. Participants study one of the lists of 30 words for 5 minutes, do math problems for 5 minutes, then write all the words they recall from the list. Their score is the number of words correctly recalled. His colleague questioned how his lists were made. What validity is being challenged? 1. internal 2. construct 3. external 4. statistical

Construct Other Validities to Interrogate in Causal Claim—The colleague is asking how commonness of words was measured. Was some sort of standard familiarity scale used?

What tool is used to check if multiple-item measurement scales have internal reliability? 1. r, the correlation coefficient 2. Kappa 3. Cronbach's alpha 4. s, the standard deviation

Cronbach's alpha Using the Correlation Coefficient r to Evaluate Reliability—Cronbach's alpha is a statistic based on the average of inter-item correlations. It is used to assess internal reliability of a scale.

Why do studies that use probability samples have excellent external validity? A) They have good internal validity too. B) They study every member of the population of interest. C) They are more complicated to do. D) All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample

D) All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample

Which of the following is true of sample size? A) It primarily affects external validity. B) It primarily affects internal validity. C) It primarily affects construct validity. D) It primarily affects statistical validity.

D) It primarily affects statistical validity

Mendoza et al. (2009) introduced a coin rotation task as a convenient test of motor dexterity. It involves timed completion of twenty 180° rotations of a nickel using the thumb, index, and middle fingers. Research participants' results on the coin rotation task are compared with their results on two widely used tests of motor dexterity: the finger-tapping task and the Grooved Pegboard task. What empirical way of assessing construct validity is being used? A) face validity B) criterion validity C) divergent validity D) convergent validity

D) convergent validity

Professor Silva is a clinical psychologist who teaches a course in abnormal psychology at the university. He maintains a clinical practice and several of his current students are his clients. Which of the APA's Five General Principles does this violate? 1. Integrity 2. Fidelity and Responsibility 3. Justice 4. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity

Fidelity and Responsibility Five General Ethical Principles—This principle is concerned with establishing relationships of trust and accepting responsibility for professional behavior. Having multiple relationships with the students (therapist and teacher) could result in impairment of the psychologist's objectivity.

Professor Hammond studies ethical behavior and designs a study to examine the amount of cheating at her school. At the beginning of class each day, she passes around a chart showing the dates of the class meetings, with boxes for students to initial if present. She photocopies the sheet after each class so that she can find if any students initial for days in the past that they were absent. The students are not aware that they were participating in the study until the end of the quarter. What standard of Ethical Standard 8 does this violate? 1. Institutional Approval 2. Offering Inducements for Research Participation 3. Client/Patient, Student, and Subordinate Research Participants 4. Informed Consent to Research

Informed Consent to Research Informed Consent (Standard 8.02)—Professor Hammond never explained the study to the participants before it started and they had no opportunity to decide whether to participate.

Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. From schools near his university, two groups of low-income Hispanic children are assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. Which of the Belmont Report Principles is violated by his choice of participants? 1. Principle of Respect for Persons 2. Principle of Justice 3. Principle of Beneficence 4. Principle of Integrity

Principle of Justice The Principle of Justice—Using low-income Hispanic children means this one group bears an undue burden of risk. All children stand to benefit from the results, not just this group.

Which of the following claims is not causal? 1. Ice applied to twisted ankles prevents swelling. 2. Barefoot running reduces injury risk. 3. New lung cancer drug increases survival. 4. Red meat is linked to cancer in the colon.

Red meat is linked to cancer in the colon. Table 3.2, Causal Claims—"Is linked" is an associative claim.

Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. From schools near his university, two groups of low-income Hispanic children are assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. To assure good participation, the participants are offered a chance to win a family trip to a major theme park. Which of the APA's Five General Principles is violated by this incentive? 1. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence 2. Fidelity and Responsibility 3. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity 4. Justice

Respect for People's Rights and Dignity The Principle of Respect for Persons—Children are entitled to special protection as they are unable to give autonomous consent and the incentive is so attractive it is coercive.

Which of the following criteria is not required for a causal claim? 1. The correlation between the cause variable and outcome variable is zero. 2. The cause variables and outcome variable are correlated. 3. The causal variable came first and the outcome variable came later. 4. There is no other explanation for the relationship.

The correlation between the cause variable and outcome variable is zero. Causal Claims—In the case that the correlation is zero, a causal claim cannot be made.

Which of the following is not one of the categories of ethical violations illustrated by the Tuskegee Syphilis Study? 1. There was a failure to obtain approval from the Institutional Review Board before beginning the study. 2. The participants were not treated respectfully. 3. A disadvantaged group was targeted. 4. The participants were harmed.

There was a failure to obtain approval from the Institutional Review Board before beginning the study. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: An Example of Three Major Ethics Violations—The study was started in 1932, long before Instructional Review Boards came into existence in 1974-1976.

For my research project, I have a list of individuals. I draw their names out of a hat and ask them to participate in my study, to which they agree. What type of sampling am I using? a. Simple Random Sampling b. Cluster Sampling c. Self-selected d. Convenience sampling

a. Simple Random Sampling

For my research project, I have a list of individuals. I select every 5th and 9th person to be in my study. What type of sampling am I using? a. Systemic Sampling b. Cluster Sample c. Over Sampling d. Convenience sampling

a. Systemic Sampling

Sara is running in a race. She gets first place. What type of scale is being used? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio

b. Ordinal

If researchers suggest that participants who do not participate in a research study will suffer negative consequences, it is: 1. autonomy. 2. coercion. 3. failing to provide special protection. 4. a debriefing failure.

coercion. The Principle of Respect for Persons—As part of treating a participant as an autonomous agent, a researcher may not use pressure to elicit participation.

conceptual More About Conceptual and Operational Variables—Manual dexterity is the abstract concept that the researcher wants to study so it is a conceptual variable.

Mendoza et al. (2009) introduced a coin rotation task as a convenient test of motor dexterity. It involves timed completion of twenty 180° rotations of a nickel using the thumb, index, and middle fingers. The results from this task are compared with the results from a measure of global upper-extremity strength, grip strength. These results were found to be not significant. What empirical way of assessing construct validity is being used? 1. face validity 2. predictive validity 3. divergent validity 4. convergent validity

divergent validity Convergent and Discriminant Validity—The coin rotation task should correlate strongly with other tests of motor dexterity, but should not correlate strongly with measures of other traits. Grip strength is related to motor functioning, but does not capture dexterity, so this is discriminant evidence for validity.

Which of the following is a physiological measure? 1. responses to a questionnaire 2. speed in solving a puzzle 3. grip strength 4. ratings by an observer

grip strength Three Common Types of Measures—Grip strength is the only one of these that operationalizes a variable by recording biological data.

Which of these is not one of the three main validities you should interrogate when an association claim is made? 1. statistical 2. external 3. internal 4. construct

internal Interrogating Association Claims—Association claims are not asserting causality so internal validity is not relevant to interrogate. Internal validity is relevant when you assert that one variable causes another to change.

internal Using the Correlation Coefficient r to Evaluate Reliability—Lorenzo has more than one question measuring the same construct so he needs to check the internal reliability, or whether their responses are consistent.

Dr. Kamran studies domestic violence in men and has designed a self-report scale to ask about attitudes toward women. She administers it to male prisoners immediately following their arrests. She compares the results from prisoners eventually convicted of domestic violence to those for the prisoners eventually convicted of other crimes. She finds significant differences between the group scores. What technique is she using to validate her scale? 1. test-retest technique 2. physiological measurements 3. known-groups paradigm 4. longitudinal research

known-groups paradigm Known-Groups Evidence for Predictive and Concurrent Validity—She is using two known groups of people, some who committed domestic violence and some who didn't, to test concurrent validity of her scale.

Georgina graduated as valedictorian of her high school class because of her class ranking. What type of scale is used for the quantitative variable of class ranking? 1. nominal scale 2. interval scale 3. ratio scale 4. ordinal scale

ordinal scale Scales of Measurement—Class ranking is based on how you rank relative to the rest of the class, so this is an ordinal scale. The number of grade points between students ranked next to each other varies.

Which of the following groups are not recognized in the Belmont Report as entitled to special protection? 1. children 2. people with intellectual or developmental disabilities 3. prisoners 4. paid participants

paid participants The Principle of Respect for Persons—While the Belmont Report does recognize that undue influence would occur if there was an incentive too attractive to refuse, it does not include paid participants as a special group.

Some colleges no longer require the SAT I or the ACT tests, instead basing their admissions on other factors, such as high school GPA. A large reason that they have done this is that they have found a low correlation between the scores on the tests and the students' freshman year GPA. What type of validity was missing and led the colleges to change admissions criteria? 1. face validity 2. predictive validity 3. discriminant validity 4. content validity

predictive validity Predictive and Concurrent Validity—The concern is the lack of predictive value of these tests. The test scores did not predict the freshman year GPA.

Which of the following would NOT necessarily be a clue that the study described in a popular press article was a factorial design?

reference to a peer-reviewed journal

Yan and Sengupta (2011) examined the effects of price, attractiveness, and consumer on the perceived tastiness and expensiveness of a dish of fried rice. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 design that varied price (inexpensive or expensive), picture (attractive or unattractive), and consumer (self or classmate) in a between-subjects design. What is the dependent variable?

tastiness and expensiveness

Which of the following is not a layer of guidance for a researcher at a university? 1. federal laws 2. institutional policies 3. the Geneva Conventions 4. abstract ethical guidelines

the Geneva Conventions The Belmont Report: Principles and Applications —The Geneva Conventions concern treatment of victims of wars, whereas the other choices apply to researchers at a university.

What are the two main reasons researchers use factorial designs?

to test the limits of an effect and to test theories

Lisa is interested in how well people are able to detect whether another person is a "Cooperator", a "Competitor", or an "Individualist" simply by looking at a picture of the person's face. She wants to know what kind of face can be identified most easily, and whether this varies by the race of the person in the picture. She designs a 2 x 3 within-group design where she has participants in her study look at faces from African-American and Caucasian people who are "Cooperators", "Competitors", or "Individualists." The participants try to identify the personality of the person in each picture and Lisa keeps track of the number of pictures accurately identified for each picture type. What are all the differences that must be examined?

two main effects and one interaction

Julie has developed an intervention to improve the relationship between parents and pre-school-aged children. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of her intervention, Julie video records the parents interacting with their children at the end of the study. She has two research assistants watch the videos and rate the level of warmth in the interaction. Julie then correlates the ratings of the raters. She finds a high positive correlation (r = .87) between the two raters. What type of reliability is she examining? A) test-retest B) interrater C) internal D) construct

B) interrater

In a study of aggression in children, a researcher has his undergraduate research assistants watch a group of children on the playground and record the number of instances of physical or verbal attacks. Which category of measured variable is this researcher using A) self-report measures B) observational measures C) physiological measures D) neuropsychological measures

B) observational measures

What information can you learn from a scatterplot that you cannot learn from the correlation coefficient A) the direction of the relationship B) the values for each pair of measurements C) the strength of the relationship D) whether the relationship is statistically significant

B) the values for each pair of measurements

Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. From schools near his university, two groups of low-income Hispanic children are assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. Some children have committed crimes after regularly playing violent video games. Which part of APA Ethical Standard 8 was violated when the researcher didn't consider this possible connection to crimes in planning the study? 1. Integrity 2. Justice 3. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity 4. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence The Principle of Beneficence—The principle of beneficence requires that the researcher consider risks and benefits before beginning a study. This study could pose a risk to the children based on previous studies.

Lisa is interested in how well people are able to detect whether another person is a "Cooperator", a "Competitor", or an "Individualist" simply by looking at a picture of the person's face. She wants to know what kind of face can be identified most easily, and whether this varies by the race of the person in the picture. She designs a 2 x 3 within-group design where she has participants in her study look at faces from African-American and Caucasian people who are "Cooperators", "Competitors", or "Individualists." The participants identify the personality of the person in each picture and Lisa keeps track of the number of pictures accurately identified for each picture type. How many cells was each participant in?

Susan designed a study in which she had a group of younger adults (18-24 year-olds) and older adults (50-65 year-olds). She had both groups recite a poem by memory once in front of an audience of 50 people and once in a room by themselves. She counterbalanced the order of these tasks between participants. She had the participants rate their level of anxiety right before they recited the poem each time. What is the factorial notation for this design?

2x2

A researcher wants to run a 2 x 3 mixed factorial design. The first factor is within-subjects. The second factor is between-subjects. If the researcher wants 20 observations per cell, how many participants will he need in total?

60 participants

Dr. Valencia calculates a correlation coefficient (r) to examine the relationship between Question 1 and Question 2 and between Question 1 and Question 3. She finds a correlation coefficient of r = −0.73 between Questions 1 and 2 and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.74 between Questions 1 and 3. Which of the following is true of her findings? A) There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale. B) The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 and Questions 1 and 3 are in the same direction. C) The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 is much weaker than between Questions 1 and 3. D) The negative correlation between Question 1 and Question 2 is bad for Dr. Valencia.

A) There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale.

Why are techniques like cluster sampling and multistage sampling just as externally valid as simple random sampling? A) They all contain elements of random selection. B) They all measure every member of the population of interest. C) They all use lists of all population members. D) They all rely on large samples.

A) They all contain elements of random selection

When using a measure to assess a trait that is expected to remain stable over time, a researcher would expect to get consistent results each time the measure is used. This type of reliability is known as which of the following? A) test-retest B) interrater C) internal D) discriminant

A) test-retest

Dr. Oishi is an educational psychologist interested in students' attitudes toward math and the effect of those attitudes on performance on standardized tests. He chooses his local school district to study. There are 15 middle schools, and he randomly chooses five. Then, of the 1,500 students in each of those five schools, he randomly recruits 250 students. This is an example of which of the following sampling techniques? A) Snowball sample B) Multistage sample C) Systematic sample D) Cluster sample

C) Systematic sample

Which of the following is true of a nonrepresentative sample in a research claim? A) You should automatically disregard the claim. B) You should automatically accept the claim. C) You should ask whether it is relevant to what the researchers are measuring. D) You should ask whether more participants are necessary.

C) You should ask whether it is relevant to what the researchers are measuring.

Which of the following would NOT be considered an operational definition of memory A) how quickly a person can tell whether or not a test item appeared in the list studied B) the number of nonsense syllables a person can recall C) a cognitive process to retain and restore past information D) the accuracy with which a person can retell a short story based on the number of correct details

C) a cognitive process to retain and restore past information

Which of the following is an example of a categorical variable? A) IQ score B) blood pressure reading C) declared major in college D) current age

C) declared major in college

Professor Hammond studies ethical behavior and designs a study to examine the amount of cheating at her school. At the beginning of class each day, she passes around a chart showing the dates of the class meetings, with boxes for students to initial if present. She photocopies the sheet after each class so that she can find if any students initial for days in the past that they were absent. She takes points off of the final grades of those who initialed for other days. What standard of Ethical Standard 8 does taking the points off violate? 1. Debriefing 2. Institutional Approval 3. Client/Patient, Student, and Subordinate Research Participants 4. Reporting Research Results

Client/Patient, Student, and Subordinate Research Participants Ethical Standard 8 of the American Psychological Association—When psychologists conduct research with students, they should protect them from adverse consequences of participation.

Professor Hammond studies ethical behavior and designs a study to examine the amount of cheating at her school. At the beginning of class each day, she passes around a chart showing the dates of the class meetings, with boxes for students to initial if present. Without telling the students she is doing so, she photocopies the sheet after each class so that she can find if any students initial for days in the past that they were absent. She recognizes that some students will be upset about the study, but feels that it will be a good lesson. Which standard of Ethical Standard 8 does this violate? 1. Deception 2. Debriefing 3. Fabrication of Data 4. Reporting Research Results

Deception Deception (Standard 8.07)—Psychologists do not deceive prospective participants about research that is expected to cause severe emotional distress.

Mary Beth is running an experiment and wants to make sure she has randomly assigned her 40 participants to the two conditions. Which of the following methods of forming groups would give her random assignment? 1. Assign the first 20 to show up to the first group and the second 20 to the second group. 2. Post two sign-up sheets: 9 A.M. for the first group and 2 P.M. for the second group. 3. Participants with names in the first half of the alphabet are in the first group; the second half of the alphabet are in the second group. 4. Flip a coin as each participant arrives: heads indicates assignment to the first group, tails indicates assignment to the second group.

Flip a coin as each participant arrives: heads indicates assignment to the first group, tails indicates assignment to the second group. Experiments Can Test Causal Claims—Groups formed based on arrival time, time preference, or part of the alphabet may differ systematically in other ways.

Professor Hammond studies ethical behavior and designs a study to examine the amount of cheating at her school. At the beginning of class each day, she passes around a chart showing the dates of the class meetings, with boxes for students to initial if present. She photocopies the sheet after each class so that she can find if any students initial for days in the past that they were absent. She waits for interesting results before writing a proposal for the IRB. Which standard of Ethical Standard 8 of the APA does waiting to propose the study violate? 1. Offering Inducements for Research Participation 2. Institutional Approval 3. Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research 4. Debriefing

Institutional Approval Institutional Approval (Standard 8.01)—Institutional approval must be obtained prior to conducting research.

Which two principles are included in the APA Ethical Principles and not in the Belmont Report? 1. Integrity; Fidelity and Responsibility 2. Justice; Beneficence and Nonmaleficence 3. Justice; Respect for People's Rights and Dignity 4. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity; Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

Integrity; Fidelity and Responsibility Table 4.1 Comparison of the Belmont Report's Basic Principles and the APA's Five General Principles—While the names are slightly different, beneficence, justice and respect for persons are shared and integrity and fidelity and responsibility are only in the APA's Principles.

A recent headline read, "School Lunches Make Kids Fat." The article cited a study comparing children at two schools. The school with the lower obesity rate had few children who ate school lunches. The other school had a greater percentage of obese children and most of these children ate school lunches. No mention was made that many of the children who eat school lunches are low-income children who receive free lunches. Poverty is a major factor in obesity. What role does poverty play in this study? 1. It is an independent variable. 2. It is a confound. 3. It is a dependent variable. 4. It is a false alarm.

It is a confound. Interrogating Causal Claims—Poverty covaries with school lunch consumption and may be an alternative explanation for the obesity.

Which principle from the Belmont Report and the APA's Ethical Principles do animal rights activists draw upon to argue against the use of animals in experiments? 1. Respect for Persons 2. Beneficence 3. Integrity 4. Justice

Justice Attitudes of Animal Rights Groups—The argument is that the principle of justice requires that the research participants be drawn from the population that will benefit from the research; using animals in research for the benefit of humans violates this principle.

In order to study a sample of participants from only one ethnic group, researchers must first demonstrate that the problem being studied is especially prevalent in that ethnic group. This is an application of which principle from the Belmont Report? 1. Respect for Persons 2. Beneficence 3. Special Protection 4. Justice

Justice The Principle of Justice—The principle of justice requires a fair balance between people who participate in research and the people who benefit from it.

Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. From schools near his university, two groups of low-income Hispanic children are assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. Data analysis shows no effect of game type, but Professor Kwan knows that several children didn't follow the procedure so he makes up data for them and then shows a significant effect. Which part of APA Ethical Standard 8 did the data violate? 1. Reporting of Research Results 2. Plagiarism 3. Sharing Research Data for Verification 4. Deception In Research

Reporting of Research Results Research Misconduct—Professor Kwan engaged in data fabrication by creating data for some of the subjects.

Mendoza et al. (2009) introduced a coin rotation task as a convenient test of motor dexterity. It involves timed completion of twenty 180° rotations of a nickel using the thumb, index, and middle fingers. The results were compared to the results of another widely used test of motor dexterity, the finger-tapping task, in which participants tap their index fingers as many times as possible in 10 seconds. The statistically significant results showed r = -.400. What would a scatterplot of these results (coin rotation scores on the x-axis, finger-tapping scores on the y-axis) look like? 1. The cloud of points would have no slope at all. 2. The cloud of points would slope upward from left to right. 3. The cloud of points would slope downward from left to right. 4. There isn't enough information given to determine this.

The cloud of points would slope downward from left to right. Using the Correlation Coefficient r to Evaluate Reliability—A negative correlation coefficient means that there is a downward (from left to right) slope. The lower scores of the coin rotation task correspond to quicker turning and higher scores on the tapping task correspond to faster tapping, producing a negative correlation.

Lorenzo is studying aggression in children. First, a questionnaire about their own aggression is administered to the children. Then the children are observed while at play and instances of aggression are recorded. The results of these two parts of the study are compared. When two sets of observations made during the same time period are compared, there is low interrater reliability. Which of these should not be considered as a possible cause of this? 1. The observers were observing two different parts of the play area, one supervised, the other not. 2. Their ratings were not the same for any individual child. 3. One or both of the observers require additional training. 4. The two observers do not have a clear enough definition of what an act of aggression is.

Their ratings were not the same for any individual child. Scatterplots Can Show Interrater Agreement or Disagreement—It is possible to have high interrater reliability without agreeing on any one child. However, different criteria or observation of different situations can cause low interrater reliability.

Which of the following is a conceptual definition of memory? 1. a cognitive process to retain and restore past information 2. how quickly a person can tell whether or not a test item appeared in the list studied 3. the number of nonsense syllables a person can recall 4. the accuracy with which a person can retell a short story based on number of correct details

a cognitive process to retain and restore past information More about Conceptual and Operational Variables—A conceptual variable is at an abstract level and the operational definition is the way that the researcher decides to measure that conceptual variable.

Reading the news on the Internet, Johan comes across the headline, "When Stress is Increased, Men Rush Ahead, Women More Cautious." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Lighthall et al., 2011.) In this study, men and women were asked to perform a decision task as many times as possible in a set period, in a stressed or unstressed condition. In the unstressed condition, men and women performed similarly. However, with stress the number of decision tasks performed by men increased while the number performed by women decreased. The number of decision tasks performed was an example of what? 1. a constant 2. a level of a variable 3. a manipulated variable 4. a measured variable

a measured variable Measured Versus Manipulated Variables—The number of decision tasks performed is measured.

When an experimenter actively lies to a participant, this is: 1. deception through commission. 2. a clear violation of the APA principles. 3. deception through omission. 4. a violation of federal guidelines.

deception through commission Deception (Standard 8.07)—Both the APA principles and federal guidelines allow the use of deception under certain circumstances. Deception by commission is the purposeful misleading of participants.

Which of the following is a categorical variable? 1. IQ score 2. blood pressure reading 3. declared major in college 4. current age

declared major in college Scales of Measurement—Categorical or nominal variables are those that fit into categories. Majors in college, such as psychology, business, or biology, are categorical.

Reading the news on the Internet, Johan comes across the headline, "When Stress is Increased, Men Rush Ahead, Women More Cautious." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Lighthall et al., 2011.) In this study, men and women were asked to perform a decision task as many times as possible in a set period, in a stressed or unstressed condition. In the unstressed condition, men and women performed similarly. However, with stress the number of decision tasks performed by men increased while the number performed by women decreased. Which of the following is not an operational definition of stress? 1. feelings of anxiousness and pressure 2. a measurement of the amount of a "fight or flight" hormone in saliva 3. responses to a standardized stress questionnaire 4. length of time a participant submerges one hand in ice water

feelings of anxiousness and pressure From Conceptual Variable to Operational Definition—"Feelings of anxiousness and pressure" is a conceptual definition and is not operationalized.

What is it called when the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another independent variable?

interaction

Professor Nakum designs a memory experiment to test the effect of word familiarity on memory. Three lists of words are created: common words, uncommon words, and made-up words. Participants study one of the lists of 30 words for 5 minutes, do math problems for 5 minutes, then write all the words they recall from the list. Their score is the number of words correctly recalled. Statistical tests show no difference between the real word scores, but a large difference in the score for made-up words. What validity should be interrogated in the claim "Word Familiarity Helps Memory?" 1. internal 2. construct 3. external 4. statistical

internal When Causal Claims are a Mistake—The result is based on the difference between words and made-up words, not familiarity of words. These made-up words may systematically differ in other ways from the real words.

Professor Nakum designs a memory experiment to test the effect of word familiarity on memory. Three lists of words are created: common words, uncommon words, and made-up words. Participants are randomly assigned to study one of the lists of 30 words for 5 minutes, do math problems for 5 minutes, then write all the words they recall from the list. Their score is the number of words correctly recalled. The use of random assignment of participants increases which of the following? 1. the temporal precedence of the study 2. the strength of association of the study 3. internal validity of the study 4. external validity of the study

internal validity of the study Experiments Can Test Causal Claims—Random assignment controlled for possible alternative explanations.

The Department of Motor Vehicles has had a complaint that some of the people who administer the road test pass a much higher percentage of the people they test than other test administrators. What type of reliability is being questioned here? 1. interrater reliability 2. internal reliability 3. test-retest reliability 4. external reliability

interrater reliability Three Types of Reliability—This is a question of whether two observers would have similar findings and the complaint is asserting that they wouldn't, thus it is an interrater reliability question.

Which of the following is not needed by a participant in order to give informed consent to participate in a research study? 1. knowledge of the participants in the study 2. knowledge of the research study 3. knowledge of the risks of the study 4. knowledge of the benefits of the study

knowledge of the participants in the study The Principle of Respect for Persons —Informed consent requires that participants agree to participate after being told about the study and its risks and benefits.

Interactions allow researchers to examine _________ variables.

moderating

Mendoza et al. (2009) introduced a coin rotation task as a convenient test of motor dexterity. It involves timed completion of twenty 180° rotations of a nickel using the thumb, index, and middle fingers. What type of measure is operationalized in this task? 1. self-report 2. observational 3. physiological 4. projective

observational Three Common Types of Measures—The researcher is observing the time it takes to complete 20 rotations of the nickel, so it is an observational measure.

It has been reported that half of Americans show road rage. Which of the following operational definitions of road rage has the strongest construct validity? 1. self-reported frequency of the feeling of being angry while driving 2. score on an aggressive driving inventory 3. official criminal behavior reports involving using a car as a weapon 4. reports by family members on their observations of each other's driving

official criminal behavior reports involving using a car as a weapon Interrogating Frequency Claims—While the other choices may reflect people's desire be perceived as good people, the reports would reflect actual behavior.

What type of research misconduct involves representing the ideas or words of others as one's own? 1. plagiarism 2. obfuscation 3. suppression 4. data falsification

plagiarism Research Misconduct—Plagiarism is a form of stealing and occurs when a person takes credit for another person's intellectual property.

ratio scale Scales of Measurement—The total instances of aggression for each child is a ratio scale measurement since a child could have a score of 0 (no aggressive instances) and it would be meaningful to say one child was twice as aggressive as another.

Which of the following is not one of the "three R's" provided by the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals? 1. reduction 2. replacement 3. restoration 4. refinement

restoration Animal Research (Standard 8.09)—The "three R's" concern finding alternatives to animals in research (replacement), a minimization of animal distress (refinement), and finding a way to use the fewest animals possible (reduction).

self-report Three Common Types of Measures —The questionnaire used to ask children to report their own aggression is a self-report measure.

For a trait that is expected to remain stable over time, the researcher expects to get consistent results each time it is measured. This type of reliability is: 1. test-retest. 2. interrater. 3. internal. 4. parallel forms.

test-retest. Reliability of Measurement—For traits that are expected to remain stable over time, the measurement results for these traits should remain stable over time.

Obesity and exercise have a negative association. In order to assert that lack of exercise causes obesity, what must be shown? 1. that thinness and exercise have a positive relationship 2. that there are no obese people who exercise 3. that there are no thin people who do not exercise 4. that the lack of exercise came before the obesity

that the lack of exercise came before the obesity Three Rules for Causation—This is the temporal precedence rule for causation. It is possible that because of the difficulty in exercising, obese people stop exercising after becoming obese.

What is the name for the measured variable in an experiment? 1. the constant 2. the testing variable 3. the independent variable 4. the dependent variable

the dependent variable Experiments Can Test Causal Claims—In an experiment, the experimenter manipulates one variable, the independent variable, and measures the other, the dependent variable.

Professor Morgan questions whether the ratings he receives from his students on "teaching effectiveness" indicate how much the students learn in his class or are just based on how much his students like him. What part of the ratings is he questioning? 1. the reliability 2. the statistical significance 3. the use of an interval scale 4. the measurement validity

the measurement validity Measurement Validity of Abstract Constructs—Professor Morgan is concerned about whether the tool used to assess his teaching effectiveness actually measures that construct or some other construct.

Professor Nakum designs a memory experiment to test the effect of word familiarity on memory. Three lists of words are created: common words, uncommon words, and made-up words. Participants study one of the lists of 30 words for 5 minutes, do math problems for 5 minutes, then write all the words they recall from the list. Their score is the number of words correctly recalled. Which of the following is a dependent variable in this study? 1. the type of word list 2. the time spent studying the list 3. the length of the list studied 4. the number of words correctly recalled

the number of words correctly recalled Experiments Can Test Causal Claims—The number of words recalled is what is being measured.

Which of the following is not a required member of any institutional review board (IRB)? 1. a scientist 2. a community member with no ties to the institution 3. the scientist whose research is under review 4. someone with academic interests outside the sciences

the scientist whose research is under review Institutional Review Boards (Standard 8.01)—The IRB is intended to offer a neutral, multiperspective judgment on each study's ethicality, and scientists are unable to offer neutral assessments of their own work.

Which of the following are two ethical issues raised by Milgram's studies of obedience? 1. the pain of the electrical shocks experienced by the learners and the stress experienced by the teachers 2. the stress experienced by the teachers and the lasting effects of the study on the teachers 3. the distress felt by the experimenter who had to order the teacher to shock the learner and the pain of the electric shocks experienced by the learners 4. targeting of a disadvantaged group and the disrespectful treatment of participants

the stress experienced by the teachers and the lasting effects of the study on the teachers The Milgram Studies: An Example of the Ethical Balance—The two big issues were that the participants showed signs of great stress and they may have suffered aftereffects that weren't addressed.

Professor Nakum designs a memory experiment to test the effect of word familiarity on memory. Three lists of words are created: common words, uncommon words, and made-up words. Participants study one of the lists of 30 words for 5 minutes, do math problems for 5 minutes, then write all the words they recall from the list. Their score is the number of words correctly recalled. Which of the following is an independent variable in this study? 1. the type of word list 2. the time spent studying the list 3. the length of the list studied 4. the number of words correctly recalled

the type of word list Experiments Can Test Causal Claims—The type of word list is what is being manipulated.

What information can you learn from a scatterplot that you cannot learn from the correlation coefficient? 1. the direction of the relationship 2. the values for each pair of measurements 3. the strength of the relationship 4. none of the above

the values for each pair of measurements Using the Correlation Coefficient r to Evaluate Reliability—Both scatterplots and correlation coefficients show the direction and strength, but only the scatterplot allows you to see each plotted point.

Reading the news on the Internet, Johan comes across the headline, "When Stress is Increased, Men Rush Ahead, Women More Cautious." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Lighthall et al., 2011.) In this study, men and women were asked to perform a decision task as many times as possible in a set period, in a stressed or unstressed condition. In the unstressed condition, men and women performed similarly. However, with stress the number of decision tasks performed by men increased while the number performed by women decreased. How many variables are mentioned in this study? 1. two 2. three 3. four 4. five

three Variables—Men and women, stressed and unstressed, and the number of decision tasks performed are all variables.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a participant variable?

treatment group

Phuong is conducting an experiment on proofreading. One group proofreads by reading silently, a second group proofreads by reading aloud, and a third group proofreads by reading the passage silently backward. The number of errors found and time taken to complete the proofreading are recorded. What are the variables in this study? 1. type of proofreading, number of errors, and time to complete the task 2. reading silently, reading aloud, or reading silently backward 3. number of errors 4. time to complete the task and number of errors

type of proofreading, number of errors, and time to complete the task Variables—There are three variables in this study. The three types of proofreading technique are silent, aloud, and backward.

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