exam 1 review

How old are the earliest fossils of eukaryotes as defined by the super kingdoms? 800 million years 200 million years 1.2 billion years 1.8 billion years

1.8 billion years

Cultural traits are transmitted horizontally and vertically through learning. Which of the examples below shows the horizontal transmission of culture? A mother teaches her son how to ride a bike. A female chimpanzee teaches her offspring to capture termites using a stick. A son inherits the recessive form of a gene from his father. A teenager teaches her brother how to text. None of a-d is an example of horizontal transmission of culture.

A teenager teaches her brother how to text.

Which of the following statements is true regarding hybridization? A. All of these choices are correct. B. Hybridization can result in fertile offspring. C. Hybridization involves the transfer of genetic material between members of similar species. D. Natural selection sometimes acts against progeny that result from hybridization. E. Hybridization occurs in plants more often than in animals.

A. All of these choices are correct

Which one of the following statements correctly describes features shared by simple multicellular eukaryotes? A. Cells adhere to one another; most of the cells are capable of a wide range of functions, including reproduction; and the loss of one or more cells usually does not lead to the death of the organism. B. Cells adhere to one another and engage in extensive communication with one another; most of the cells are capable of a wide range of functions, including reproduction; and the loss of one or more cells usually does not lead to the death of the organism. C. Cells adhere to one another and most of the cells are capable of a wide range of functions except the ability to reproduce, which means that the loss of certain cells usually leads to the death of the organism. D. Cells adhere to one another loosely; most cells are capable of a wide range of functions; cells are not limited in how large they can grow.

A. Cells adhere to one another; most of the cells are capable of a wide range of functions, including reproduction; and the loss of one or more cells usually does not lead to the death of the organism.

The peppered moth provides a well-known example of natural selection. The lightcolored form of the moth was predominant in England before the industrial revolution. In the mid-nineteenth century, a dark-colored form appeared. The difference is produced by a dominant allele of one gene. By about 1900, approximately 90% of the moths around industrial areas were dark colored, whereas light-colored moths were still abundant elsewhere. Apparently, birds could readily find the light moths against the soot-darkened background in industrial areas and therefore were eating more light moths. Recently, use of cleaner fuels has greatly reduced soot in the landscape, and the dark-colored moths have been disappearing. Should the two forms of moths be considered separate species? A. No B. Yes, because natural selection has affected the frequency of the two different forms. C. Yes, because they have completely different coloration. D. Yes, because they are reproductively isolated based on habitat. E. Yes, because they have completely different coloration and natural selection has affected the frequency of the two different form

A. No

A population with a novel adaptation has evolved that adaptation A. True B. False C. True, but only if the population is under sexual selection D. False, but only if the population is under sexual selection

A. True

Four populations of beetles look very similar, but the males have courtship dances that look different from the dances of the other populations. What function would this difference in dance likely serve if the populations came in contact? A. a prezygotic isolating mechanism B. a postzygotic isolating mechanism C. a spatial/geographic reproductive isolating mechanism D. a gametic reproductive isolating mechanism E. none of the above

A. a prezygotic isolating mechanism

Four populations of beetles look very similar, but the males have courtship dances that look different from the dances of the other populations. What function would this difference in dance likely serve if the populations came in contact? A. a prezygotic isolating mechanism B. a postzygotic isolating mechanism C. a spatial/geographic reproductive isolating mechanism D. a gametic reproductive isolating mechanism E. none of the above

A. a prezygotic isolating mechanism

It is thought that polar bears originated from a population of brown bears (Ursus arctos) that became geographically isolated during a glaciation event that occurred about 150,000 years ago (Lindqvist et al., 2010). The origin of polar bears was the result of A. allopatric speciation B. sympatric speciation C. polypatric speciation D. peripatric speciation E. monopatric speciation

A. allopatric speciation

How are two different species most likely to evolve from one ancestral species? A. allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into two populations B. phylogenetically, due to heterozygote advantage in hybrids C. allopatrically, due to extensive inbreeding D. sympatrically, due to extensive inbreeding E. sympatrically, by a point mutation affecting morphology or behavior

A. allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into two populations

How are two different species most likely to evolve from one ancestral species? A. allopatrically, after the ancestral species, has split into two populations B. phylogenetically, due to heterozygote advantage in hybrids C. allopatrically, due to extensive inbreeding D. sympatrically, due to extensive inbreeding E. sympatrically, by a point mutation affecting morphology or behavior

A. allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into two populations

The acquisition of traits necessary for complex multicellularity occurred independently in plants and animals, but took place in a specific order. In what order did these processes evolve? A. cell adhesion molecules, a mechanism of communication, bulk flow B. bulk flow, a mechanism of communication, cell adhesion molecules C. a mechanism of communication, bulk flow, cell adhesion molecules D. a mechanism of communication, cell adhesion molecules, bulk flow

A. cell adhesion molecules, a mechanism of communication, bulk flow

Which phylogenetic group includes only an ancestor and all descendants the ancestor? A. monophyletic B. paraphyletic C. polyphyletic D. genus E. heterophyletic

A. monophyletic

Cells in the interior of complex multicellular organisms are able to respond to environmental signals through: A. receptors for signals sent from exterior cells that relay information about environmental changes. B. pH, temperature, or osmolarity receptors in the membranes of interior cells. C. diffusion of environmental cues through the outer layers of the body. D. receptors designed to detect directly changes in the external environment.

A. receptors for signals sent from exterior cells that relay information about environmental changes.

When comparing trees with various hypotheses of evolutionary relationships between a group of animals, the tree with ______ would be the strongest candidate. A. the fewest changes B. three changes C. four changes D. the most changes

A. the fewest changes

Which one of the following is believed to be the major event that led to the appearance of large complex animals on Earth? A. the increase in atmospheric oxygen B. the diversification of seaweeds in the ocean C. the appearance of plants on land D. the appearance of bulk flow systems

A. the increase in atmospheric oxygen

Which of the following statements is true regarding hybridization? Hybridization occurs in plants more often than in animals. Hybridization can result in fertile offspring. All of these choices are correct. Natural selection sometimes acts against progeny that result from hybridization. Hybridization involves the transfer of genetic material between members of similar species.

All of these choices are correct.

How can two cells of a complex multicellular organism have the same genome, but markedly different structures and functions? A. During differentiation, as cells become specialized, they lose portions of their genome that are no longer needed. B. Different genes are expressed in different cells. C. Part of the process of differentiation of cells is to create mutations in the genome. D. Once differentiation begins, the genome no longer controls cellular functions.

B. Different genes are expressed in different cells.

You find that a wild population of antelope is not in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. From this information alone, can you determine the mechanism of evolution operating on the population? A. yes B. no

B. No

A polytomy is a graphical depiction of what type of relationship between groups? A. The common ancestor and all of its sister groups. B. The common ancestor node with no resolution among descendant groups. C. A large, monophyletic group of related organisms. D. Multiple unresolved lines of ancestors for a single organism. E. A reflection of major divergence between sister groups.

B. The common ancestor node with no resolution among descendant groups.

The goldenrod gall fly lays its eggs on the buds of goldenrod plants. Larvae hatch from the eggs and then chew through the goldenrod buds and into the stems. The gall fly larvae saliva induces the goldenrod to generate a gall (an outgrowth of tissue, a ball-shaped swelling on the stem). The larva will live inside the gall which provides food and shelter for the developing larva. The larvae are prey of both parasitoid wasps and birds. Wasps selectively prey on larvae inside the smallest galls while birds selectively prey on larvae inside the largest galls. The size of the gall made by the larvae is a heritable trait. Given this information, we can conclude that the trait 'larval gall size' is subject to: A. balancing selection. B. stabilizing selection. C. directional selection. D. disruptional selection. E. heterozygote advantage.

B. stabilizing selection.

A fossil's contribution to phylogenetic trees include: A. time calibration B. records of extinct species C. correlation between evolution and Earth history D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Phylogenetic trees are: A. Hypotheses B. built using observed data C. the truth D. both a and b are correct E. a, b, and c are all correct

D. both a and b are correct

Why do we think that male Neanderthals mated with non-African ancestral Homo sapiens? Because Neanderthal mtDNA sequences are present in the human gene pool, and Neanderthal nuclear DNA sequences are not. Because both Neanderthal mtDNA sequences and nuclear DNA sequences are present in the modern human gene pool. Because neither Neanderthal mtDNA sequences nor nuclear DNA sequences are present in the modern human gene pool. Because Neanderthal nuclear DNA sequences are present in the human gene pool, and Neanderthal mtDNA sequences are not.

Because Neanderthal nuclear DNA sequences are present in the human gene pool, and Neanderthal mtDNA sequences are not.

The Sunshine periwinkle plant blooms in June while Summer periwinkle, a close relative of Sunshine periwinkle , blooms in August. A researcher is raising a population of Summer periwinkle in a controlled growth chamber. Over time the researcher manipulated the day length in the growth chamber and eventually manages to induce some individuals of Summer periwinkle to bloom in June. The researcher finds that she can cross these individuals with Sunshine periwinkle individuals and they produce viable, fertile offspring. What can she conclude about Sunshine periwinkle and Summer periwinkle? A. These plants are not a good example of separate species. B. These plants are genetically incompatible. C. These plants are temporally reproductively isolated from each other. D. The fact that Summer periwinkle blooming time can be manipulated suggests it should not be regarded as a species distinct from Sunshine periwinkle. E. These plants are not pre-zygotically isolated from one another.

C. These plants are temporally reproductively isolated from each other.

Which one of the following statements correctly describes features shared by simple multicellular eukaryotes? Cells adhere to one another and most of the cells are capable of a wide range of functions except the ability to reproduce, which means that the loss of certain cells usually leads to the death of the organism. Cells adhere to one another loosely; most cells are capable of a wide range of functions; cells are not limited in how large they can grow. Cells adhere to one another and engage in extensive communication with one another; most of the cells are capable of a wide range of functions, including reproduction; and the loss of one or more cells usually does not lead to the death of the organism. Cells adhere to one another; most of the cells are capable of a wide range of functions, including reproduction; and the loss of one or more cells usually does not lead to the death of the organism.

Cells adhere to one another; most of the cells are capable of a wide range of functions, including reproduction; and the loss of one or more cells usually does not lead to the death of the organism.

If a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we can conclude that: A. evolution has occurred. B. natural selection has occurred. C. one of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been violated. D. evolution has occurred because one of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been violated.

D. evolution has occurred because one of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been violated.

The term "N" refers to the size of a population, that is, the number of individuals in that population. In general, in a sample of N individuals, the frequency of an allele is A. the number of occurrences of the allele. B. the number of occurrences of the allele divided by N. C. the actual value of N D. the number of occurrences of the allele divided by twice the number of individuals in the sample (2N). E. twice the number of occurrences of the allele divided by N.

D. the number of occurrences of the allele divided by twice the number of individuals in the sample (2N).

How can two cells of a complex multicellular organism have the same genome, but markedly different structures and functions? Once differentiation begins, the genome no longer controls cellular functions. Part of the process of differentiation of cells is to create mutations in the genome. Different genes are expressed in different cells. During differentiation, as cells become specialized, they lose portions of their genome that are no longer needed.

Different genes are expressed in different cells.

How does Homo naledi show that he is potentially an intermediate between modern humans and our more primitive ancestors? H. naledi has a skull very similar to early bonobo/chimpanzee species which links him directly to modern humans. H. naledi has hands and feet that are very human-like even though his pelvis and shoulders are much more primitive than modern humans. H. naledi has features that show he was not fully bipedal and was mostly quadrupedal. H. naledi has a very human-like ribcage and spinal column even though his arms and hands were more like a lemur.

H. naledi has hands and feet that are very human-like even though his pelvis and shoulders are much more primitive than modern humans.

Why do mitochondria and chloroplasts have relatively small genomes? Over time, much of their nucleic acid has migrated to the host cell nucleus They lack non-coding DNA Their bacterial ancestors had small genomes They do not need many genes to function

Over time, much of their nucleic acid has migrated to the host cell nucleus

Why is photosynthesis widely but discontinuously distributed throughout the eukaryotic tree? All eukaryotes are capable of photosynthesis, but it is repressed in most cases Photosynthesis was acquired multiple times through endosymbiosis Some eukaryotes evolved photosynthetic pathways separate from chloroplasts Photosynthesis was acquired early in evolutionary time but then lost

Photosynthesis was acquired multiple times through endosymbiosis

A polytomy is a graphical depiction of what type of relationship between groups? The common ancestor and all of its sister groups. The common ancestor node with no resolution among descendant groups. A large, monophyletic group of related organisms. Multiple unresolved lines of ancestors for a single organism. A reflection of major divergence between sister groups.

The common ancestor node with no resolution among descendant groups

The Sunshine periwinkle plant blooms in June while Summer periwinkle, a close relative of Sunshine periwinkle , blooms in August. A researcher is raising a population of Summer periwinkle in a controlled growth chamber. Over time the researcher manipulated the day length in the growth chamber and eventually manages to induce some individuals of Summer periwinkle to bloom in June. The researcher finds that she can cross these individuals with Sunshine periwinkle individuals and they produce viable, fertile offspring. What can she conclude about Sunshine periwinkle and Summer periwinkle? The fact that Summer periwinkle blooming time can be manipulated suggests it should not be regarded as a species distinct from Sunshine periwinkle. These plants are genetically incompatible. These plants are temporally reproductively isolated from each other. These plants are not pre-zygotically isolated from one another. These plants are not a good example of separate species.

These plants are temporally reproductively isolated from each other.

Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact? a prezygotic isolating mechanism a postzygotic isolating mechanism a spatial/geographic reproductive isolating mechanism a gametic reproductive isolating mechanism none of the above

a prezygotic isolating mechanism

Where did Homo sapiens evolve?

africa

It is thought that polar bears originated from a population of brown bears (Ursus arctos) that became geographically isolated during a glaciation event that occurred about 150,000 years ago (Lindqvist et al., 2010). The origin of polar bears was the result of polypatric speciation allopatric speciation monopatric speciation peripatric speciation sympatric speciation

allopatric speciation

How are two different species most likely to evolve from one ancestral species? allopatrically, due to extensive inbreeding allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into two populations phylogenetically, due to heterozygote advantage in hybrids sympatrically, by a point mutation affecting morphology or behavior sympatrically, due to extensive inbreeding

allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into two population

Phylogenetic trees are: Hypotheses built using observed data the truth both a and b are correct a, b, and c are all correct

both a and b are correct

The acquisition of traits necessary for complex multicellularity occurred independently in plants and animals, but took place in a specific order. In what order did these processes evolve?

cell adhesion molecules, a mechanism of communication, bulk flow

Which of the following enabled eukaryotes to evolve complex life cycles and programs of multicellular development? sexual reproduction a dynamic cytoskeleton complex patterns of gene regulation binary fission

complex patterns of gene regulation

How does the level of genetic variation in humans typically compare to other species? not sure because we have been unable to accurately measure genetic variation in humans and other species about the same as other species higher than other species lower than other species

lower than other species

Meristems enable plants to develop complex anatomical structures despite the fact that: plants need to capture sunlight for energy. plants have flagella only in root cells. plants have vascular tissue. plant cells cannot move.

plant cells cannot move.

Cells in the interior of complex multicellular organisms are able to respond to environmental signals through: diffusion of environmental cues through the outer layers of the body. pH, temperature, or osmolarity receptors in the membranes of interior cells. receptors for signals sent from exterior cells that relay information about environmental changes. receptors designed to detect directly changes in the external environment.

receptors for signals sent from exterior cells that relay information about environmental changes.

What is the definition of neoteny? retention of juvenile characteristics in an adult reaching reproductive maturity in a juvenile the acquisition of complex language skills in an adult acquisition of adult characteristics in a juvenile accelerated aging in the adult

retention of juvenile characteristics in an adult

What causes amoeboid feeding cells of cellular slime molds to aggregate into a large multicellular 'slug'?

starvation

Which one of the following is believed to be the major event that led to the appearance of large complex animals on Earth? the appearance of plants on land the appearance of bulk flow systems the increase in atmospheric oxygen the diversification of seaweeds in the ocean

the increase in atmospheric oxygen