Exam 1 Study Guide

According to Ninian Smart, which scholar studied the creative role of the Christian reformers, Luther and Calvin, in the development of both nationalism and capitalism?

MAX WEBER

According to Ninian Smart, what is the class of sacred specialists to which the formality of sacrifice gives rise in some cultures?

PRIESTS

According to Ninian Smart, what is the central element of Buddhist practice?

PURIFICATION OF CONSCIOUSNESS

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, during the sixteenth century in Europe, Christian reformers had an ideological distrust of monasteries as institutions through which people tried to buy salvation by works.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, fictional literature, though not literally true, communicates truths about the world and human life.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, Islam does not have an issue with the exercise of military power like the dilemma of power that lies at the heart of Buddhism.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, Kant taught that what is right is right on its own account, not because God says so.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, Sigmund Freud understood religion as an illusion.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, as Buddhism spread into east Asia, Buddhist architecture also came to reflect distinctively Chinese cultural emphases and forms.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, for Christian, Jewish, and Muslim theologians, the only way that people can speak about God is by analogy.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, for peoples in ancient Egypt, and in the Mediterranean region more broadly, the ancient temple was an enormous dwelling of the gods.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, for the early Christian church, participation in warfare was wrong.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, nature and its parts are portions of the material dimension of religions.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, some Buddhists regard the Buddhist pursuit of nirvana as selfishness.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, the flowers and birds on a Muslim prayer rug symbolize and create a little oasis or garden in which the Muslim prays.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, the material dimension of religion reinforces religious ritual and cosmology.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, the sanctity of the ritual dimension of existence seems to apply even in the most secular contexts.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, the very idea of a person is itself a performative concept.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, theology has no absolute validity as an academic subject.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, theoretically, Indian traditions have a greater obligation toward animals and other living forms than has been the case in the West.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, theories about history are the heirs of the traditional myths that recount the drama of the human race.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Peter Collins, the distinction between insider and outsider becomes irrelevant when we recognize that all those who participate whether of the faith or not, contribute to the co-construction of the story.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: Ninian Smart claims that European colonialism gave birth to the comparative study of religion.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: Ninian Smart claims that the major religions of the world have much in common in terms of moral conduct.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: Ninian Smart regards the distinct disciplines of anthropology and sociology as an arbitrary and unnecessary distinction, since both disciplines focus upon the social dimension of cultures.

TRUE

How does Ninian Smart describe the heart of the modern study of religion?

TRY TO DEPICT THE HISTORY AND NATURE OF THE SYMBOLS AND BELIEFS THAT HAVE HELPED TO FORM THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS AND SOCIETY: CONVEYS A SENSE OF ATTEMPTED OBJECTIVITY

According to Ninian Smart, what does "demythologization" mean?

TRYING TO SEE WHAT THE MYTHIC AND SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE OF THE BIBLE CONVEYS, THEN RESTATING IT WITHOUT THE MYTHOLOGICAL CLOTHING OF THE ORIGINAL TEXT

What designation does Ninian Smart give to the exploration of symbolic themes in the modern study of religion?

TYPOLOGY OF RELIGION

How does Ninian Smart define the term "iconography"?

A BRANCH OF INQUIRY IN THE FIELD OF RELIGION THAT STUDIES THE VISUAL SYMBOLS OF FAITH

According to Ninian Smart, what does the Hindu concept of Karma mean?

A PERSON'S MORAL ACTS WILL BEAR FRUIT IN THIS LIFE AND SUBSEQUENT EXISTENCES; A NATURAL MECHANISM THAT REWARDS GOOD AND PUNISHES EVIL

According to Ninian Smart, what does the Latin word, "numen," mean?

A SPIRIT THAT IN ROMAN RELIGION INHABITED RIVERS, THRESHOLDS, ETC

According to Kim Knott, what strategy for reconfiguring critical distance, "outsidedness," and situated observation in the study of religions does Gavin Flood offer?

A STRATEGY THAT DEPENDS UPON A DIALOGICAL AND REFLEXIVE ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN SCHOLARS AND THE RELIGIOUS PEOPLE WHOM THEY STUDY

According to Ninian Smart, who was the most important founding father of Functionalism?

EMILE DURKHEIM

According to Ninian Smart, what does the term "sunya" mean?

EMPTY OR VOID

According to Ninian Smart, what was the most important idea in the modern social sciences?

EPOCHÉ, SUSPENSION OF JUDGMENT; SUSPEND YOUR OWN BELIEFS ABOUT THE OTHER IN ORDER TO MAKE YOUR DESCRIPTION MORE REALISTIC; MAIN FORCE BEHIND THE WORK OF PHENOMENOLOGY

According to Ninian Smart, who was the German scholar who developed the typological distinction between Church and Sect?

ERNST TROELTSCH

According to Ninian Smart, who was al-Hallaj?

FAMOUS SUFI MYSTIC IN ISLAM: CRUCIFIED FOR HIS BLASPHEMY

According to Ninian Smart, for Teilhard de Chardin's theological perspective, what was evolution?

GOD'S MECHANISM FOR SPIRITUAL PROGRESS

According to Ninian Smart, within the context of sacrificial rituals, what does height symbolize?

GOODNESS, POWER, PERFECTION, HIGH QUALITY

According to Ninian Smart, during the medieval period, which architectural style in Western Christianity gave a soaring view towards heaven?

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

According to Ninian Smart, what does the Greek term, "hybris," mean?

GRASPING PRIDE, UNDUE AMBITIOUSNESS

According to Ninian Smart, what is Mahayana?

GREATER VEHICLE BUDDHISM

According to Ninian Smart, how did positivists (like A. J. Ayer) understand religious language?

REGARDED TALK OF ANYTHING THAT LIES BEYOND WHAT CAN BE PERCEIVED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY AS MEANINGLESS

According to Kim Knott, what is one name by which the early study of religion as a field of inquiry in the West known?

RELIGIONSWISSENSCHAFT OR THE HISTORY OF RELIGIONS

According to Ninian Smart, what is the difference between a moral teaching and a religious duty?

RELIGIOUS DUTIES DEAL WITH DUTIES TO GOD OR TO THOSE WHO MANIFEST RELIGIOUS TRUTH, WHILE MORAL DUTIES CONCERN PEOPLE'S DEALINGS WITH OTHER PEOPLE

According to Ninian Smart, following the conversion of Constantine, what type of building became the architectural model for Christian churches?

ROMAN BASILICA

According to Ninian Smart, who was the Christian theologian who introduced the program of "demythologization"?

RUDOLF BULTMANN

According to Ninian Smart, which scholar coined the word "numinous"?

RUDOLF OTTO, THE IDEA OF THE HOLY

What does McCutcheon, who follows the linguist Kenneth Pike, mean by "Etic Perspective"?

STUDYING BEHAVIOR AS FROM OUTSIDE THE SYSTEM, THE OBSERVER'S SUBSEQUENT ATTEMPT TO TAKE THE DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION AND ORGANIZE, SYSTEMATIZE, COMPARE THAT INFORMATION IN TIERS OF A SYSTEM OF THEIR OWN MAKING

According to Ninian Smart, what does the word "Islam" mean?

SUBMISSION TO GOD

According to Ninian Smart, why has Islam generally rejected decorations that directly depict human or animate objects?

SUCH REPRESENTATIONS ARE HELD TO BE BLASPHEMOUS AND TO DEGRADE PRAYERFUL ACTIVITY

What problem does Ninian Smart perceive in theories (like Freud's theory) about the origins of religious experience?

SUCH THEORIES MAY BEGIN FROM THE ASSUMPTION THAT THERE IS NO ULTIMATE RELIGIOUS REALITY OR GOD

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, Freudian psychoanalysis becomes a sort of religion, with the psychoanalyst as priest.

TRUE

According to Ninian Smart, what does Eliade's following Latin phrase mean: "in illo tempore"?

"IN THAT TIME"; MYTHIC TIME

According to Ninian Smart, what does the Indian term "darsana" literally mean?

A VIEWPOINT OR WORLDVIEW, THE RESULT OF PHILOSOPHIZING

According to Ninian Smart, in Muslim architecture, what is the qiblah wall?

A WALL IN A MOSQUE, ON THE SIDE OF THE MOSQUE THAT FACES MECCA

According to Ninian Smart, because the human and the god are not equal to one another, the human must make his or her sacrifice into what kind of act?

ACT OF PRAISE

According to Ninian Smart, in what other major way are myths communicated besides through verbal transactions?

ACTED OUT IN RITUALS: RITUAL AS MYTHIC PERFORMANCE

According to Ninian Smart, what does R. C. Zaehner mean by the following phrase: "panenhenic experience"?

ALL-IN-ONE-ISH: LOST TO ONESELF BUT UNITED TO THE SURROUNDING WORLD

According to Ninian Smart, who was the scholar who identified the class of rituals known as rites of passage?

ARNOLD VAN GENNEP

How does Fatima Mernissi define "being Muslim"?

BELONGING TO A THEOCRATIC STATE, A CIVIL MATTER, A NATIONAL IDENTITY, A PASSPORT, A FAMILY CODE OF LAWS, A CODE OF PUBLIC RIGHTS

According to Ninian Smart, why did Rudolf Otto also refer to the Holy as "Wholly Other"?

BOTH BECAUSE IT WAS "COMPLETELY OTHER" THAN THE PERSON WHO ENCOUNTERED IT AND BECAUSE IT WAS "MYSTERIOUSLY OTHER IN QUALITY" FROM THE THINGS AND PEOPLE OF THIS WORLD

According to Ninian Smart, who was the scholar who developed the position that the deep symbols or archetypes are present in the human race's unconscious and keep emerging into myths of different cultures?

CARL JUNG

Who is the scholar whom Ninian Smart discusses as a proponent of Structuralism?

CLAUDE LEVI-STRAUSS

According to Kim Knott, on the continuum of four insider and outsider positions with respect to participant/observer roles from the social sciences, in which category of scholars does Fatima Mernissi fit?

COMPLETE (BUT CONTENTIOUS) PARTICIPANT

According to Kim Knott, on the continuum of four insider and outsider positions with respect to participant/observer roles from the social sciences, in which category of scholars do Festinger, Riecken, and Schachter fit?

COMPLETE OBSERVER

How does Ninian Smart define the philosophy of religion?

CONCERNED WITH REFLECTIONS ABOUT HOW FAR REASON CAN GO IN TRYING TO ARRIVE AT RELIGIOUS TRUTH

According to Ninian Smart, what does the term "omnipresence" mean?

CUMBERSOME EXPRESSION FOR "BEING EVERYWHERE"

According to Ninian Smart, what does the term "samsara" mean?

CYCLE OF REBIRTH

According to Ninian Smart, during the medieval period, which architectural style did Eastern Christianity favor rather than the tower and spire?

DOME

Define the term "aniconic"?

DEPICTIONS OF GOD ARE NOT TO BE ALLOWED; LEAVES SYMBOLISM TO THE SPOKEN AND WRITTEN WORD

In Sanskrit, what does the following term mean: BRAHMAN

DIVINE BEING OR POWER

TRUE / FALSE: According to Kim Knott, Eileen Barker covertly studied the Unification Church or the "Moonies" by pretending to be a true believer.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Kim Knott, Fatima Mernissi is a Muslim Feminist Psychologist.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Kim Knott, Max Weber first used the phrase "methodological agnosticism" to signal the need for neutrality and the bracketing-out of truth claims and judgments in research on religion.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, Carl Jung followed Freud in taking a positive view about the value of religion.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, Erich Fromm regarded the numinous experience of the powerful Other as healthy for integrating human life.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, Hindu temples usually serve as a focus for congregational worship, but not so much as pilgrimage sites.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, Marxists reject religion precisely because its language is meaningless.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, Peter Berger's study in 1953 indicated that, in American society, women demonstrate more interest in religion than men.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, Theravadan Buddhists believe that good behavior will result in an eternal heaven for the Buddhist.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, because Kant argued for the independence of morality from religion, one did not need God at all.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, magic is the same thing as religion.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, the Theravada school developed the idea of becoming a Bodhisattva, while the Mahayana school emphasized self-discipline and individual achievement.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, the first Buddhist temples consisted of vast complexes of space and massive stone structures.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, the history of religion in communist nations has demonstrated the truth of Marx's claim that the need for religion will wither and die in a socialist state.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, the practice of Muslim women wearing veils was required by God in the revelation that Muhammed received from Allah.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, whereas Christian buildings characteristically embrace both religious and secular activities, Muslim meeting places or mosques are devoted in one way or another to liturgical activities alone.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, while Buddhist morality emerges from the eightfold path to ultimate liberation, Hindu morality regards morality as commanded by the supreme God.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: Although Ninian Smart emphasizes the objective and non-evaluative study of religion, he also regards it as appropriate and necessary to separate false myths from true stories as found in the Christian scriptures.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: In his analysis of the ethical dimension of religion, Ninian Smart primarily concerns himself with a normative approach, reflecting on what is right and wrong, what moral values people should adopt.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: Ninian Smart considers it more proper to speak of the doctrines of a religion as a "doctrinal system," because the doctrines both affect one another and logically follow from one another.

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: Ninian Smart prefers the notion of "methodological agnosticism" to Max Weber's concept of "methodological atheism."

FALSE

TRUE / FALSE: Ninian Smart regards the evaluation of the value and truth of religion as an essential component in the academic study of religion.

FALSE

According to Ninian Smart, from what Greek name does the word "hermeneutics" derive ultimately?

HERMES: THE MESSENGER OF THE GODS

According to Ninian Smart, modern students of religion commonly use the word "myth" in what way?

IN A NEUTRAL SENSE TO MEAN A STORY OF DIVINE OR SACRED SIGNIFICANCE WITHOUT IMPLYING EITHER ITS TRUTH OR FALSITY

According to Ninian Smart, in what vigorous way do the traditional mythic forms continue to live today?

IN THE SCRIPTURES OF THE GREAT LIVING RELIGIONS

According to Ninian Smart, what is the strongest religion that expresses itself in an aniconic way?

ISLAM

According to Ninian Smart, which religion is probably the most effective at involving pilgrimage?

ISLAM

According to Ninian Smart, why does the word "Suchness" function in Buddhism like a finger?

IT POINTS TO WHAT CANNOT BE PUT INTO WORDS, THE INADEQUACY OF ORDINARY LANGUAGE

According to Kim Knott, to what did the proponents of the early study of religion as a field of inquiry in the West draw attention?

ITS SCIENTIFIC, OBJECTIVE, AND COMPARATIVE CHARACTER

According to Ninian Smart, what is natural theology?

KNOWLEDGE ABOUT GOD THAT DOES NOT COME THROUGH GRACE, BUT THROUGH USE OF NATURAL ENDOWMENTS OR REASON

According to Ninian Smart, what is Theravada?

LESSER VEHICLE BUDDHISM

According to Ninian Smart, who was the Austrian philosopher who propounded the idea of family resemblance as applied to concepts?

LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN

According to Ninian Smart, who was the scholar from the modern Chicago school of religion who led scholars to change the designation for the phenomenological study of religion from the "comparative study of religion" to the "history of religions"?

MIRCEA ELIADE

According to Ninian Smart, what other kind of religious experience does not have the qualities that Rudolf Otto ascribes to the numinous?

MYSTICAL EXPERIENCE

According to Ninian Smart, what was the Greek word for stories?

MYTHOI

According to Ninian Smart, for Rudolf Otto, what is at the heart of religion?

NUMINOUS EXPERIENCE: EXPERIENCE OF SOMETHING THAT IS A "MYSTERIUM TREMENDUM ET FASCINANS," A FEARFUL AWE-INSPIRING, AND FASCINATING MYSTERY

According to Ninian Smart, what is the individual and personal counterpart of sacrifice in a communal ritual?

PRAYER

According to Ninian Smart, why did Calvinist Christians, such as Presbyterians, replace the altar with the pulpit?

PRIEST WAS REPLACED BY THE PREACHER

For Kant, what is a hypothetical imperative?

ONE THAT APPLIES ONLY IF SOME CONDITION IS MET

According to Ninian Smart, what is a Bodhisattva?

ONE WHO SACRIFICES HIMSELF, POSTPONING NIRVANA, OUT OF COMPASSION FOR OTHER LIVING BEINGS

According to Ninian Smart, who is the sociologist who developed the notion of "methodological atheism"?

PETER BERGER (LUTHERAN CHRISTIAN)

In Sanskrit, what does the following term mean: ATMAN

SELF

According to Ninian Smart, why does the belief in reincarnation yield a special attitude toward moral action for Buddhists, Hindus, and Jains?

SINCE ONE MAY BE RE-BORN IN ANIMAL OR INSECT FORM, ONE MUST HAVE A SENSE OF SOLIDARITY WITH OTHER LIVING BEINGS

When Ninian Smart chooses not to use the term "phenomenology" to describe his own method, what term or phrase does he use in its place?

STRUCTURED EMPATHY

What does McCutcheon, who follows the linguist Kenneth Pike, mean by "Emic Perspecive"?

STUDYING BEHAVIOR AS FROM INSIDE THE SYSTEM, THE ATTEMPT TO PRODUCE AS FAITHFULLY AS POSSIBLE THE INFORMANT'S OWN DESCRIPTIONS

According to Ninian Smart, what does Functionalism theorize about human society?

THAT SOCIETY AND ITS COMPONENTS CAN BE UNDERSTOOD IN TERMS OF THE FUNCTIONS OR NEEDS THAT THEY FULFILL TO MAINTAIN SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM

What does Ninian Smart identify as one category of the most fundamental importance in the world?

THE CATEGORY OF PERSON

According to Ninian Smart, what does Martin Buber regard as the center of the meaning of life?

THE DEEPER HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS

According to Ninian Smart, what ideal lies at the heart of Christian morality?

THE IDEAL OF AGAPE, REVERENTIAL LOVE, LOVE OF GOD AND NEIGHBOR

According to Ninian Smart, the most important modern type of political rule, which matches the older religious states, is which political system?

THE MODERN MARXIST REGIME

According to Ninian Smart, what was a major factor in the reformers' dissolution of monasteries in sixteenth-century Europe?

THE MOVE OF PROTESTANT RELIGION TOWARDS FAITH AND THE NUMINOUS EXPERIENCE AND BIBLICAL OR NARRATIVE SIDE OF RELIGION, AND AWAY FROM THE MORE ABSTRACT ASPECT OF DOCTRINE

According to Ninian Smart, for Mircea Eliade, what is the proto-type of myths?

THE MYTH OF THE FORMATION OR CREATION OF THE COSMOS OR OF PHENOMENA WITHIN IT

According to Ninian Smart, what lies at the heart of the Buddha's message?

THE NON-DUAL EXPERIENCE OF LIBERATION, WHICH CONSISTS OF AN EXPERIENCE OF EMPTINESS AND THE PERCEPTION OF THIS AS THE UNDERLYING NATURE OF THINGS

According to Ninian Smart, what is the true nature of Buddhahood?

THE NON-DUAL EXPERIENCE OF THE ULTIMATE AS EMPTINESS ITSELF

According to Ninian Smart, what is perhaps the most glorious Buddhist shrine of all?

THE REMARKABLE COSMOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AT BOROBODUR IN JAVA

According to Ninian Smart, what is "hermeneutics"?

THE THEORY OF INTERPRETATION

According to Ninian Smart, about what does the philosopher of religion ask questions?

THE VALIDITY OF RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCES, TRUTH OF WORLDVIEWS, QUESTIONS OF EVALUATION

According to Ninian Smart, what is the literal meaning of the Latin word, "sacrificium"?

TO MAKE HOLY, MAKING THE VICTIM SACRED

According to Ninian Smart, why must the human make the thing to be sacrificed sacred?

TO MAKE THE SACRIFICED THING ATTRACTIVE TO GOD: SACREDNESS ATTRACTS THE SACRED AND REPELS THE PROFANE

According to Ninian Smart, what is a major task of sociology of religion?

TO PLOT THE KINDS OF CHANGES AFFECTING RELIGION IN THE MODERN WORLD

According to Kim Knott, what aim have participants-as-observers often shared with observers-as-participants?

TO PROVIDE AN ENTRÉE INTO THEIR RELIGION FOR OUTSIDERS THROUGH THE USE OF EXPERIENCE-DISTANT CONCEPTS AND COMMONLY ACCEPTED SCIENTIFIC METHODS: TO EXERCISE A BRIDGE-BUILDING ROLE

According to Ninian Smart, what is the chief object of the social-scientific study of religion?

TO SEE HOW THE SOCIAL DIMENSION OF RELIGION RELATES IN INFLUENCE AND POWER TO THE OTHER DIMENSIONS OF RELIGION

According to Ninian Smart, what does the social theory of Structuralism aim to do?

TO SEE THE STRUCTURES THAT UNDERLIE MYTHS AND OTHER ASPECTS OF A GIVEN CULTURE, AS WELL AS THE WAY THAT THEY ARE INTEGRATED TOGETHER

According to Kim Knott, what was the underlying aim of the phenomenological approach to the study of religion?

TO UNDERSTAND, BY EMPATHETIC AND IMAGINATIVE RE-EXPERIENCE, THE INSIDER POSITION WHILE REFRAINING FROM FORMING A JUDGEMENT ABOUT ITS TRUTH OR FALSITY

TRUE / FALSE: According to Kim Knott, Cornelius Tiele suggested that religious people were fully able to be impartial in their scientific studies of religion.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Kim Knott, Samuel Heilman was a modern orthodox Jewish sociologist who studied his own religion as as a participant-as-observer.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Kim Knott, during the 1950s, Festinger, Reicken, and Schachter conducted their research into the prophetic community of Mrs. Keech as undercover work, covertly studying the community by pretending to be true believers.

TRUE

TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, Christians believe that, as the result of the fall of humanity into sin, humans cannot be virtuous by themselves, but need the help of divine grace to achieve virtue.

TRUE

According to Ninian Smart, what has been the most powerful and influential ethical set of systems in modern times?

UTILITARIANISM

According to Kim Knott, what term did Eileen Barker borrow from the work of Max Weber to identify her approach to understanding why people had joined the Unification Church?

VERSTEHEN: PROCESS OF INQUIRY DURING WHICH THE RESEARCHER TRIES TO PUT HIMSELF IN OTHER PEOPLE'S SHOES OR TO SEE THE WORLD THROUGH THEIR GLASSES

According to Ninian Smart, what is the essential question regarding the social dimension of religion?

WHAT EFFECTS DOES RELIGION HAVE ON A SOCIETY; OR IS RELIGION ITSELF JUST AN EFFECT OF SOCIETY

For Utilitarianism, what is the test of a rule, an institution, or an action?

WHETHER IT BRINGS THE GREATEST HAPPINESS TO THE GREATEST NUMBER OF PEOPLE AND/OR THE LEAST SUFFERING TO THE LEAST NUMBER OF PEOPLE

According to Ninian Smart, what does the term "iconostasis" mean?

WINDOW OR SCREEN DECORATED WITH ICONS; WINDOWS ON HEAVEN; REPRESENTING CHRIST, MARY, SAINTS

According to Ninian Smart, for J. L. Austin, what are performative utterances?

WORDS THAT DO RATHER THAN WORDS THAT STATE OR DESCRIBE SOMETHING

What does Ninian Smart call the study of religions and ideologies?

WORLDVIEW ANALYSIS

According to Ninian Smart, what are the two aspects of Kant's categorical imperative?

a. ANYTHING THAT HUMAN BEINGS WILL, IN ORDER TO BE RIGHT, MUST BE CAPABLE OF BEING A UNIVERSAL LAW, ONE THAT ALL PEOPLE CAN FOLLOW b. ONE SHOULD TREAT ANOTHER PERSON AS AN END IN HERSELF AND NEVER MERELY AS A MEANS TO AN END

What are the six details that Ninian Smart understands as involved in the modern study of religion or worldview analysis?

a. ASPECTUAL: SEES RELIGION / WORLDVIEW AS AN ASPECT OF HUMAN EXISTENCE b. MULTIDISCIPLINARY: APPLIES VARIOUS DISCIPLINES c. OVERLAPPING: OVERLAPS WITH OTHER ASPECTUAL STUDIES d. CROSS-CULTURAL: COMPARATIVE, DIAGNOSES SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES e. NON-FINITE: APPLIES TO MANY PHENOMENA IN TERMS OF FAMILY RESEMBLANCE f. SUSPENSION OF SCHOLAR'S BELIEFS: INFORMED EMPATHY, EPOCHÉ, PHENOMENOLOGY

According to Kim Knott, what are the four categories of responses to the insider/outsider problem, as formulated by McCutcheon?

a. AUTONOMY OF RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE: PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH b. REDUCTIONISM: THOSE TAKING A SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVE OUTSIDER STANCE c. NEUTRALITY AND METHODOLOGICAL AGNOSTICISM: NINIAN SMART, RELIANCE ON INSIDER ACCOUNTS WITHOUT EVALUATING TRUTH OR FALSITY d. REFLEXIVITY

According to Ninian Smart, what are the five functions of doctrines in religions?

a. BRING ORDER INTO MATERIAL OF TRADITION (MYTH, EXPERIENCE) b. SAFEGUARD THE REFERENCE MYTHS HAVE TO THAT WHICH LIES BEYOND: OR CLARIFY THE WAY IN WHICH RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS REFER BEYOND THEMSELVES TO THE ULTIMATE AND UNIVERSAL c. RELATE THE CLAIMS OF TRADITION TO CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE AGE OR CHANGES IN KNOWLEDGE d. REFLECT, STIMULATE, AND PROVIDE A FRESH VISION OF THE WORLD e. DEFINE THE COMMUNITY

According to Ninian Smart, the material dimension of religions comprises various aspects: List three of the examples that he offers.

a. BUILDINGS FOR WORSHIP AND RITUAL / STATUARY / PAINTINGS b. DRESS AND VESTMENTS OF PRIESTS / BOOKS / AMULETS c. GRAVES / SACRIFICIAL ANIMALS

According to Ninian Smart, what are two major reasons for the central place of religions and ideologies in modern academic knowledge?

a. CIVILIZATIONS ARE IMPORTANTLY INTERWOVEN WITH THEM b. RELIGIOUS VALUES AND MORE BROADLY THOSE OF WORLDVIEWS ARE IN DEBATE AMONG THE HUMANITIES: ANYONE WHO REFLECTS ABOUT HUMAN VALUES HAS TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE VALUES OF THE RELIGIONS

What are the four insider and outsider positions on the continuum that Kim Knott identifies, as based on a model of participant/observer roles from the social sciences?

a. COMPLETE OBSERVER b. OBSERVER AS PARTICIPANT c. PARTICIPANT AS OBSERVER d. COMPLETE PARTICIPANT

What are the six dimensions of religion that Ninian Smart identifies in his book, Worldviews?

a. DOCTRINAL OR PHILOSOPHICAL DIMENSION b. MYTHIC OR NARRATIVE DIMENSION c. ETHICAL OR LEGAL DIMENSION d. RITUAL OR PRACTICAL DIMENSION e. EXPERIENTIAL OR EMOTIONAL DIMENSION f. SOCIAL OR INSTITUTIONAL DIMENSION

List two examples of ritual assaults on persons that Ninian Smart identifies:

a. FAILURES IN COURTESY b. FAILURES IN GENTLENESS / FAILURES IN ASSIGNING RESPECT AND DIGNITY TO PERSONS

According to Ninian Smart, after the Christian Reformation in sixteenth-century Europe, what two forms did art tend to take?

a. FLORID STYLE OF THE POST-TRIDENTINE CATHOLIC CHURCH b. SECULARIZATION FOLLOWING UPON THE ANICONIC TENDENCIES OF THE PROTESTANT TRADITIONS

According to Ninian Smart, for Kant, what two practical outcomes result from the demands of the moral law?

a. GOD b. IMMORTALITY

According to Ninian Smart, what are the two tiers of the Theravadan Buddhist moral code?

a. HIGHER, MORE SEVERE, LEVEL OF PERSONAL CONDUCT FOR MONKS & NUNS b. LESS RIGOROUS ETHIC FOR LAITY AND THE MASS OF PEOPLE

According to Ninian Smart, what are the two guises in which Christ has appeared through much of Christian history?

a. HUMAN DEATH ON A CROSS, EMPTY OF POWER, SUFFERING SERVANT, HUMILITY AND LOVE b. GOD WHO WILL COME TO JUDGE THE LIVING AND THE DEAD, THE ESSENCE OF MAJESTY, FEARFUL JUDGE, NUMINOUS POWER OF DIVINE BEING

According to Ninian Smart, what are the two key components of Karl Marx's view about religion?

a. HUMANS, UNABLE TO MASTER ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS, PROJECT THEIR DESIRES UPON THE UNIVERSE b. RULING CLASSES USE THE DIVINE AUTHORITY FIGURE TO SERVE THEIR INTERESTS AND KEEP WORKERS AND PEASANTS IN SUBJECTION

According to Ninian Smart, within the intense interest in history among modern people, two opposite tendencies tug against one another: what are the two tendencies that produce this tension?

a. IMPULSE TO ROMANTICIZE THE PAST, TO FASHION HEROES OUT OF IT, BECAUSE THEY MAKE US GREATER: HISTORY AS MYTH (INFLATIONARY) b. THE DICTATES OF TRUTH AND ACCURACY SOMETIMES MAKE OUR HEROES AND GREAT EVENTS SUFFER WHEN THE TRUTH IS REVEALED: HISTORY AS THE RESULT OF CRITICAL INQUIRY (DEFLATIONARY)

According to Ninian Smart, why do most larger-scale societies differ from a small-scale society that typically has a single overarching worldview?

a. INTERNAL PLURALISM OF LARGE SOCIETIES - VARIETY OF MINORITIES b. INCREASE IN DIVISION BETWEEN RELIGION AND STATE c. MODERN SOCIETIES HAVE UNDERGONE MUCH SECULARIZATION

What are the three basic types of religious experience that Ninian Smart identifies in his theory about the types of religious experience?

a. NUMINOUS EXPERIENCE: STRESS THE POWERFUL OTHER, THE GREAT CREATOR b. MYSTICAL EXPERIENCE: STRESS INNER QUEST WITHOUT REFERENCE TO GOD c. COMBINATION OF THE TWO QUESTS

According to Ninian Smart, what are the two fronts on which the worldview analyst has struggles?

a. ON THE RIGHT, TRADITIONAL BELIEVERS WHO REGARD NONJUDGMENTAL DESCRIPTION AS IMPLICIT THREAT TO THEIR FAITH b. ON THE LEFT, HUMANISTS AND MARXISTS WHO REGARD RELIGION AS IRRATIONAL AND EXPLAIN IT AS PROJECTION

According to Ninian Smart, what are the three main traditional arguments by which people have sought to prove God's existence?

a. ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT (EXISTENCE AS PERFECTION) b. COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT (INTELLIGENT DESIGN) c. TELEOLOGICAL ARGUMENT (PURPOSE)

How does Ninian Smart recast for religion the three sources of human knowledge as discussed in India?

a. PERCEPTION AS EXPERIENCE b. INFERENCE AS REASON c. TESTIMONY AS SCRIPTURE

Provide two examples of rites of passage that Ninian Smart discusses:

a. PUBERTY RITES b. BAPTISM / MARRIAGE

According to Ninian Smart, what are the two developments or types of shamanistic experience?

a. RIGHT-WING SHAMANISM: NUMINOUS EXPERIENCE OF THE OTHER, PROPHET, PREACHER b. LEFT-WING SHAMANISM: MYSTICAL EXPERIENCE, YOGI, MONK, OR NUN

In his discussion of the ritual dimension of religion, what two categories of ritual does Ninian Smart analyze?

a. RITUALS OF SACRIFICE b. RITUALS OF PASSAGE

What two meanings of the term "secular" does Ninian Smart identify?

a. SECULAR AS NON-TRADITIONALLY RELIGIOUS b. SECULAR AS NON-MONISTICALLY RELIGIOUS

What are the four principles of Ninian Smart's own normative moral perspective?

a. SOCIAL PERSONALISM, RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE b. TRANSCENDENTAL HUMANISM, TRUE PEACE THROUGH RELATION TO THE BEYOND c. MINIMALIZATION OF VIOLENCE d. SACREDNESS OF PERSON: REVERENCE AND COMPASSION

According to Ninian Smart (via van Gennep), what are the three stages in rites of passage?

a. STAGE OF SEPARATION FROM THE OLD b. STAGE OF TRANSITION, LIMINAL STAGE, LIMBO STAGE, OR THRESHOLD c. STAGE OF INCORPORATION INTO NEW IDENTITY

According to Kim Knott, what are the two rather different approaches to the study of religion that have emerged in the West in recent decades?

a. THE SECULAR AND SCIENTIFIC, VALUES AN OBJECTIVE OUTSIDER STANCE b. THE FOCUS UPON REFLEXIVITY, REQUIRES GREATER AWARENESS ON THE PART OF THE SCHOLAR ABOUT THE DIALOGICAL NATURE OF SCHOLARSHIP: SCHOLARS MUST WRITE CONSCIOUSLY FROM WITHIN THEIR CONTEXT AND STANDPOINT: IDENTITY, POWER, STATUS

According to Ninian Smart, what are the three moments in Hegel's dialectic of history?

a. THESIS: AFFIRMATION OF A POSITION b. ANTITHESIS: DENIAL OF A POSITION c. SYNTHESIS: COMBINATION OF THE TWO POSITIONS

What two tests does Ninian Smart employ to answer the following question: Which religion can throw light on the mysterious role of consciousness in the cosmos?

a. WHETHER A RELIGION CAN MAKE SOME CONSTRUCTIVE SENSE OF OTHER FAITHS OR RELIGIONS? b. WHETHER A FAITH CAN LIVE IN HARMONY AND CREATIVE INTERACTION WITH SCIENCE?