Exam 1 Study Guide History

Which one of the following statements accurately applies to the subtreasury system called for by the Farmers' Alliance movement?

All.

During the late 1860s, the majority of cowboys were

Confederate veterans of the Civil War

Why did the federal government use legislation to try to break up the Ku Klux Klan?

Federal legislation could create lasting change.

According to American businessmen who subscribed to the economic theory of laissez-faire, what was the role of the government in the nation's economy?

It should not interfere in economic affairs except to protect private property.

What inspired the expansion in the number of foreign-language newspapers published in the U.S. between 1880 and 1920?

Most recent immigrants were unable to read English.

Which one of the following statements helps explain why the Populist Party did not win the presidency or control of Congress in the elections of 1892 and 1896?

The Populists were never very successful at attracting support from industrial workers.

What incited the Indian wars of the 1860s?

The Sand Creek Massacre (Colorado).

In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Act, legislation that

broke up reservations and gave Indians land allotments.

Unlike the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor

catered to skilled craft workers and used strikes to meet their objectives.

In the years following the end of the Civl War and the end of slavery in the United States, African Americans struggled to control their lives through each of the following steps EXCEPT

demanding that southern state governments compensate them for the "crime" of slavery.

The fact that only one in four industrial workers during the late-1800s--early-1900s belonged to a union reflected workers'

fear of retaliation from employers.

In 1892, schools adopted the daily recitation of the "Pledge of Allegiance" in order to

help immigrant children develop loyalty to the U.S. government and American values.

The role of mutual aid societies in late-nineteenth-century America was to

help immigrants find jobs and housing, and offer spaces to socialize.

Read the following statement from the ex-slaves living on Edisto Island, South Carolina after the end of the Civil War: "We have been encouraged by government to take up these lands in small tracts, receiving Certificates of the same — we have thus far Taken Sixteen thousand (16000) acres of Land here on This Island. We are ready to pay for this land When Government calls for it and now after What has been done will the good and just government take from us all this right and make us Subject to the will of those who have cheated and Oppressed us for many years God Forbid! We the freedmen of this Island and of the State of South Carolina — Do therefore petition to you as the President of these United States, that some provisions be made by which Every colored man can purchase land. and Hold it as his own." On what basis did the freedpeople of Edisto Island expect that the federal government would allow them to retain the land they were cultivating, and which was formerly owned by slaveholders?

The freedpeople were willing to pay for the land.

What did immigrant neighborhoods in American cities in the early 1900s have in common with other communities of largely poor, unskilled populations?

They bred crime and gangs made up of young men with few prospects.

Which one of the following statements accurately characterizes life for women on the western frontier in the late 1800s, according to what you have read?

They oversaw traditional household duties such as cooking and cleaning and raising gardens and, when possible selling items including eggs and butter for cash. In addition, many women homestead on their own.

What was the result of Native American children's education in white reformers' schools?

They were unable to fit comfortably in either the white world or the Indian world.

What was the intent of the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)?

To preserve designated areas of the Plains for Indian habitation.

How did the salaries of women factory workers compare to those of men doing similar jobs?

Women made 25 percent of what men did.

Frontier women's activism during the 1880s was motivated, in part, by

a desire to reduce men's consumption of alcohol because this problem often had very negative consequences on western farm families.

A eugenicist would want to encourage marriage between

a man and a woman who were both of Northern European or Western European ancestry.

Consider some of the ideas included in the Populist Party's 1892 platform: implementation of an income tax, national adoption of the 8-hour workday, the extension of voting rights to women, federal government ownership and operation of the nation's railroad, telephone, and telegraph networks. Based on these ideas, it is accurate to state that the Populist Party

suggested a number of ideas that were considered"radical" by mainstream Americans in the late 1800s, but which over the next 25 years would be put into effect in the United States.

Efforts to enforce segregation among cowboys were impeded by

the need for cooperation and mutual support to survive life on the open range.

We know from our reading that groups such as the Ku Klux Klan were very active in the southern states in the years after the Civil War. It is accurate to state that these sorts of organizations sought

to use intimidation and force to keep African Americans from voting or seeking equality with whites. In addition, such groups often used violence against black people considered to be too outspoken or too active.

The relatively new building material that both improved railroading in the late 1800s and depended on it was

steel produced through the Bessemer process.

By the 1870s-1880s, Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company had

utilized horizontal integration to control more then 75% percent of the oil refining business.

When North Carolina textile worker J. W. Mehaffry complained that the mill owners "were slave drivers," she made the point that

workers enjoyed no rights or protections against exploitation and injury.

Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution was the basis of the Supreme Court's ruling that, in legal terms, a corporation could be considered a person?

14th Amendment

The Homestead Act of 1862 promised

160 acres free to any citizen or prospective citizen who settled on land west of the Mississippi River for five years.

Between the arrival of the first Europeans in the 1500s and the end of the Civil War, (1865) the American Indian population of North America dropped from one million to about

350,000

The Wade-Davis bill proposed by Congress for reunification of the North and South required

50 percent of southern voters to pledge loyalty to the United States.

Which one of the following WAS NOT encountered by ex-slaves who moved to Kansas to start life over following the Civil War?

A somewhat easier and more secure life.

Which group or groups composed the population of the area from the Great Plains to the Pacific Ocean during the last decades of the 1800s? Native-born Whites, A-Americans fleeing oppresion, Native A, Immigrants from Euro/Asia/Americas, Asians working on TransRR, Mexicanos and MexAmer.

All of these

Why were the transcontinental rail lines that were constructed during the late 1800s considered so important in the industrial development of the United States?

All of these.

What attitudes prevailed among the Republican Party regarding African Americans following the Civil War?

Black Americans were not equal to white Americans but deserved basic protections and due process of law.

Why did black churches become such important community institutions following the Civil War?

Black churches were large structures that hosted many other organizations.

In the late 1800s, which one of the following groups did the American Protective Association consider the greatest "threat" to the United States?

Catholics

What two forces often drove freed African Americans from the South during Reconstruction?

Economic hardship and racial bigotry.

Which of the following characterizes the events of May 4, 1886, in Chicago's Haymarket Square?

Evidence of the fear and hostility government authorities felt for political radicals.

Why was education so unobtainable for so many in the South, black or white, following the Civil War?

Funding for teachers and supplies never kept up with demand.

What was the consequence of the establishment of department stores for the middle-class housewife in the late nineteenth century?

Having access to a constantly changing array of consumer goods actually increased her workload and stress level.

The theory of social Darwinism popularized in the late 1800s by Yale University Herbert Spencer held that

Helping the poor in any way ultimately hurt society as a whole.

What was the significance of the Supreme Court's ruling in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?

It held that state governments had the right to insist on racially segregated facilities -- as long as those facilities were equal in nature -- the ruling quickly led to the development of many racially segregated facilities across the South, including schools, theaters, parks, and even water fountains.

Which of the following describes the impact the combine harvester had on the economics of American farming in the late nineteenth century?

It increased productivity, whi

Which one of the following statements applies to the case of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?

It was based on a challenge to a state law that required racially segregated railroad cars in Louisiana.

Which one of the following statements DOES NOT apply to the Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor (commonly known as the Knights of Labor)?

It was founded on the principal that only through and economic revolution in the United States would workers ever achieve prosperity and stability.

Read the excerpt from a sharecropper's contract below: "For the labor and services of ourselves and hands rendered as above stated, we are to have one third part of all the crops, or their net proceeds, made and secured, or prepared for market by our force. . . . We are to be furnished by our employer through his manager with provisions if we call for them to be charged to us at fair market prices. And whatever may be due by us, or our hands to our employer for provisions or any thing else, during the year, is to be a lien on our share of the crops, and is to be retained by him out of the same before we receive our part." How did sharecropping contracts like this one give landowners the advantage over the tenant farmers?

Landowners often charged excessive fees for provisions, despite the fact that contract emphasized "fair prices," and collected them from the lien.

Read the following excerpt from the 1883 testimony of John Morrison: "Well, the trade has been subdivided and those subdivisions have been again subdivided, so that a man never learns the machinist's trade now. Ten years ago he learned, not the whole of the trade, but a fair portion of it. Also, there is more machinery used in the business, which again makes machinery. The different branches of the trade are divided and subdivided so that one man may make just a particular part of a machine and may not know anything whatever about another part of the same machine." Which of the following conclusions does the preceding excerpt allow?

Mechanization reduced the connection between workers and their product.

By the late 1800s, many Americans suggested that

Native Americans (especially children) should be removed from the tribal environment of the reservation, educated as if they were typical (white) Americans, and then integrated into the larger American society.

In the late 1800s, those Americans who considered Southern Europeans "inferior "to Northern Europeans and, therefore, opposed allowing them to resettle in the United States were proponents of

Nativism

Which one of the following WAS NOT a major reason for the inability of the Native Americans to successfully resist the movement of newcomers onto the Great Plains during the late 1800s?

The Natives' failure ever to acquire horses or rifles left them unable to defend themselves against the newcomers.

What motivated leaders of the farmers' alliances to invite the Knights of Labor to join them in forming the National Farmers Alliance and Industrial Union?

The belief that laborers and farmers were both being hurt by industrialization.

What caused the gross domestic product of the United States to quadruple between 1860 and 1890?

The rapid growth of industrial manufacturing.

Read the following excerpt from the 1866 diary of working cowboy George C. Duffield: "12th Hard Rain & Wind. Big stampede & here we are among the Indians with 150 head of Cattle gone. Hunted all day & the Rain pouring down with but poor success. Dark days are these to me. Nothing but Bread & Coffee. Hands all Growling & Swearing—everything wet & cold. Beeves [steers] gone. Rode all day & gathered all but 35 mixed with 8 other Herds. Last Night 5000 Beeves stampeded at this place & a general mix up was the result. 14th Last night there was a terrible storm. Rain poured in torrents all night & up to 12 AM today. Our Beeves left us in the night but for once on the whole trip we found them all together near camp at day break. All the other droves as far as I can hear are scattered to the four winds. Our Other Herd was all gone. We are now 25 Miles from Ark River & it is Very High. We are water bound by two creeks & but Beef & Flour to eat, am not Homesick but Heart sick. 16th Last night was a dark Gloomey night but we made it all right. Today it is raining & we have crossed Honey creek & am informed that there is another creek 6 miles ahead swimming. Twelve o clock today it rained one Hour so hard that a creek close by rose 20 ft in the afternoon. All wet." Which of the following statements best describes Duffield's working experience as a cowboy?

The unpredictable climate of the plains made cattle drives challenging work.

Why did some slaves not find out about emancipation for months, even years, after the Civil War ended?

Their masters, especially in remote locations, withheld the news.

What effect did Supreme Court rulings in cases such as Slaughterhouse (1873) and United States v. Cruikshank (1876) have on black civil rights?

These cases narrowed the Fourteenth Amendment, reducing black civil rights.

What happened to most sharecroppers once they borrowed goods on a crop lien?

They ended up in a cycle of debt from which few escaped.

In the years after the Civil War, Congress approved the 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution. What did these two amendments do?

They extended citizenship to all persons born in the United States, called for equal application of the laws to all citizens, and guaranteed all citizens the right to vote -- regardless of their race, their color, or their previous condition of servitude.

To what can we attribute the marked increase in the number of female wage earners between 1870 and 1900?

Working-class men needed help from their wives to support their families.

According to the Black Codes adopted by many southern state governments (including Mississippi) after the Civil War,

all of these.

John D. Rockefeller organized Standard Oil based on the corporate structure known as the trust, an approach to business designed to

control a key aspect of the oil refining business by having stockholders from several "competing" oil refining companies combine their stock in those companies and operate their companies as if they were one company.

The prominent business leaders of the late nineteenth century -- including Rockefeller and Carnegie

disliked competition and tried to substitute consolidation and central control whenever they could.

Lincoln's "Ten Percent Plan" during Reconstruction meant that 10 percent of

eligible southern voters were required to pledge allegiance to the United States.

Andrew Carnegie owed his success in the steel business in part to the concept of vertical integration, a system of business organization that

incorporated all aspects of the business (from mining raw materials to marketing and transporting finished products) under Carnegie's control.

Married women frequently did "piecework" in their homes because

it enabled them to earn income without neglecting family responsibilities.

As the importance of J. P. Morgan suggests, the late-1800s-early 1900s saw individual entrepreneurship in the United States being replaced by

large-scale investment and consolidation organized by banks and bankers.

Farmers and other rural residents were able to participate in the new consumer culture of the late nineteenth century thanks to

mail-order catalogs like Montgomery Ward's.

In 1889, Andrew Carnegie published his "Gospel of Wealth" to disseminate the message that

millionaires were really "trustees" and "agents" for the poor and helped them improve their lives -- through charities, libraries, educational institutions, etc. -- in ways that the poor could not do for themselves.

Immigrants to the United States around the turn of the twentieth century differed from those of previous eras in that they were

more ethnically diverse

In working-class families of America in the late 1800s-early 1900s, economic survival

often depended on everyone working, including children.

The purpose of "grandfather clauses" in the voting laws of southern states was to

permit illiterate whites to vote while disenfranchising illiterate blacks.

The great buffalo herds on the Great Plains were decimated by

professional buffalo hunters hired by the railroads and irresponsible slaughter of the animals to produce shoes, coats, and hats that had become fashionable.

The growth of industrial manufacturing in the late 1800s-early 1900s affected many skilled tradesmen in the United States by

removing from them control of their labor and their sense of independence.

The system under which farmers rented small amounts of land, paid their rent with a share of their crops, and were provided mules and tools by the landlord was known as

sharecropping

Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the telephone

soon had a tremendous impact on the speed and efficiency of American business.

The economic theory of laissez-faire became widely accepted among political leaders in both major parties (Democratic and Republican)in the late 1800s in part because

the Supreme Court increasingly was reinterpreting the Constitution to protect business.

Between 1860 and 1900, millions of Americans and immigrants moved westward across the Great Plains region of the United States. These settlers moved westward for each of the following reasons EXCEPT

the common belief that unless this region was quickly populated and settled by Americans (and those planning to become Americans) it might be colonized by one of the major nations of Europe and forever lost to American control.