Exam 19-21

During inflammation fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby, infected tissues. This implies all of the following except ________.A) the osmolarity of the fluids surrounding infected tissue is higher than the plasmaB) the surrounding tissue will swell with excessive fluidsC) nearby capillaries have become more permeableD) B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells

-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?A) 140/90 B) 110/60 C) 120/80 D) 170/96

170/96

Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________.

64/41

Which of the following examples below describes an autoimmune disease? A) Infection and death of T-helper cells by a virus, resulting in a loss of adaptive immunity.B) Release of bacterial endotoxins that block acetylcholine release result in muscle paralysis.C) Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness.D) Uncontrolled cell division resulting in cell surface abnormalities recognized by NK cells.

Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness.

Runs through the armpit area, giving off branches to the axillae, chest wall, and shoulder girdle.

Axillary artery

Which statement best describes arteries?A) All carry oxygenated blood to the heart.B) All carry blood away from the heart.C) All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood.D) Only large arteries are lined with endothelium.

B) All carry blood away from the heart

Which of the following would NOT be expected from taking aiuretic drugs?A) decreased blood pressureB) greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusionC) increased urine outputD) lower plasma volume

B) greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.

Bone Marrow

Gives rise to the right common carotid and right subclavian artery

Brachiocephalic trunk

Which will NOT occur if blood pressure drops below homeostatic levels?A) Cardiac output will increase.B) Vasomotor center of the medulla will trigger vasoconstriction.C) Baroreceptors in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch will be stimulated.D) The cardioacceleratory center of the medulla will be activated.

C Baroreceptors in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch will be stimulated

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________.

Capillaries

Which blood vessels lack elastic tissue?

Capillaries and Venules

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?

Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood..

Results from heart inability to sustain adequate circulation due to myocardial damage

Cardiogenic Shock

Large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen.

Celiac trunk

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?

Changes in arterial pressure

Due to inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs

Circulatory Shock

Which of the following is most likely to occur in the arteriovenous shunts present in the blood vessels of the finger tips and toes?

Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts.

Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.

Cytokines

Blood flow is ____ proportional to the difference in blood pressure. Blood flow is ____ proportional resistance.

Directly, Inversley

Drains the scalp.

External jugular vein

Which immunoglobulin class is the most abundant antibody in plasma?

IgG

The beginning of a true capillary is surrounded by a precapillary sphincter. The opening and closing of precapillary sphincter is controlled by ____

Local chemical condition

Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?

Lungs

Which of the following would be a component of the body's first line of defense?

Mucous membranes

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart and are named by the organs they supply (renal) are

Muscular Arteries

Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?

NK cells are a type of neutrophil.

Which of the following would NOT be classified as a lymphiod organ?

Pancreas

Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ________.

Plasma cells

B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.

Producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells

Carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.

Pulmonary Trunk

Atherosclerosis causes elastic arteries to become less stretchy. How does this affect pulse pressure?

Pulse pressure is chronically increased

The abdominal aorta splits into which vessels?

Right and Left Common iliac arteries

Drains the upper extremities, deep vein.

Subclavian vein

Receives blood from all areas superior to the diaphragm, except the heart wall.

Superior vena cava

The blood testis barrier is to newly formed sperm cells as the blood thymus barrier is to________.

T lymphocyte precursors

Without the positive selection process in lymphocyte maturation ________.

T-cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?

The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.

B lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reason but one. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons B lymphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity? A) Their receptors will bind to only one antigen. B) They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately. C) They require costimulation from an activated T-helper cell. D) They produce memory cells when activated.

They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately.

T cells are differentiated into two groups based on their glycoproteins: CD4 or CD8. Which of the following of CD 4T cells?

They become T-helper cells

Although B and T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow, T cells mature in the ________.

Thymus

Which lymphoid organ or tissue lacks a reticular fiber stroma?

Thymus

Which structural layer of blood vessels is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure?

Tunica Media

Normal blood volume but poor circulation due to extreme vasodilation

Vascular Shock

All but one of the following occur during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does not describe the process of inflammation.A) Increases capillary permeability.B) Chemotaxis draws leucocytes to the site of injury.C) Vasoconstriction will prevent excessive blood loss due to injury.D) Release of prostaglandins resulting in pain.

Vasoconstriction will prevent excessive blood loss due to injury.

The term ductus venosus refers to ____

a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver

Allergens differ from antigens because ________.

allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle

The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following?A) chemoreceptors B) altering blood volume C) reflex arcs involving baroreceptors D) reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers

altering blood volume

What is a bubo?

an infected lymph node

immediate and subacute hypersensitivities are caused by ________ that trigger the release of ________

antibodies; histamine

In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?

antigen (a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body.)

T- cells activation requires

antigen binding and co-stimulation

Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?

antigenic

Which of the following is true of antigens? a) antigens are substances that activate the adaptive immune response b) antigens are typically composed to nucleotides c) antigens are limited to one antigenic determinant per antigen molecule d) antigens are produced by the body in response to a foreign invader

antigens are substances that activate the adaptive immune response

largest artery in the body

aorta

which of the following contain oxygenated blood

aorta

Due to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be ________.

arterioles

During a marathon which of the following hormones is least likely to be released by the runner

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

The release of which hormone is most likely to cause a reduction in blood volume and pressure?

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance? A) blood vessels type B) blood viscosity C) total blood vessel length D) blood vessel diameter

blood vessel diameter

Artery usually ausculated to take the blood pressure

brachial artery

Inflammation ________.

brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection

Cytotoxic T cells ________.

can directly attack and kill other cells of the body

Natural killer (NK) cells ________.

can kill cancer cells before the adaptive immune system is activated

The thymus is more active during ______?

childhood

Supplies the duodenum and stomach

common hepatic artery

If a person has lost a significant amount of blood but still maintains a normal blood pressure it does not necessarily mean that the person is maintaining adequate perfusion. Which of the following best explains why this is so?

decreased heart rate

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________.A) decreased size of the heart muscle B) increased incidence of coronary artery disease C) increased work of the left ventricle D) increased damage to blood vessel endothelium

decreased size of the heart muscle

Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by ________.

decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur

The pulse pressure is____

difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does NOT ________.

directly fight antigens

Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by ________.

disrupting the selectively permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane

Lymph leaves a lymph node via ________.

efferent lymphatic vessels

Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________.

elevated blood glucose

Lymph vessels do NOT transport?

erythrocytes

Supplies lower limb

external iliac artery

Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following?

falling blood volume

What is the major artery of the thigh?

femoral artery

Flow of lymph through a lymph node is slowed due to ________.

fewer efferent vessels draining it compared to many afferent vessels feeding it

Functions of the spleen include all of those below EXCEPT ________.

forming crypts that trap bacteria

Helper T cells ________.

function in the adaptive immune system activation

Tonsils have blind-ended structures called ________ that trap bacteria and particulate matter.

germinal centers

What is the vessel commonly used as a coronary bypass vessel?

great saphenous vein

Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________.

haptens

The primary immune response ________

has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

Plasma cells ________.

have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)

Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

In general it is expected that ________.

hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed

Due to large-scale blood loss

hypovolemic shock

Peripheral resistance ________.

increases as blood viscosity increases

Blood flow to the skin ________.

increases when environmental temperature rises

Supplies the distal areas of the large intestine

inferior mesenteric artery

Interferons ________.

interfere with viral replication within cells

Major supply to the cerebral hemispheres

internal carotid artery

Supplies pelvic structures

internal iliac artery

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________.

intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms

Brain blood flow autoregulation ________.

is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist

Immunocompetence ________.

is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues include all of the following EXCEPT ________.A islets of Langerhans B Peyer's patches C lingual tonsils D palatine tonsils

islets of Langerhans

An advantage to adaptive immunity is ________.

its memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second exposure to an antigen

Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________.

kidney disease

Which of the following activated by the binding of proteins to sugars on the surface of microorganisms?

lectin pathway

The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ________.

lingual tonsils

Large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations EXCEPT the ________.A axillary region B inguinal region C lower extremities D cervical region

lower extremities

A person suddenly gaining significant amounts of adipose tissue can expect all of the following physiological changes except one. Which of the following is least likely to occur with a sudden and significant gain in adipose tissue?

lower heart rate and reduced blood flow

Small secondary lymphoid organs, which cluster along lymphatic vessels, are termed ________.

lymph nodes

Which of the following structures is NOT considered mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)? A. lymph nodes B. tonsils C. appendix D. Peyer's patches

lymph nodes

Which lymphoid organs and tissues are characterized by a cortex and medulla?

lymph nodes and thymus only

Phagocyte mobilization involves ________.

mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas

Regulatory T cells ________.

may function in preventing autoimmune reactions

The lymphatic capillaries are _______.

more permeable than blood capillaries

The lymphatic capillaries are ________.

more permeable than blood capillaries

A cellular component of the innate defenses includes________

natural killer cells

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________.

natural killer cells

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.

opsonization

In general it is expected that ________.

osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?

passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

Innate immune system defenses include ________.

phagocytosis

Which of the following is NOT a role of activated complement? A) opsonization B) prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions C) enhancement of inflammation D) insertion of MAC and cell lysis

prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions

Vaccines work by ________.

priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure

Fever _______

production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting

What carries oxygen rich blood from the lungs?

pulmonary vein

Common site to take the pulse

radial artery

which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?

rapidly falling blood pressure

Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?

reactivity with an antibody

Tissue rejection after an organ transplant is least likely due to the action of _________.

regulatory T cells

Artery that does not anastomose.

renal artery

Supplies the kidney

renal artery

Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure?

renal regulation

Which of the following is NOT a function of the inflammatory response?

replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

Clonal selection of B cells ________.

results in the formation of plasma cells

From the right leg, lymph moves in which order?

right lumbar trunk, thoracic duct, left subclavian vein

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________.

right side of the head and neck and right upper arm

When the lymphatic structures of a limb are blocked due to tumors, the result is ________.

severe localized edema distal to the blockage of that limb

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________.

shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________.

significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius

In red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see ___ type of capillaries in red bone marrow.

sinusoid capillaries

These capillaries may be lined with phagocytes that can extend their process into the plasma to catch "prey."

sinusoids

The velocity of blood flow is ________.

slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest

Peyer's Patches are found in the distal portion of the _____

small intestine

What supplies the small intestine?

superior mesenteric artery

Which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation?

superior vena cava

Lymphocyte "education" refers to ensuring that T cells _______.

that do not recognize self-MHC proteins undergo apoptosis

A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once. The best explanation of this is ________.

the flu has several strains that change seasonally

A vaccine is effective because ________.

the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient the primary response

The pulse rate depends on all of the following except one. Select the one answer the does not affect a pulse rate reading.A) activity B) the vessel selected to palpate C) emotions D) postural changes

the vessel selected to palpate

Lymph traveling from the life arm would enter the venous circulation via the ____

thoracic duct

Which lymphoid organ atrophies as we age?

thymus

Which of the following is considered a primary lymphoid organ?

thymus

Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) ________.

tonsil

Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?A. carrying out immune responses B. draining excess interstitial fluid C. transporting respiratory gases D. transporting dietary fats

transporting respiratory gases

Lymphatic ________ are formed from the union of the largest collecting vessels.

trunks

Histologically, the _______ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer.

tunica intima

What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth?

upon birth they change immediately into the ligamentum arteriosum and the fossa ovalis, respectively. They are one way valves similar to the AV and SL valves. Upon the infant's first breath of air the fetal adaptations close and become the adult structures. The foramen ovale closes because of the pressure changes that occur inside of the thoracic cavity (most pressure resides on the left atrium). This pressure is what causes the foramen ovale to close into the fossa ovalis.

Factors that aid venous return include all except ________.A) venous valves B) activity of skeletal muscles C) pressure changes in the thorax D) urinary output

urinary output

Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?

vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia causes by?

vasodilation