Exam 2
A high-quality protein used as a standard for measuring the quality of other proteins is ________.
egg white
Trans fatty acids are now considered more atherogenic than saturated fatty acids because they ________.
elevate LDL levels, while decreasing HDL
The principal function of dietary carbohydrate is to provide ________.
energy
Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are classified as _________ fatty acids.
essential
Most Americans consume ________ dietary protein compared to the RDA.
excessive amounts of
The symptoms of acetaldehyde buildup during alcohol metabolism include ________.
flushing, rapid heartbeat, and hyperventilation
_______ is defined as fiber that is added to foods and provides health benefits.
functional fiber
The body is capable of making glucose from non-carbohydrate nutrients, such as protein, by a process referred to as ________.
gluconeogenesis
The human brain and other nerve tissues use mostly _________________ as fuel.
glucose
Women absorb 30-35% more ethanol directly from the stomach than men because women ________.
have lower amounts of alcohol dehydrogenase in the cells lining the stomach
The biological value of a food protein is a measure of ________.
how closely it meets amino acid needs
Kwashiorkor ________.
is a disease of severely deficient protein intake
The principal sugar found in milk is ________.
lactose
Once absorbed, the majority of glucose is transported to ________.
liver
The main organ responsible for ethanol metabolism is the ________.
liver
Why is excess sugar consumption discouraged?
may cause dental caries and weight gain, and it lacks dietary fiber
Glucose, galactose, and fructose ________.
monosaccharides
Fat digestion begins in the ________.
mouth
If no glucose is available from dietary carbohydrate, glucose in the blood may be derived from ________.
muscle glycogen and liver glycogen
The recommendation for alcohol consumption during pregnancy is ________.
no alcohol at all
Which of the following blood levels of LDL cholesterol would increase risk for cardiovascular disease?
over 160 mg/dl
Insulin is made in the ________.
pancreas
Alcohol is absorbed in the small intestine by ________.
simple diffusion
Over time, if protein intake does not meet the body's protein needs for building and repair of tissues, ________.
skeletal muscle, heart muscle and the liver decrease in size excessive body fluid begins to accumulate in the extracellular spaces and the immune system fails to function properly
Lipids with high saturated fatty acid content are ____________ at room temperature.
solid
The main difference between fats and oils is that fats are ________.
solid at room temperature
Which of the following fats and oils provides the most polyunsaturated fatty acids?
soybean oil
Ketosis may result from ________.
starvation, a diet of less than 50-100 grams of carbohydrate per day, untreated diabetes mellitus.
Alcohol absorption occurs in the ________.
stomach and small intestine
Which of the following correctly characterizes lipids?
they do not dissolve in water
A process involved in the synthesis of nonessential amino acids is called ________.
transamination
In what form is most body fat stored?
triglycerides
Lingual lipase breaks down ________.
triglycerides
Which of the following enzymes aids in digesting polypeptides into shorter peptides and amino acids?
trypsin
The most common type of diabetes mellitus is ________.
type 2 diabetes
A vegan diet may be low in ________.
vitamin B-12, iron, calcium
Usual symptoms of diabetes mellitus include ________.
weight change, excessive thirst and urination, and blurred vision
Normal blood glucose levels range between ________.
70-100 mg/dL
The ADH pathway of alcohol metabolism converts ethanol into ________.
Acetyl CoA
The basic building blocks of proteins are _______.
Amino acids
High levels of ______ in the blood are associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease.
HDL
Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest proportion of protein?
HDL
A diet designed to reduce elevated serum LDL cholesterol levels ________.
Is low in saturated fats, is reduced in dietary cholesterol, provides adequate amounts of soluble fiber
Protein-energy malnutrition is also known as ________.
Marasmus
The presence of ___________ chemically distinguishes protein from carbohydrate and fat.
Nitrogen
Cholesterol is ________.
Not essential in the diet; the human body can synthesize it, not found in foods of plant origin, an important part of human cell membranes and is necessary to make some hormones
In the Mediterranean Diet, the majority of fat in the diet is supplied by ________.
Olives and olive oil
Signs of alcohol poisoning include hypoglycemia and severe dehydration.
True
The focus on low-glycemic load foods can aid in the control of diabetes.
True
When the rate of alcohol consumption exceeds the liver's metabolic capacity, blood alcohol levels increase and symptoms of intoxication develop.
True
Which of the following amino acids is classified as a "conditionally essential" amino acid?
Tyrosine
Which of the following is not a common nutritional concern in alcoholics?
Vitamin A toxicity
Which essential fatty acid is responsible for lowering the risk of coronary heart disease?
alpha-linolenic
The chief contributors of saturated fatty acids in the U.S. diet include ________.
animal products
Monounsaturated fatty acids ________.
are liquid at room temperature, have one double bond in the fatty acid chain, lower cholesterol.
When plant proteins are compared to animal proteins, they ________.
are usually deficient in one or more essential amino acids
A person diagnosed with phenylketonuria (PKU) should avoid products containing ________.
aspartame
Of the total day's energy intake, most dietary guidelines recommend that carbohydrates provide _____________ of energy.
45-65%
Binge drinking for a male is defined as having _______ or more drinks on a single occasion.
5
A standard drink is defined as ________.
5 oz wine
How many calories does alcohol provide?
7 kcal/g
Compared to men, women absorb approximately 30-35% more unaltered alcohol from the stomach into the bloodstream.
True
Excessive alcohol intake can lead to deficiencies of niacin, thiamin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and folate.
True
Which is correct regarding trans fatty acids?
They raise LDL and lower HDL cholesterol
The energy value of dietary carbohydrates is _____ kcal per gram.
4
A blood alcohol level of _____ is defined as legal intoxication in the U.S. and Canada.
0.08
The RDA for protein for most healthy adults is ________.
0.8 g/kg of body weight
A typical rate of alcohol metabolism for a social drinker is ________.
1/2 drink per hour
The recommended amount of protein as a percentage of total energy intake is ________.
10%-35%
An alcoholic beverage with 15 g alcohol provides ______ kcal from alcohol.
105
A standard drink contains _____ grams of alcohol.
15
Judy's dietary intake provides 90 grams of protein. Her total energy intake is 2000 kcal. Approximately what percentage of her energy comes from protein?
18%
The AI for fiber for women is ________.
25 g/day
Worldwide, approximately _______ of protein comes from animal sources.
35%
Dietary proteins supply ______ kcal per gram.
4
Compared with men, women produce more alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme in the stomach.
False
The small intestine is the primary site for alcohol metabolism.
False
Which of the following combinations of foods would provide the most dietary fiber?
Kidney bean salad, turkey sandwich on whole wheat bread, fresh apple, milk
Which lipoprotein is responsible for transporting cholesterol from the liver to tissues?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
When consumed in low to moderate amounts, alcohol is primarily metabolized by the ________________ pathway.
alcohol dehydrogenase
Medications used to treat alcohol dependence act on ________.
both the brain to reduce alcohol cravings and the liver to block complete metabolism of alcohol
Lipoprotein lipase functions to ________.
break down triglycerides from lipoproteins for transfer into cells
Saturated fatty acids predominate in which of the following lipids?
butter
Benefits of moderate alcohol consumption include lower rates of ________.
cardiovascular disease
Immediately after a meal, newly digested and absorbed dietary fats appear in the lymph, and then the blood, as a part of which of the following?
chylomicrons
When 2 or more plant proteins are combined to compensate for deficiencies in essential amino acid content in each protein, the proteins are called ________.
complementary proteins
Foods containing all essential amino acids in the proportion needed by the body are designated as ________.
complete foods
An increased fiber intake within recommended guidelines may ________.
decrease risk of diabetes, lower blood lipid levels, decrease risk of certain cancers
Cooking an egg destroys its physiological property by ________.
denaturation
When food proteins reach the stomach, HCl ________ the protein.
denatures
The side chain, or R portion, of an amino acid ________.
determines the name of the amino acid
Low blood glucose is called ____________, whereas high blood glucose is called ____________.
hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia
Excessive intakes of saturated fatty acids tend to ________.
increase cholesterol deposited in arteries
When increasing fiber intake, always ________.
increase fluids
When the MEOS pathway is induced, alcohol tolerance _______ because the rate of alcohol metabolism __________.
increases, increases
The best type of fiber to eat for reducing constipation is ________.
insoluble fiber
While _________ suppresses gluconeogenesis, ____________ increases glycogen breakdown.
insulin and glucagon
High-density lipoproteins function in lipid transport by ________.
picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources for delivery to other lipoproteins and the liver for disposal.
When over 10 amino acids are chemically linked by peptide bonds, the resulting product is known as ________.
polypeptide
A diet that is deficient in carbohydrate will ultimately force the liver and, to a lesser extent, the kidneys to ________.
produce glucose from amino acids
