Exam 2

Which cell is responsible for cellular immunity?

t cells

The role of the ADH (antidiuretic hormone) or vasopressin (effect on kidney, blood vessels, blood pressure)

ADH increases the absorption of water in the kidneys, decreasing loss in urine, helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure. ADH also stimulates the thirst center so increase in fluid intake which increases blood volume. Extreme release of ADH can cause vasoconstriction.

What is the role of the ANF or ANH (atrial natriuretic factor or hormone: effect on blood pressure, kidney and blood vessels)

ANP stimulates vasodilation, increases urine output (decreases blood volume) which decreases blood pressure.

Which cell produces antibodies?

Activated B cell called the plasma cell! White blood cells called B lymphocytes

Define the role of the thymus

Generates mature T lymphocytes (white blood cells that help the immune system) and defend us against infection while protecting us from lymphocytes that could potentially attack our own organs.

Name the main lymphatic vessels and the place where they drain into the venous system. Where do they drain the lymph from?

Intima, media, and externa, Jugular trunks drain lymph from both head and neck Subclavian trunks remove lymph from the upper limbs, breats, and superficial thoracic wall Bronchomediastinal trunks drain lymph from deep thoracic structures Intestinal trunks drain lymph from most abdominal structures Lumbar trunks remove lymph from the lower limbs, abdominopelvic wall, and pelvic organs

The role of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (which organs produce which hormones?, what is the effect of angiotensin II, aldosterone on blood pressure and kidney and blood vessels?)

Kidney releases renin, the liver produces angiotensinogen. Angiotensin II causes the release of other hormones (long-term mechanisms) and assists in increasing blood pressure. Aldosterone increases the absorption of sodium ion and water in the kidney, decreasing loss in urine, helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure.

Define the function of the lymph node

Lymph nodes filter the lymph and remove unwanted substances

Name regions of the body where the lymph nodes are clustered

Neck, armpit, and groin area

What are primary and secondary lymphatic structures?

Primary are involved in the formation and maturation of lymphocytes Secondary house both lymphocytes and other immune cells following their formation. The site where an immune response is initiated

Define signs of inflammation (5)

Redness (due to increased blood flow) Heat (due to increased blood flow) Swelling (increase in fluid loss from capillaries into the interstitial space) Pain Loss of function

Structure of lymph node (afferent and efferent vessels, cortex, medulla and their function)

Small, encapsulated organs that is transported to them by lymphatic vessels. Afferent lymphatic vessels bring lymph into the lymph node. Efferent lymphatic vessel is where lymph is drained from the hilum. Medulla (inner), white blood cells, macrophages are stored in a central area of the node Cortex (outer), contains the B-cell areas, or follicles

Define the function of the spleen - what is red pulp? and white pulp?

The spleen functions to filter blood NOT lymph. White pulp consists of spherical clusters of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages, which surround a central artery. The remaining splenic tissues is called red pulp which contains erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages, and B-lymphocytes. The cells in red pulp are housed in reticular connective tissue and form structures called splenic cords.

Why is an inflamed area hot and red?

There is an increased blood flow to the area.

Define the role of the T cells (compare cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells)

White blood cell that tailors the body's immune response to specific pathogens, search out and destroy targeted invaders

Define role of the B cell

a type of white blood cell, lymphocyte that mature B cells will produce antibodies, necessary to fight off infections, also mature into memory b cells for secondary immune (memory) response.

Which cell is responsible for "humoral" immunity?

b cells