EXAM 2
"Dollar Diplomacy" is associated primarily with the administration of A. William McKinley. B. William Howard Taft. C. Theodore Roosevelt. D. Woodrow Wilson. E. Warren Harding.
B
American labor unrest in 1919 saw A. the public generally support unions. B. a general strike in Seattle that brought the city to a standstill. C. a major steel strike resolved in favor of the workers. D. Governor Calvin Coolidge attract national acclaim for his support of labor. E. All these answers are correct.
B
16. The term "Boston marriage" refers to A. two women who lived together. B. an unmarried man and woman who lived together. C. the marriage of a woman who had become pregnant. D. a married man with a mistress. E. a marriage lasting less than two years.
A
As president, Woodrow Wilson A. more tightly consolidated executive power than had Theodore Roosevelt. B. preferred to delegate the details of policy-making to others. C. had no close advisors. D. looked to congressional Democrats to provide national leadership. E. exerted little control over his cabinet, who often disagreed with him.
A
During World War I, American ground troops A. saw combat that was relatively brief but intense. B. were assigned to serve under the command of foreign officers. C. were not available for battle in significant numbers until the fall of 1918. D. both saw combat that was relatively brief but insane, and were assigned to serve under the command of foreign officers. E. None of these answers is correct.
A
During World War I, extensive systems of trenches were used by both sides A. because the destructive power of weapons meant soldiers could not live in the open field. B. because they prevented tanks from reaching the soldiers' positions. C. because soldiers were safer from poisonous mustard gas closer to the ground. D. both because the destructive power of weapons meant soldiers could not live in the open field, and because they prevented tanks from reaching the soldiers' positions. E. None of these answers is correct.
A
During World War I, technologically-advanced submarines used engines powered by A. diesel. B. gasoline. C. steam. D. electricity. E. coal.
A
For western states during the progressive era, the major target for political reformers was A. the federal government. B. state governments. C. municipal governments. D. the judicial system. E. Chinese tongs.
A
In 1910, in Osawatomie, Kansas, Theodore Roosevelt announced a set of political principles that called for A. greater activism by the federal government. B. limiting the authority of President William H. Taft. C. an end to legal racial discrimination. D. equal pay for male and female workers who performed the same jobs. E. a return to the laissez-faire policies of his two administrations.
A
In his dealings with Pancho Villa, President Woodrow Wilson A. ordered a military expedition into Mexico to capture Villa. B. saw American troops capture Villa and bring him to the United States. C. eventually released Villa in order to smooth relations with the Carranza government. D. both ordered a military expedition into Mexico to capture Villa, and eventually released Villa in order to smooth relations with the Carranza government. E. All these answers are correct.
A
In the election of 1908, William Howard Taft A. was hand-picked by Theodore Roosevelt to succeed him. B. narrowly defeated his opponent, William Jennings Bryan. C. was opposed by progressives and conservatives. D. had a public image very much like that of Theodore Roosevelt. E. decisively defeated his Republican opponent in the general election.
A
In the election of 1924, among the political parties, A. the Democratic Party was seriously divided. B. the Republican Party was seriously divided. C. the Progressive Party was seriously divided. D. both the Democratic Party and the Progressive Party were seriously divided. E. None of these answers is correct.
A
Marcus Garvey A. encouraged African Americans to reject assimilation into white society. B. argued that America, not Africa, was now the blacks' true home. C. urged African Americans to move out of the South. D. called on African Americans to reject capitalism. E. saw his movement and influence decline in the early 1920s.
A
On the eve of the Great War, the chief rivalry in Europe was between A. Germany and Great Britain. B. Austro-Hungary and Russia. C. Germany and France. D. France and Russia. E. France and Great Britain.
A
Prior to the United States' construction of the Panama Canal, A. the French had failed to build a channel at the same site. B. the United States had failed to build a canal across Nicaragua. C. the British had failed to build a canal across Costa Rica. D. the Germans had failed to build a canal at the same site. E. no country had attempted to build a canal connecting the Atlantic with the Pacific.
A
Prior to the adoption of the secret ballot, voter ballots were printed and distributed by A. the political parties. B. the federal government. C. private contractors. D. state governments. E. philanthropic organizations.
A
The 1916 Keating-Owen Act was the first federal law regulating A. child labor. B. industrial safety. C. tenant agriculture. D. the garment industry. E. information about contraceptives.
A
During World War I, the Council of National Defense (CND) eventually organized the national economy by A. geographic regions. B. specific economic sectors. C. the individual needs of each branch of the military. D. local communities. E. time zone.
B
During the 1920s, Thomas Hunt Morgan was one of the American pioneers in A. analog computers. B. genetic research. C. automation. D. robotics. E. relativistic physics.
B
During the 1920s, all of the following immigrant groups were increasing their presence in the labor force in the West and Southwest EXCEPT the A. Filipinos. B. Chinese. C. Japanese. D. Mexicans. E. Issei.
B
During the 1920s, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters A. was formed by the American Federation of Labor. B. was one of the few unions led by African Americans. C. organized against sleeping car manufacturer A. Philip Randolph. D. was one of the few unions led by African Americans, and it was formed by the American Federation of Labor. E. None of these answers is correct.
B
During the 1920s, the greatest sustained support for the Eighteenth Amendment came from A. middle-class progressives. B. rural Protestants. C. urban workers. D. immigrants. E. Catholics.
B
During the Harding administration, the Teapot Dome scandal involved A. the illegal sale of timber rights. B. transfers of national oil reserves. C. graft in federal construction contracts. D. political blackmail. E. the secret sale of armaments to Nicaragua.
B
During the last eighteen months of Woodrow Wilson's presidency, A. his mental health was stable but his physical health was very poor. B. he was essentially an invalid. C. there was growing public sentiment for Wilson to step down from power. D. his vice president, Thomas Marshall, essentially ran the White House. E. he became more pragmatic and willing to compromise.
B
President Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points" included A. a ban on the production of armaments. B. an end to secret treaties. C. an international agreement to "outlaw war." D. the division of postwar Germany into two countries. E. recognition of independence for all imperial colonies.
B
President Woodrow Wilson's request to Congress for a declaration of war A. was passed without a dissenting vote. B. was nearly voted down in the Senate. C. came before Germany took any military action against the United States. D. took place two weeks after German submarines had torpedoed three Americans ships. E. was supported by Republicans but opposed by most in Wilson's own party.
B
During the 1920s, wages for American workers A. generally enabled a working-class family to thrive on a single income. B. rose most quickly for unskilled workers. C. generally ran well below the growth of the economy as a whole. D. equaled or exceeded the rate of production growth. E. generally decreased as the labor market became tighter.
C
During the 1920s, when $1,800 was considered the minimum annual income for a decent standard of living, the average annual income of a worker was approximately ________. A. $700 B. $1,100 C. $1,500 D. $1,900 E. $2,400
C
During the progressive era, one of the first targets for political reformers was A. Congress. B. state governments. C. municipal governments. D. the judicial system. E. the federal bureaucracy.
C
During the progressive era, supporters of woman suffrage argued that female voters A. would end future political scandals. B. would ensure fair elections. C. deserved the vote because of their unique traits as women. D. were unlikely ever to vote for a woman running for national office. E. would help to defeat the growing movement for temperance.
C
In order to secure control of the Panama Canal zone, the United States A. carried out the overthrow of the president of Panama. B. organized a trade embargo against Colombia. C. assisted a revolution in Panama. D. purchased the land for the canal from Colombia. E. surrounded the canal site with a "Great White Fleet."
C
In the 1920s, "behavioral" psychologists argued A. maternal affection was sufficient for successful child-rearing. B. mothers who sent their children to nursery school and kindergarten hurt their development. C. mothers should rely on trained experts for advice in raising children. D. women had an instinctive capacity for being mothers. E. midwives rather than doctors should aid in childbirth, for the emotional health of the child.
C
Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 A. marked the beginning of a new era in progressive reform. B. outlawed the production, sale, and consumption of alcohol. C. gave women the right to vote. D. required the direct election of senators. E. disallowed Woodrow Wilson from running for a third term.
C
In 1914-1915, the United States responded to a British naval blockade of Germany by A. ending trade with all of Europe to maintain its neutrality. B. ending trade with Great Britain to pressure it to lift the blockade. C. defying the blockade and continuing to trade with Germany. D. ending trade with Germany but continuing it with Great Britain. E. rerouting all trade with Germany through the Mediterranean.
D
In 1919, President Woodrow Wilson believed the Paris peace conference treaty A. should have placed large reparations on the defeated Central Powers. B. agreed with most of his Fourteen Points. C. had ended colonialism. D. was a success because of the acceptance of the League of Nations. E. was a complete and utter failure.
D
In World War I, the American Expeditionary Force was commanded by A. George Marshall. B. Arthur MacArthur. C. George Patton. D. John Pershing. E. Leonard Wood.
D
In the early twentieth century, the United States' actions toward Mexico included A. encouraging an overthrow of the Madero government. B. a refusal to formally recognize the Huerta government. C. sending an American expeditionary force across the border into Mexico. D. both encouraging an overthrow of the Madero government and refusing to formally recognize the Huerta government. E. All these answers are correct.
D
In the presidential campaign of 1912, A. President William H. Taft won all of the Republican presidential primaries. B. President William H. Taft won re-nomination after a bitter fight at the convention. C. Theodore Roosevelt eventually threw his support behind Woodrow Wilson. D. Theodore Roosevelt ultimately ran on a third-party ticket. E. Theodore Roosevelt was the candidate of choice for Old Guard conservatives.
D
During the Red Scare of 1919, Attorney General Mitchell Palmer A. oversaw the deportation of 6,000 people. B. founded the Federal Bureau of Investigation. C. argued for moderation and a cooling-off period. D. argued for moderation and a cooling-off period, but at the same time oversaw the deportation of 6,000 people. E. None of these answers is correct.
E
During the progressive era, significant voting rights for women were first won in A. the mid-Atlantic states. B. the South. C. New England. D. the Midwest. E. the Far West.
E
During the progressive era, the "new woman" was a product of A. a lower birth rate. B. the movement to work outside the home. C. increased schooling for children. D. higher levels of education. E. All these answers are correct.
E
In 1912, Theodore Roosevelt ran for president, in part, because A. the 1910 elections seemed to illustrate that progressivism was on the wane. B. he was concerned that Robert La Follette was likely to win if Roosevelt did oppose him. C. President William H. Taft announced he would not seek reelection. D. many conservative Republicans asked him to seek the nomination of the party. E. the Taft administration implied Roosevelt had acted improperly as president.
E
In 1914, President Woodrow Wilson A. supported the woman suffrage movement. B. opposed racial segregation in federal agencies. C. broke with southern Democrats in Congress. D. both supported the woman suffrage movement and opposed racial segregation in federal agencies. E. None of these answers is correct.
E
In 1918, President Wilson's "Fourteen Points" received significant political support from A. the British government. B. the United States Senate. C. the French government. D. both the British and French governments. E. None of these answers is correct.
E
In 1918, President Woodrow Wilson antagonized many Republicans A. when he pushed for the election of Democrats to Congress. B. when he refused to put prominent Republicans on the peace conference negotiating team. C. when he tied support of his peace plans to the midterm elections. D. both when he tied support of his peace plans to the midterm elections and when he pushed for the election of Democrats to Congress. E. All these answers are correct.
E
In 1918, the National War Labor Board did NOT give American workers A. an eight-hour work day. B. equal pay to women for equal work. C. collective bargaining rights. D. maintenance of minimal living standards. E. recognition of the right to strike.
E
In 1919, the Red Scare in the United States A. led to government raids that uncovered large caches of weapons. B. saw more than 6,000 people deported from the country. C. saw the arrest of several major government figures. D. was generally opposed by universities and other academic institutions. E. was partly motivated by a series of bombings.
E
In 1920, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti A. admitted they were anarchists. B. were convicted of murder. C. drew widespread support from the public. D. both admitted they were anarchists and drew widespread support from the public. E. All these answers are correct.
E
In the United States after it entered World War I, A. most German Americans supported the American war effort. B. German books were removed from many schools and libraries. C. the playing of German music was banned in many communities. D. sauerkraut was renamed "liberty cabbage." E. All these answers are correct.
E
In the early twentieth century, the theory of eugenics A. contended that inequalities between humans were rooted in education. B. aimed to subvert and oppose the rising tide of nativism. C. were exposed by a federal commission as a fraudulent science. D. asserted that the root of many urban problems was overcrowded cities. E. supported the restriction of immigration by nationality.
E
In the election of 1916, supporters of Woodrow Wilson A. helped the president easily beat his Republican opponent. B. called his Republican opponent a pacifist who would not act to save England. C. felt betrayed when the president stated that the nation's entrance into the war was inevitable. D. were anxious for the president to declare war before election day. E. claimed his Republican opponent would lead the nation into war.
E
In the years prior to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, A. a large majority of states gave some voting rights to women. B. many states gave full voting rights to women. C. New York, Michigan, Illinois, and California all granted women the right to vote. D. a large majority of states gave some voting rights to women, including New York, Michigan, Illinois, and California. E. All these answers are correct.
E
President Theodore Roosevelt's policies regarding Asia were intended to A. favor Japan. B. favor Russia. C. favor China. D. secure American dominance there. E. prevent any single rival nation from being dominant.
E
Regarding the Treaty of Versailles, the United States Senate decided in 1919 to A. ratify it without change. B. ratify it after Democrats accepted the Republican "reservations." C. ratify it with the change that the United States would not join the League of Nations. D. ratify it only after Article X was struck from the treaty. E. not ratify it.
E
Regarding the immigrant population in the United States, progressive reformers A. supported limiting the number of new arrivals. B. favored quickly assimilating new arrivals into American society. C. argued that the growing immigration population had created social problems. D. both supported limiting the number of new arrivals, and argued that the growing immigration population had created social problems. E. All these answers are correct.
E
The 1912 presidential election was an ideological contest between A. conservatives and reformers. B. different types of progressivism. C. the "New Freedom" and the "New Nationalism." D. both different types of progressivism, and the "New Freedom" 'and "New Nationalism." E. All these answers are correct.
E
The Federal Trade Commission Act A. defined the standard for "unfair trade practices." B. helped businesses increase their trade markets. C. failed to give the government new powers to investigate corporate behavior. D. encouraged industries to write basic "codes" governing prices, hours, and wages across the board. E. created an agency to determine whether business practices were acceptable to the government.
E
Which statement regarding the controversy over the Hetch Hetchy Valley is FALSE? A. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. B. The fight against the dam helped mobilize a new coalition of preservationists. C. In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. D. John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy. E. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy.
E
A great worry for industrialists during the 1920s was the fear of A. the overproduction of goods. B. a shortage in the number of skilled workers. C. the rising bargaining power of labor unions. D. a shortage of consumer credit. E. inflation.
A
As president, Warren Harding A. never abandoned the party hacks who had brought him to success. B. sought a revival of progressive reform. C. proposed the United States join the League of Nations. D. saw his administration end with his defeat for reelection in 1924. E. had no sense of his own intellectual limits.
A
As secretary of commerce, Herbert Hoover considered himself A. a champion of business cooperation. B. a believer in passive government. C. a paragon of conservative America. D. an internationalist in the tradition of Woodrow Wilson. E. an enemy of wealth and privilege.
A
Between 1914 and 1919, the temperance movement A. gained momentum as a result of World War I. B. was opposed by most conservative Christians. C. saw the Women's Christian Temperance Union peak at 125,000 members. D. resulted in the unanimous passage by states of the Eighteenth Amendment. E. gained the support of most Catholic immigrants.
A
During the 1920s, the trend toward industrial consolidation A. was most pronounced in the large-scale, mass-production sector. B. was slowing considerably throughout the decade. C. encouraged new competition. D. was most rapid in industries less dependent on technology. E. bypassed the steel and automobile industries.
A
During the early twentieth century, the Industrial Workers of the World A. advocated a single union for all workers. B. was dominated by anarchists. C. emphasized education for the working class. D. rejected the economic principles of both capitalism and Marxism. E. was a more violent organization than the public recognized at the time.
A
During the progressive era, political "interest groups" A. rose to replace the declining power centers of the parties. B. were attacked by progressive reformers. C. gradually became less powerful as time went on. D. were attacked by progressive reformers and gradually became less powerful as time went on. E. All these answers are correct.
A
During the progressive era, the women's club movement A. had a national organization to coordinate club activities. B. consistently avoided controversial social reforms. C. became increasingly concerned with cultural activities. D. both had a national organization to coordinate club activities, and became increasingly concerned with cultural activities. E. None of these answers is correct.
A
In 1901, one of the first professions to organize on a national level was in the field of A. medicine. B. business. C. education. D. agriculture. E. law.
A
In the workplace, the "open shop" meant A. no worker was required to join a union. B. skilled workers were required to join a craft union. C. labor unions had the right to organize that particular industry. D. workers had no right to join a union. E. workers would be allowed to come and go as they pleased.
A
The "flapper" lifestyle in the 1920s A. had a particular impact on lower middle-class and single women. B. was largely reserved for upper-class women. C. was largely rejected by upper-class women. D. was simply a clothing fad. E. was applauded by most progressive suffragists.
A
A growing interest in birth control among middle-class women in the 1920s resulted from A. the desire to delay childbirth to pursue a career outside of the home. B. the attitude that sexual activity should not be for procreation only. C. the desire to maintain a rigid, Victorian female "respectability." D. both the desire to delay childbirth to pursue a career outside of the home, and the attitude that sexual activity should not be for procreation only. E. All these answers are correct.
B
Artists and intellectuals in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s A. sought to create civil disobedience to further racial justice. B. drew heavily from their African heritage. C. included writers Edna Ferber and Ezra Pound. D. both drew heavily from their African heritage and included writers Edna Ferber and Ezra Pound. E. None of these answers is correct.
B
As a result of the Scopes trial of 1925, A. John Scopes was found innocent. B. fundamentalists reduced their participation in political activism. C. the conflict between fundamentalists and modernists subsided. D. anti-evolution laws were repealed in most other states. E. William Jennings Bryan decided to run one more time for president.
B
During the progressive era, important vehicles for social reform included A. the American Federation of Labor. B. New York's Tammany Hall. C. the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. D. both New York's Tammany Hall and the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. E. None of these answers is correct.
B
During the progressive era, reformers of city government frequently tried to A. require city council members to run by district rather than at-large. B. hire professionally trained business managers or engineers as city managers. C. make all city government positions appointive. D. strengthen the power of city councils at the expense of mayors. E. move city elections to presidential years in order to increase turnout.
B
During the progressive era, the Socialist Party of America A. grew weaker. B. grew stronger. C. renamed itself the Progressive Party. D. virtually disappeared. E. continued as it had in the past.
B
Regarding his political ideology, Theodore Roosevelt was A. a strong isolationist. B. in many respects, decidedly conservative. C. a champion of government-controlled economy. D. an opponent of environmental preservation. E. a fervent advocate for the rights of labor.
B
Regarding organizing the professions during the progressive era, A. most professions attempted to expand the ranks of Americans in their fields. B. by 1916 all states had established professional bar associations. C. the medical field remained largely unorganized. D. there was little organized activity in rural America. E. state and local governments generally impeded attempts to professionalize.
B
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the "Social Gospel" was A. a reform movement guided by the American Catholic Church. B. first described by Andrew Carnegie. C. an effort to make religious faith a tool of social reform. D. intended to offer spiritual, not material, assistance to the poor. E. a belief that God had chosen the rich to be rich and the poor to be poor.
C
Which of the following statements regarding Al Smith is NOT true? A. He was governor of New York. B. He was supported by urban Democrats. C. He lost the 1924 nomination to William McAdoo. D. He was an Irish Catholic. E. He won the 1928 Democratic nomination.
C
In his 1925 novel, The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald A. glorified wealthy Americans as examples of the "success ethic." B. ridiculed the hypocritical behavior of some in evangelical religion. C. satirized the inequalities in American politics. D. criticized the American obsession with material wealth. E. dramatized the plight of Midwestern farmers.
D
In the 1902 strike by the United Mine Workers, President Theodore Roosevelt A. sided with the miners. B. sided with the mine owners. C. ordered in federal troops to keep the peace. D. ordered federal arbitration. E. ordered in federal troops to break the strike.
D
In the aftermath of the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist fire in New York City, A. New York state banned factories from employing women under the age of sixteen. B. factories taller than ten stories could only use the upper floors as storage of materials. C. few true reforms of industry were made. D. strict regulations were imposed on factory owners. E. Tammany Democrats attempted to thwart the New York state commission examining the fire.
D
Most American industrial workers during the 1920s experienced all of the following EXCEPT A. a rise in their standard of living. B. income levels at the "minimum comfort level." C. little control over their economic interests. D. few opportunities to join a company union. E. employers trying to keep their labor costs low.
D
When it came to environmental issues, Theodore Roosevelt A. helped establish the federal government's role in managing the nation's wilderness. B. was the first American president to take an active interest in environmental conservation. C. restricted private development on millions of acres of undeveloped government land. D. both was the first American president to take an active interest in environmental conservation and helped establish the federal government's role in managing the nation's wilderness. E. All these answers are correct.
D
During the 1920s, as a result of the Eighteenth Amendment, A. there was a substantial reduction in the consumption of alcohol. B. there was considerable violation of the laws banning the consumption of alcohol. C. organized crime gained exclusive access to an enormous, lucrative agency. D. there was both a substantial reduction in the consumption of alcohol and considerable violation of the laws banning the consumption of alcohol. E. All these answers are correct.
E
During the 1920s, birth control in the United States A. was limited to physical methods such as abstinence and withdrawal. B. included legal abortion in most states. C. was strongly opposed by moralists such as Margaret Sanger. D. was among the major causes of poverty and distress in poor communities. E. was illegal in many states.
E
During the 1920s, products that grew dramatically in use in the United States included A. synthetic fibers. B. plastics. C. home appliances. D. electronics. E. All these answers are correct.
E
During the 1920s, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) A. decided to shift away from craft unions. B. created a partner organization, the Congress of Industrial Organizations. C. used strikes in an attempt to organize unskilled workers. D. became more radical after the death of Samuel Gompers. E. believed workers should be organized on the basis of skills.
E
In the 1920s, the "noble experiment" referred to A. the equal rights amendment for women. B. laws to restrict child labor. C. political isolationism. D. female suffrage. E. the prohibition of alcohol.
E
In the 1920s, the development of practical radio communication was furthered by A. the theory of modulation. B. the use of vacuum tubes. C. enthusiasts who built their own sets at home. D. both the theory of modulation and the use of vacuum tubes. E. All these answers are correct
E
The term "muckrakers" referred to A. western progressives. B. Social Darwinists. C. socialists. D. critics of imperialism. E. journalists.
E
To Herbert Hoover, "associationalism" meant A. states and the federal government working together to restrain business. B. Congress and the president working together on economic legislation. C. the formation of federal boards to oversee various aspects of industry. D. businesses being run by a governing board of management and labor representatives. E. the creation of national organizations of businessmen in particular industries.
E
Al Smith lost the 1928 presidential election, in part, because A. he failed to carry the South. B. of a financial scandal within his campaign. C. of his close connections to the oil industry. D. he both failed to carry the South and maintained close connections to the oil industry. E. All these answers are correct.
A
All of the following figures were at the Paris peace conference in 1919, EXCEPT A. Alexander Kerensky of Russia. B. George Clemenceau of France. C. David Lloyd George of Great Britain. D. Vittorio Orlando of Italy. E. Woodrow Wilson of the United States.
A
As a result of the service of African American soldiers in World War I, A. activism by blacks for their rights increased. B. public attitudes on race were significantly altered. C. the country saw a general improvement in race relations. D. the federal government integrated the armed forces. E. northern black factory workers were able to keep their jobs when white veterans returned.
A
In 1913, to offset the loss of revenues from other legislation, Congress A. passed a graduated income tax. B. decided to inflate the currency. C. increased business regulatory fees. D. raised the tariff on agricultural goods. E. passed heavy excise taxes on alcohol and tobacco.
A
In 1914, when war erupted in Europe, President Woodrow Wilson A. called on the American public to be completely impartial. B. expressed sympathy for Germany. C. declared that the "Triple Alliance" must be defeated. D. held secret diplomatic meetings with Great Britain. E. brokered separate peace treaties with both sides of the conflict.
A
In 1919, the racial climate in the United States A. worsened in both the North and South. B. worsened in the South but not in the North. C. improved in both the North and South. D. improved in the North but not in the South. E. generally stayed the same as it had been before the war.
A
In January 1917, President Woodrow Wilson, in a speech before Congress, A. suggested the creation of the a league of nations in the postwar period. B. insisted that the nation's financial interests had to be protected from a German victory. C. asked for a declaration of war against Germany. D. said Britain and France could not win the war without the United States. E. argued that entering the war would be a tragic mistake under any circumstances.
A
In March 1917, the United States moved closer to entering the Great War when A. the czarist government of Russia was overthrown. B. the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia. C. Russia asked the Allies to call for an armistice. D. a German offensive threatened to capture Moscow. E. Russia and Germany negotiated a separate peace.
A
The Federal Reserve Act A. created a new type of paper currency. B. helped to reduce loans to private banks. C. was designed to push troubled banks out of business. D. was regulated by a board whose members were elected by Congress. E. created sixteen regional banks.
A
The National Origins Act of 1924 A. entirely banned immigration from East Asia to the United States. B. discriminated against northwestern Europeans. C. was designed to alter the sources but not the overall number of immigrants. D. included a quota system for the first time. E. set a rigid limit of 150,000 immigrants a year.
A
The Women's Christian Temperance Union A. was, at one time, the largest women's organization in American history. B. called for an end to saloons, not for a full prohibition on alcoholic beverages. C. was later replaced by the Anti-Saloon League. D. was headed by a male president. E. was founded during the progressive era.
A
The election of 1920 saw A. voters turn away from idealism and toward "normalcy." B. Warren G. Harding narrowly defeat Al Smith. C. the Democratic Party distance itself from the politics of Woodrow Wilson. D. Republicans maintain their two decades of control of the White House. E. Franklin D. Roosevelt serve as vice president on the Republican ticket.
A
The first director of the National Forest Service was A. Gifford Pinchot. B. William Howard Taft. C. John Muir. D. Richard Ballinger. E. Louis Glavis.
A
Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge were similar in A. their passive approach to the presidency. B. ethics. C. their personalities. D. both their personalities and their passive approach to the presidency. E. None of these answers is correct.
A
When President Woodrow Wilson presented the Treaty of Versailles to the Senate, A. the American public clearly supported its ratification. B. most so-called "irreconcilable" senators favored it in principle. C. he was willing to compromise on the language of the treaty but not its major points. D. he found a close ally in Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairman, Henry Cabot Lodge. E. he refused to appeal to the public, believing the treaty should stand on its merits alone.
A
While progressivism has many meanings, it tended to be based on the central assumption that A. American society was capable of improvement. B. Social Darwinism could create social order and stability. C. urbanization was harmful to the United States. D. the laissez-faire philosophy should be embraced in American politics. E. individual rights should be expanded as widely as possible.
A
World War I hurt the socialist movement in the United States A. because the war generated anti-radical feelings in the country. B. because the Socialist Party supported Germany. C. because the Socialist Party had dynamited key railroad lines to prevent troop movement. D. both because the war generated anti-radical feelings in the country, and because the Socialist Party supported Germany. E. All these answers are correct.
A
As a result of the sinking of the British passenger liner Lusitania, A. the United States declared war on Germany. B. Germany pledged to the United States it would not repeat such an action. C. President Wilson prohibited Americans from traveling to Europe. D. Great Britain began an intensive campaign to build a submarine fleet. E. the United States began leasing its submarines to Great Britain.
B
As an environmental conservationist, President Theodore Roosevelt A. opposed hunting on all federal lands. B. added extensive areas of land to the national forest system. C. opposed new dam construction on major rivers. D. opposed the growing preservationist movement as impractical. E. All these answers are correct.
B
As the United States entered World War I, A. President Woodrow Wilson declared U.S. ground troops would not be used. B. Britain and France had few reserves of combat-age men. C. Russia decided to re-enter the war. D. Germany made plans to surrender. E. Germany was threatening an invasion of Great Britain.
B
At the turn of the twentieth century, Lincoln Steffens wrote extensively of the need to reform A. the "yellow press." B. urban politics. C. the railroad corporations. D. the meatpacking industry. E. the federal bureaucracy.
B
During President Woodrow Wilson's first term, Colonel Edward House A. was secretary of state. B. was one of Wilson's closest advisors. C. became the locus of opposition to Wilson in the cabinet. D. was both secretary of state and one of Wilson's closest advisors. E. All these answers are correct.
B
During World War I, airplanes were used for all the following EXCEPT A. bombing the enemy. B. transporting troops. C. attacking other aircraft. D. reconnaissance. E. "dogfighting."
B
During the progressive era, the power of the political parties A. declined, while voter turnout increased. B. declined, as did voter turnout. C. increased, as did voter turnout. D. increased, while voter turnout declined. E. stayed basically the same, as did voter turnout.
B
In 1909, a controversy involving Richard Ballinger and Gifford Pinchot saw A. President William H. Taft fire Ballinger due to a conflict of interest. B. President William H. Taft fire Pinchot for insubordination. C. conservative Republicans turn against President Taft. D. progressives come to oppose Pinchot. E. former supporters of Roosevelt rally behind Taft.
B
In his political program known as the "New Freedom," Woodrow Wilson believed trusts A. needed to be tightly regulated by the federal government. B. should be destroyed. C. should exist only if they benefited the middle class. D. should have the right to expand. E. should exist only if they recognized labor's right to organize.
B
In regards to divorce in the United States during the progressive era, by 1916 A. the majority of divorces were initiated by men. B. more than ten percent of all marriages ended in divorce. C. the rate of divorce rate declined. D. nearly all states did not allow divorce. E. women began gaining the right to divorce in many states.
B
In the 1920s, "welfare capitalism" A. encouraged employees to form single-industry labor unions. B. was a paternalistic approach used by corporate leaders on their workers. C. gave workers a measure of control over their industry. D. required corporations to provide some relief for unemployed workers. E. forced workers to donate much of their salaries to the less fortunate.
B
In the 1920s, the idea of agricultural "parity" was A. to match crop production with demand. B. to ensure farmers would at least financially break even. C. strongly opposed by Congress. D. to equalize the average farmer income with the average industrial worker income. E. invalidated by the passage of the McNary-Haugen Bill.
B
In the United States during World War I, the Committee on Public Information (CPI) A. established strict rules of censorship for journalists reporting on the war. B. became increasingly sensationalist in its information campaign. C. criticized the federal government's reporting of the war. D. was led by a panel of American military officers. E. became a haven for pacifists and conscientious objectors.
B
The Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921 A. promoted the establishment of daycare centers for the children of working women. B. provided federal funds for child health-care programs. C. was criticized for its promotion of birth control. D. was promoted by the American Medical Association. E. was promoted by the National Women's Party.
B
The recall and direct primary were progressive era political reforms designed to weaken A. the federal government. B. political parties. C. state governors. D. state legislatures. E. the courts.
B
The so-called Zimmerman telegram A. was intercepted by agents working for the United States. B. included a proposal for the return of the American Southwest to Mexico. C. helped weaken public support in the United States for war. D. revealed plans by Germany to expand the use of its submarine fleet. E. revealed that Germans were attempting to foment a race riot in the American South.
B
The temperance crusade A. first began to take shape during the progressive era. B. was supported by most business employers. C. sought to curb prostitution. D. found its greatest support among immigrants. E. was wholeheartedly supported by urban political machines.
B
Thorstein Veblen argued that A. only the wealthy leisure class had adequate time and money to help the needy. B. modern societies should rely on a handful of experts to solve their social problems. C. true social reform would only occur if the nation's wealth were redistributed. D. the leaders of corporations were the natural choice to create social reform. E. the philanthropy of industrial tycoons had subverted the natural workings of society.
B
When he assumed the presidency in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt A. had no previous political experience. B. was the youngest American ever to hold that office. C. had little faith in the power of public opinion. D. both was the youngest American ever to hold that office and had no previous political experience. E. None of these answers is correct.
B
After the elections of 1914, President Woodrow Wilson A. held steady to his existing course of action. B. moved away from progressivism. C. began another round of progressive legislation. D. encouraged the United States to enter the war in Europe. E. refused to nominate any progressives to the Supreme Court.
C
Alice Paul and the National Women's Party A. believed the Nineteenth Amendment would be sufficient to protect women's rights. B. argued that some discrimination on the basis of sex, such as protective legislation, was worthy. C. enjoyed the support of all the most important leaders of the suffrage crusade. D. both argued that some discrimination on the basis of sex, such as protective legislation, was worthy and enjoyed the support of all the most important leaders of the suffrage crusade. E. None of these answers is correct.
C
American casualties in World War I were A. numbered at approximately 350,000. B. numbered at approximately 60,000. C. as likely to be from disease as from combat. D. very low in all battles that U.S. troops participated in. E. comparable in number to those of the European powers.
C
At the turn of the twentieth century, leaders in the settlement house movement tended to be A. first-generation immigrants. B. from the lower class. C. female. D. Catholic. E. uneducated.
C
At the turn of the twentieth century, progressive activists A. believed that organizations stunted individual growth and stifled creativity. B. asserted that it was the right of individuals to act as they chose. C. held a strong commitment to improving racial justice. D. believed in the transformational power of enlightened public opinion. E. believed that people's character was hardwired at birth.
C
By the fall of 1914, President Woodrow Wilson A. decided to expand his progressive reform efforts. B. concluded he could not achieve meaningful reform of the economy. C. believed his reform program had largely been accomplished. D. had succeeded in breaking up most business trusts. E. had created the mechanisms for a vigorous legal pursuit of monopoly.
C
By the fall of 1915, President Woodrow Wilson A. stated that the United States was likely to enter the war within a year. B. ordered American troops to staging camps in England. C. had come to support a rapid increase of the nation's armed forces. D. was firmly rooted with the peace faction of the Democratic Party. E. sent Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan to broker a peace settlement.
C
During Theodore Roosevelt's first three years as president, A. he was a champion of labor unions. B. he made the breaking up of business combinations his highest priority. C. he desired to win for government the power to investigate corporate activities. D. his primary accomplishment was to reform the meatpacking industry. E. he deeply antagonized the conservative Old Guard wing of his party.
C
During World War I, the United States military role in Europe A. saw American soldiers engage solely in light skirmishes. B. saw U.S. forces carry the fighting into Germany. C. lasted only a few months but saw heavy American casualties. D. saw American combat troops kept separate from Allied forces. E. took place mostly in Belgium and the Netherlands.
C
During World War I, the War Industries Board (WIB) A. was seen as a model for rational organization when led by Herbert Hoover. B. was plagued by mismanagement and inefficiencies under Bernard Baruch. C. coordinated government purchases of military supplies. D. saw itself as an adversary of individual businesses. E. All these answers are correct.
C
During the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan A. was largely centered in the South. B. was focused on intimidating African Americans. C. opposed the existing diversity of American society. D. officially renounced the use of violence. E. was a male-only organization.
C
During the 1920s, the National Woman's Party campaigned primarily for the A. Nineteenth Amendment. B. Prohibition Amendment. C. Equal Rights Amendment. D. Balanced Budget Amendment. E. Disarmament Amendment.
C
Regarding women and the professions during the progressive era, A. almost no women were able to have professional careers. B. the majority of professional women were nurses. C. social work was generally thought to be an appropriate career for women. D. educated black women were barred from all professional opportunities. E. women were forced out of nursing as the occupation gained distinction.
C
The 1913 Underwood-Simmons Tariff A. represented a political setback for President Wilson. B. reduced foreign competition in the United States' domestic markets. C. was intended to weaken the power of business trusts. D. passed despite opposition from congressional Democrats. E. raised tariff rates to a new high.
C
The Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909 A. fulfilled a campaign promise President William H. Taft had made to Theodore Roosevelt. B. sharply lowered tariffs. C. resulted in President William H. Taft losing favor with progressives. D. resulted in a sudden decline in the national economy. E. was passed only after Taft pressured the congressional Old Guard to support the bill.
C
The Sierra Club was founded by A. Gifford Pinchot. B. Theodore Roosevelt. C. John Muir. D. Richard Ballinger. E. Louis Glavis.
C
The Supreme Court, in two rulings related to the 1916 Keating-Owen Act, A. demonstrated its support for President Wilson's political agenda. B. validated an expansion of congressional authority. C. struck down reform legislation. D. displayed support for using federal authority to create social change. E. illustrated how quickly Justice Louis Brandeis had changed the Court.
C
The United States Selective Service Act A. was enacted during the last months of World War I. B. gave the government, for the first time, the authority to draft citizens for military duty. C. was supported by President Woodrow Wilson. D. drafted far fewer men than those who volunteered for military duty. E. brought nearly 300,000 men into the army.
C
The agricultural economy of the United States during the 1920s saw A. a large decrease in the area of cultivated land. B. demand for farm goods rise faster than production. C. a sharp decline in farmers' incomes. D. farmers oppose using hybrid plants and chemical fertilizers. E. the need for a larger labor supply.
C
The most prominent exponent of black nationalism following World War I was A. Claude McKay. B. Booker T. Washington. C. Marcus Garvey. D. W. E. B. Du Bois. E. Malcolm X.
C
Theodore Roosevelt did not run for another term as president in 1908 because A. the Constitution prevented him from doing so. B. he had lost much of his public popularity. C. in 1904 he had promised not to run again. D. he was denied the nomination of his party. E. he felt he had accomplished everything he wanted to do as president.
C
When Theodore Roosevelt assumed the presidency in 1901, A. he was relatively unknown within the Republican Party. B. Republican leaders were confident they could control him. C. he became a champion of immediate, radical change.
C
President Theodore Roosevelt defined "civilized" and "uncivilized" nations on the basis of A. race. B. naval power. C. economic development. D. both race and economic development. E. All these answers are correct.
D
A major reform of American banking was achieved in 1913 with passage of the A. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. B. Economy Act. C. Federal Securities Act. D. Federal Reserve Act. E. Currency Act.
D
As part of his Asian diplomacy, President Theodore Roosevelt A. signed a secret agreement with Japan to ensure continued American trade in Asia. B. sent a fleet of battleships to Japan as a show of American military power. C. extracted from Russia a recognition of Japan's territorial gains in the Russo-Japanese War. D. both signed a secret agreement with Japan to ensure continued American trade in Asia, and sent a fleet of battleships to Japan as a show of American military power. E. All these answers are correct.
D
During World War I, the new technology of warfare A. created logistical problems that slowed many offensives. B. allowed the attack of the enemy without direct combat. C. were largely responsible for the appalling level of casualties. D. both created logistical problems that slowed many offensives, and allowed the attack of the enemy without direct combat. E. All these answers are correct.
D
During the progressive era, W. E. B. Du Bois asserted all the following EXCEPT that A. Booker T. Washington's ideas were unnecessarily limiting to blacks. B. talented blacks should accept nothing less than a full university education. C. blacks should fight for immediate civil rights. D. the principal tool for gaining civil rights was to elect blacks to public office. E. blacks should aspire to the professions.
D
During the progressive era, the acknowledged leader of American socialism was A. Lincoln Steffens. B. William Haywood. C. Florence Kelley. D. Eugene V. Debs. E. A. Mitchell Palmer.
D
Immediately following World War I, the American economy A. saw prices plunge. B. fell into a protracted recession. C. was marked by a continuing labor shortage. D. boomed for many months. E. fell into a deflationary spiral.
D
In 1904, Ida Tarbell published a highly critical study of A. the Carnegie Steel Company. B. child industrial labor. C. urban "boss rule." D. the Standard Oil trust. E. Congress.
D
In 1914, the "Triple Entente" consisted of A. Italy, France, and Russia. B. Great Britain, France, and the United States. C. Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy. D. Great Britain, France, and Russia. E. Germany, Italy, and Japan.
D
The 1904 "Roosevelt Corollary" A. was invalidated by the Supreme Court during the Wilson administration. B. stated that neighboring countries had to adhere to U.S. policy in times of war. C. was created as a result of a military crisis in Cuba. D. stated that the U.S. had a right to intervene in the affairs of neighboring countries. E. stated that England and England alone was exempted from the Monroe Doctrine.
D
The Sabotage Act and the Sedition Act of 1918 A. eliminated jury trials for anyone charged under these laws. B. were most frequently directed at German Americans. C. were created after the Supreme Court invalidated the Espionage Act of 1917. D. made illegal any public expression opposing the war. E. were rarely if ever enforced by the Wilson administration.
D
The country that lost the greatest number of lives in World War I was A. Russia. B. Great Britain. C. France. D. Germany. E. Italy.
D
The diplomatic efforts by President Woodrow Wilson toward Latin America A. were decidedly non-expansionist. B. curtailed the use of the military as a tool of diplomacy. C. became known as the "good neighbor" policy. D. were similar to those of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. E. were the product of considerable interest and experience in international affairs.
D
The first commercial radio station to broadcast in the United States, in 1920, was in A. Cleveland. B. New York City. C. Philadelphia. D. Pittsburgh. E. Chicago.
D
The initiative and referendum were progressive-era political reforms designed to weaken the power of A. the federal government. B. political parties. C. state governors. D. state legislatures. E. the courts.
D
The settlement house movement of the early twentieth century helped spawn the profession of A. charitable foundations. B. community service. C. psychological therapy. D. social work. E. comparative sociology.
D
Throughout the 1920s, the federal government A. isolated itself from the business community. B. supported the right of workers to organize as unions. C. experienced a decrease in its budget yet an increase in its debt. D. saw leaders of business take prominent positions in the federal government. E. saw an increase in the budget and the national debt.
D
Throughout the 1920s, the performance of the United States economy A. saw ten straight years of continuous growth. B. struggled with a persistent high rate of inflation. C. saw per capita income flatten while manufacturing output soared. D. saw nearly uninterrupted prosperity coupled with severe inequalities. E. experienced a severe recession in 1923 that lasted two years.
D
Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel, The Jungle, encouraged the federal government to regulate the A. railroad industry. B. steel industry. C. housing industry. D. meatpacking industry. E. oil industry.
D
After the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-1905, A. relations between Japan and the Roosevelt administration steadily improved. B. President Roosevelt took no direct action against Japan. C. the Japanese military presence in the Pacific declined. D. the Russian government collapsed. E. President Roosevelt negotiated a secret free trade agreement with Russia.
E
All of the following legislation was passed during Theodore Roosevelt's administration EXCEPT A. the Meat Inspection Act. B. the Pure Food and Drug Act. C. the Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act. D. the National Reclamation Act. E. the Interstate Commerce Act.
E
All of the following were progressive reformers from western states EXCEPT A. William Borah. B. George Norris. C. Hiram Johnson. D. Robert La Follette. E. Alfred E. Smith.
E
As governor of Wisconsin, the progressive reformer Robert La Follette helped win approval for A. campaign finance reform. B. mandatory health insurance. C. a repeal of the income tax. D. employee profit sharing in large corporations. E. the direct primary, initiative, and referendum.
E
As president, William Howard Taft A. angered many conservatives with his activism. B. generally pleased progressives. C. managed to match Roosevelt's personal dynamism. D. angered many conservatives with his activism, but generally pleased progressives. E. None of these answers is correct.
E
As the United States entered World War I, its most immediate military effect was in A. western Europe. B. the Far East. C. north Africa. D. eastern Europe. E. the Atlantic Ocean.
E
At the turn of the twentieth century, the leaders of the settlement house movement A. eventually saw their ideas and institutions take hold in England. B. generally expressed moral disapproval of the behavior of immigrants. C. thought assimilation robbed immigrants of the best parts of their culture. D. were generally first-generation immigrants who helped second-generation immigrants. E. directed their attention at improving urban living conditions.
E
Calvin Coolidge A. claimed that Theodore Roosevelt was his political role model. B. believed the federal government should actively promote the social welfare of Americans. C. lost his party's bid for another nomination in the election of 1928. D. had no political experience prior to becoming vice president in 1920. E. was less active a president than Warren Harding.
E
During World War I, the United States government primarily financed the war through A. deficit spending and currency manipulation. B. foreign loans and the printing of new currency. C. private business and banking loans. D. currency inflation and the sale of gold reserves. E. public bond sales and new taxes.
E
During the 1920s, airplanes A. were used extensively for commercial travel. B. had no practical use. C. were used almost exclusively for military purposes. D. saw the development of the first experimental jet engines. E. were largely a source of entertainment.
E
In the 1912 presidential election, A. President William H. Taft came in last of the four major candidates. B. Theodore Roosevelt won the popular vote but lost the electoral college. C. Eugene Debs offered his electoral votes to Theodore Roosevelt. D. Theodore Roosevelt finished third in the popular vote. E. Woodrow Wilson won only a plurality of the popular vote.
E
In the 1912 presidential election, the Socialist Party candidate A. received nearly one million votes. B. attracted considerable support from urban immigrants. C. attracted considerable support from southern and midwestern Protestant farmers. D. attracted considerable support from both urban immigrants and southern and midwestern Protestant farmers. E. All these answers are correct.
E
In the 1920s bestseller, The Man Nobody Knows, Jesus Christ was portrayed as A. embodying Republican values. B. a 100% American. C. a capitalist. D. a prophet who would oppose consumerism. E. a salesman.
E
In the 1920s, Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon succeeded in A. cutting taxes on corporate profits and personal incomes. B. eliminating half of the federal debt. C. dramatically trimming the federal budget. D. both eliminating half of the federal debt, and dramatically trimming the federal budget. E. All these answers are correct.
E
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People A. was an exclusively black organization. B. was a competitor organization to the Niagara Movement. C. tried to defend Booker T. Washington's ideas from W. E. B. Du Bois's attacks. D. was both an exclusively black organization and a competitor organization to the Niagara Movement. E. None of these answers is correct.
E
The Panic of 1907 was caused by A. the collapse of the United States Steel Corporation. B. the economic policies of President Theodore Roosevelt. C. excessive government control of the industrial economy. D. both excessive government control of the industrial economy and the collapse of the United States Steel Corporation. E. None of these answers is correct.
E
The Scopes trial of 1925 was a legal battle between A. blacks and whites. B. urban and rural society. C. nativists and immigrants. D. U.S. Steel and the Amalgamated Steelworkers' Union. E. creationism and evolution.
E
The heavy-handed action of the federal government during the Red Scare led to A. a strengthening of the Democratic Party. B. the end of the American Civil Liberties Union. C. the repeal of free speech protections. D. the rising ascent of A. Mitchell Palmer. E. a powerful backlash that gave new force to the Bill of Rights.
E
The immediate cause of war in Europe in 1914 was A. a struggle between European powers for control of the international diamond trade. B. the sinking of the British passenger liner Lusitania. C. the death of Otto von Bismarck in Germany. D. the German invasion of Poland. E. the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
E
The infamous Baltimore journalist of the 1920s who delighted in ridiculing religion, politics, the arts, and even democracy itself, was A. John Dos Passos. B. F. Scott Fitzgerald. C. Sinclair Lewis. D. Thomas Wolfe. E. H. L. Mencken.
E
The most distinctive quality of women in professions during the progressive era was that A. women did not dominate any single profession. B. women could not attain advanced degrees from American universities. C. women did not generally create their own professional organizations. D. "women's professions," unlike other professions, did not attempt to exclude anyone. E. women were concentrated in professions that society considered "suitable."
E
The policy idea behind "Dollar Diplomacy" was to A. create stable governments in less-developed nations. B. reduce the deployment of troops from the United States to other nations. C. encourage other nations to peg their currency to the U.S. dollar. D. financially reward Latin nations that supported the interests of the United States. E. extend investments by the United States in less-developed regions.
E