Exam 2
Chuck Berry
"Architect of R&R" -1950s -appealed to teens -took R&B up-tempo, heavy backbeat, blues based verse-chorus form and created new genre -perfected backbeat on guitar songs: "Johnny B. Goode" "Maybelline" producer: Leonard Chess
Janis Joplin
"Rock's original blue's diva" - prominent in San Fran., came from Texas, music = outlet raw sound, exuberant performer, reminiscent of male blues singers, paved way for women in rock, not blues but emotion in song song: "Piece of my Heart" - blues influenced acid rock, passionate singing, rock that is real
Sun Records (Sam Phillips)
"The Originator" - recording studio in Memphis home of rockabilly, early pioneers of R&R, looked for white men with Negro feel (Elvis) - did many white covers of Black music. Little commercial success but musical influence for later bands. Combined R&B with Latin rhythms/instruments, provided R&R beat, widely used
James Brown
"The Soul Man" "Soul Brother #1" "Godfather of Soul" most important male solo artist of the 60s. Very African Roots, blueprint for funk and rap - more emphasis on rhythm, not harmony or melody song: "Papa's got a Brand New Bag" - emphasis on rhythm, percussive sound; teamwork between instruments, open sound
Aretha Franklin
"The queen of soul" - grew up in church (soul), Jerry Wexler started her in 1967 @ Atlantic Records. Fast soul, songs about "Respect", represented women's movement Song: Respect Call and Response -AMAZING voice
Rolling Stones
"Worlds Greatest Rock Band" -influenced by Blues and the success of Lennon/McCartney main qualities about identity: edgy and dangerous, forbidden fruit to listen to, younger generation "in the work of the Stones, blues became part if the sound of rock"
Leiber and Stoller
"we don't write songs, we write records" ; 1st to make producer important - song not just melody singers perform "their way" but the entire sound world captured on a disc (from lyrics, music, and instrumentation) - making recording into art (perfect..art) -produced songs for everyone in the late 50s (Elvis, Coasters, Drifters) song: "Hound Dog"
Elvis
"white man with the negro feel" "King of R&R" "R&R's lightning rod" early career: recorded covers at Sun Records - brighter tempo, incorporated all genres, still sounds like himself - projected rebellious attitude teens loved peaked in the late 50s and dominated charts with R&R didn't write his own songs or use rock beat -used fast tempo, modified 2-beat rhythm, soulful singing, modified version of blues progression
The Beatles
(62-70) defining band of rock revolution, expanded music to all genres (Indian and classical strings) 3 main reasons for awesomeness: 1. knowledge of dif styles 2. melodic skills 3. sound imagination -weed / acid = creativity movie: A Hard Day's Night (1964) - depicts Beatlemania Day, marks of maturation - Rock and Roll --> Rock in rhythm/sound song: A Day In the Life - exemplifies mature beatles
Cover
-Rock era concept -remakes of existing songs with the understanding that you are making THE song not just a VERSION -many doo-wop songs -white remakes of Black songs was big, but no recognition or money until the 60s when white people opened themselves up to Black music
significant new developments in rock
-fully integrated (Black music inspired White, vice versa) -the whole song became important (including instrumentation) -performers started writing their own music -multi-track recording enabled recording the song from different stages; musicians could experiment at all levels -new sounds - electronic bass, guitar, loud amps (made for bigger concerts)
Rock Revolution
-happened only a couple of years ago -most music from outside US -songs/bands still popular -everyone liked it (not like the fragmented musical audiences today) -reflected social revolution of the 60s
Rock Beat
-new beat developed by Chuck Berry -became important when the whole band started to play it -no set rhythm = more creative independence for each instrument -shared melody - most songs have a riff (opening riff made songs identifiable) -music came from all genres and styles - no holding back
Louis Jordan
-singer in the 1940s -Choo Choo Ch' Boogie -1st big hit as a saxophonist in Chick Webb's Swing Band -Rhythm and Blues & Jump Blues artist
Jump Blues
-up tempo blues usually played by small groups ft. horns -popular in the 40s -precursor to rhythm and blues and R&R -renewed interest in 90s as part of swing revival Artists: Louis Jordan and Big Joe Turner
Cream
1960s British Rock super group power tri (lead guitar, bass, drums). Hybrid of blues-rock, hard-rock, and psychedelic rock
Surf-Rock
1st of post 1959 rock styles to add significantly to rock's sound world and introduced an array of new guitar sounds created idea of regional rock
Soul
60s - term for popular Black music or "the emotionally charged black music of the 60s that deeply on gospel and blues" Different from white music because..: 1. black had strong gospel 2. growing division between R&R (did NOT need horn section) and R&B (needed horn section) 3. artistic control of a couple soul music producers -big in Memphis and Muscle shoals -emotional and heavy on horns and base rather than guitar -less than a decade, declining with assassination of MLK
live performance
before an audience. may be a single musician, sometimes called a recital or by a musical ensemble, such as orchestra, choir, or musical band
Rock and Roll
After WWII people had more money which trickled down to teens who appealed to rebellious themes - this genre epitomized that sentiment born out of R&B and became more distinct around 1955 "all of it - the music, the lyrics, the look - horrified teens' parents; that was all part of the appeal"
T-Bone Walker
American Blues guitarist, singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist - one of the most influential pioneers/innovators of the Jump Blues and Electric Blues sound
Muddy Waters
American Blues musician considered "father of Modern Chicago Blues" - major inspiration for the British Blues explosion in the 60s
Alan Freed
American DJ became internationally known for promoting mix of blues, country and rhythm and blues music on the radio in the US and Europe under R&R
Jerry Lee Lewis
American Rock and Roll and Country music singer, songwriter, pianist. Pioneer of R&R but career faltered when married 13 year old cousin later made extension to western/country "The Killer" -famous single: "Great Balls of Fire"
Supremes
American female singing group and premiere act of Motown Records during 60s. Originally founded as Primettes in Detroit, Michigan - most commercially successful of Motown Acts, Americas most successful vocal groups
Kingston Trio
American folk and pop music group that helped launch the folk revival of the late 50s and 60s
Connie Francis
American pop singe, Italian heritage and top-charting female vocalist of 50s and 60s - despite severe interruptions in career, still active as recording/performing artist song: "Stupid Cupid"
Sly and the Family Stone
American rock, funk, and soul band from SanFran. 1967-1983. Pivotal in development of soul, funk, psychedelic. Headed by singer, songwriter, record producer, multi-instrumentalist Sly Stone. included family and friends "integrated, multi-gender" lineup
Ray Charles
American singer-songwriter, musician, composer -blind "Brother Ray" "The Genius"
Temptations
American vocal group known for their success with Motown Records 60s-70s. Known for choreography, distinct harmonies, and flashy wardrobe. Said to be as influential to R&B and soul as the beatles are to pop and rock
Four Tops
American vocal quartet whos repertoire included doo-wop, jazz, soul, R&B, disco, adult contemporary and show tunes. Remained together for over 4 decades
Jimi Hendrix
Black guitarist from Blues background electric blues into rock. used feedback/distortion as part of sound COD drugs/alcohol in 1970 music influential seen in hard rock in 70s and 80s
Paul Anka
Canadian singer, songwriter, actors famous in 50s-70s -wrote well-known music as the theme for The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and One of Tom Jone's biggest hits "She's A Lady" and English lyrics for Frank Sinatra's "My Way"
Ritchie Valens
pioneer of R&R, Chicano Rock, Mexican Folk, Spanish-speaking R&R movment -recorded for only 8 months song: "La Bamba"
Led Zeppelin
English Rock band 60s-70s heavy, guitar driven blues rock sound. aspects of heavy metal/hard rock - transcends only single genre didn't release songs as singles - concept of album - oriented rock
Kinks
English rock band formed in Muswell Hill, North London by brothers Ray & Dave Davis in 1964. British Invasion Band, influential music influenced by wide range of genres including E&B, British music hall, folk and country
The Who
English rock-band formed in 1964 known for energetic live performances, include instrument destruction. Sold about 100M records charted 27 top 40 songs in US and UK. British Invasion
guitar gods
Eric Clapton, Jimi Hendrix, Jeff Beck, Jimmie Page - bands they played in were bare bone bands - guitar, bass, drums - all to highlight lead guitarist element of rock: virtuosic soloing
Solid Body Electric Guitar
Les Paul experimented with it to reduce feedback, amp of 60s made instrument more powerful and sound modifiers (wah wah pedal) made it more versatile
Jazz Rock
Miles Davis was one of the best jazz musicians into the 60s. When he realized rock was the future in '68 he went to electric to create "the best damn rock band in the whole world" - move was controversial, rook rock elements and freed them with jazz "shh" fusion, open form -new jazz differed from 50s jazz: bigger and electric, 8 or 16 beat rhythms (rock), collective conception (rock), everyone soloing (jazz), long sequential multisectional form
Rockabilly
a country take on R&B performed mainly by white Southerners that combined elements of country with R&R -Memphis -speed into slow blues licks -Bill Haleys "Rock Around the Clock"
Race Records
a term that came into use in the early 1920s to describe recordings by African American artists intended for sale primarily in African American communities
Grateful Dead
acid rock band started as drug band, embraced more than drug culture large cult following
Jefferson Airplane
acid rock in SanFran. Grace Slick = lead singer Song: "White Rabbit" - about Alice in Wonderland, slow and trippy, Spanish flavor, big crescendo, message to do acid. brought audience to "fantasy world"
Concept Album
an album that is unified by a theme, which can be instrumental, compositional, narrative, or lyrical. contrast to the practice of an artist or group releasing an album consisting of a number of unconnected songs by artist
Power trio
band = 3 instruments (guitar, bass, drums) to highlight lead guitarist (Clapton and Hendrix)
Boogie-Woogie
blues piano style characterized by repetitive bass figures, usually in a shuffle rhythm
Bill Haley
country western singer incorporated blues and wrote/played teen appeal ("Rock Around the Clock" -1st big hit associated with R&R) -happier blues infused country song, closer to rockabilly than R&R - lighthearted lyrics and music
Little Richard
crazy performances, invented clear locked in rhythm (steady rhythm that moves twice as fast as the beat with strong backbeat in sync with the rest of the band) -R&R piano! Song: "Tutti Frutti"
Motown
created by Berry Gordy Jr. in 60s organizational structure = pyramid: him --> song-writers/producers --> house musicians --> acts themselves goal: Black pop that would gain widest appeal
Coasters
doo-wop group from West Coast worked with L&S -black sound, teens from all races related, slick but not sweet, darky, humorous, not sentimental, "Young Blood" wry tone of lyrics, distinctive shuffle rhythm, showcased all voices R&R--> Rock Rhythm
Sh'Boom
early doo-wop song written by James Keyes, Claude Feaster, Carl Feaster, Floyd F. McRae, and James Edwards (members of R&B Vocal Group, The Chords) - published in 1954 -US top ten chart for The Chords (who 1st recorded it) and The Crew-Cuts
Bob Dylan
early stuff was very Woody Guthreish, overtime lyrics got more surreal, added rock instruments folk people thought traitor sophisticated without being "sophisticated", confrontational tone, serious musical statement without classical, fused blues, country, and rock: Bring it all Back Home
Studio Recording
electrical recording was common by early 30s and mastering lathes now electrically powered. Large spaces enhanced sound, dead booths and studio rooms became common after 60s
Urban Blues
evolved from classic Blues as a result of the great depression -developed in the 1st half of the 20tgh century as a result of the Great Migration, when Black workers moved from South into industrial cities of the North (Chicago) -at first predominantly Black neighborhoods
Shirelles
female quarter group that appealed to teens and crossed racial lines -vulnerable lyrics, dressed classily, simple rock rhythm, black vocal style song: "Will You Love me Tomorrow"
Girl Groups
genre of rock written and performed by women. Reflects maturing/changing of racial gender and social attitudes of the 60s
Folk Rock
genre that included Bob Dylan and others - message and spirit of folk but in rock flavor
Chiffons
girl group 1960s -trademark was tight harmonies, high-stepping confidence and hit machine of Goffin and King song: "One Fine Day"
Eric Clapton
lead guitarist for cream, played extended improvised solos, psychedelic rock with blues connection
"The Day the Music Died"
lyric from American Pie - Don Mclean. Buddy Holly, Richie valens, and JP "The Big Bopper" Richardson die in plane crash Deb. 3rd 1959. was one of series of events - Elvis being drafted into army, Little Richard became a preacher, Chuck Berry arrested, Jerry Lee Lewis marries 13 year old cousin without divorcing wife, Payola scandal - DJs took bribes to play certain songs, licensing rights became an issue led to the belief that R&R was done as a fad by the early 60s
Clapton and Hendrix
made the electric guitar the solo instrument of rock
Motown Sound
melodic saturation (all the instrumentation in the song contributed to the melody), good but unobstructed beat (strong backbeat with understatement of everything else), broad sound spectrum (very full sound vocals and instrumentation), appealed to many people, predictable form, emphasized romance aspect of love, as opposed to rock (more lust) -black style on equal footing as white
Buddy Holly
most creative mind in R&Rs second generation -"R&Rs first everyman" band: The Crickets - made innovative R&R - no steady rhythm, lyrics spoke of underdog -NOT dance music, but influenced 60s rock Song: "That'll Be The Day" "Not Fade Away: Producer: Norman Petty
Chicago Blues
music indigenous to Chicago, Illinois - type of Urban Blues
Acid-rock
music of the counterculture, named for music's ability to enhance of evoke a drug experience, no connection musically between bands. like acid trips varied, music varied short-lived, lost steam around 70s due to bands rooted in other genres
"Dark Ages"
music sucked from 1957-1964
Producer
oversee/manage recording of an artist's music roles include (but not limited to): -gathering ideas -selecting songs/musicians -coaching in studio -controlling recording sessions -supervising through mixing and mastering -entrepreneurial roles (budget, schedules, negotiations)
Folk Revival
phenomenon in the US started in 1940s revival brought forward musical styles that had contributed to the development of country & western, jazz, and R&R music
Doo-wop (gospel roots)
pop oriented R&B genre that typically featured remakes of popular standards or pop-style origins sung by Black vocal groups -died out in the early 60s with rise of girl groups in Motown
8-to-the-bar
studio album released by Pete Johnson and Albert Ammons in 1941. Recorded in 2 sessions. Reissued by RCA Victor in '52 as a 10-inch LPT-9. In the UK this LP released by Gramophone Company as HMV DLP 101
doo-wop (gospel roots)
style of vocal-based r&B music developed in African American communities in the 40s - achieving mainstream popularity in 50s and early 60s
country-influenced rock (country rock)
subgenre of country music, fusion of rock and country - term generally used for wave of rock musicians who began to record country-flavored records in late 60s early 70s Bob Dylan and The Byrds; reaching popularity in 70s with Emmylou Harris and The Eagles
Beach Boys
surf band glorified surfer lifestyle - early stuff came from Chuck Berry - instrumentation unique high lead singing in harmony, music sophisticated
Electric Blues
type of blues music distinguished by the amp of a guitar, bass, drums and often harmonica -pioneered in the 30s but emerged as a genre in the 40s
A capella
vocal music without instrumental accompaniment
British Invasion
wave of British bands to US in 1960s. US previously the most popular, but UK became source of popular music - fueled rise of rock in US (open-mindedness of 60s) Bands: The Beatles, Rolling Stones, The Kinks, The Animals, Cream, Led Zeppelin, The Who
Teen Pop Idols
widely idolized by teens - often young but not necessarily teenaged - actor or musician (sometimes sports figures) - many teen idols targeted for adults for nostalgia purposes
counterculture
youth of 60s grew up with money and looked at the "establishment" as conservative, bigoted, materialistic, etc. Formed communes which acted, dressed spoke differently. Concentrated on 4 rights: 1. minorities; 2. sexual freedom; 3. drug use; 4. war sanfran = home of the hippes
