Exam 2
A chemical reaction has a Q10 of 2.5. At 30°C, the rate of the chemical reaction is 5. What is its rate at 40°C?
12.5
Refer to the figure showing aphid reproductive cycles. (Click image to enlarge.) The organism labeled 1 is a female and is genetically identical to the organism(s) labeled _______.
2 and 3
Refer to the figure showing oogenesis. (Click image to enlarge.) In the figure, the first haploid cell(s) is/are labeled _______.
2 and 3
The rate of a chemical reaction at 20°C is 2 and at 30°C is 4. The Q10 for this reaction is
2.0.
"V" is a shared, derived character state for deuterostomes in which character(s)?
26
Refer to the graph. In this experiment, the same fish were caught and brought into the lab in both winter and summer. Their metabolic rates (O2 consumption) were measured at the pond temperatures for each season (★) and at other temperatures (◯). (Click image to enlarge.) The "winter fish" has a Q10 of _______; the "summer fish" has a Q10 of _______.
2; 2
Refer to the figure showing oogenesis. (Click image to enlarge.) From this figure, one can conclude that the diploid number of chromosomes of this organism is _______, and the first cells shown that are haploid are the cells labeled _______.
2n = 4; 2 and 3
Refer to the figure showing moth metamorphosis. (Click image to enlarge.) If ecdysone is experimentally blocked at arrow number _______, development will continue.
3
Refer to the figure showing the male reproductive tract. (Click image to enlarge.) If a man elects to have a vasectomy as a form of contraception, which duct(s) will be cut and tied off in the procedure?
3
An adult human is 60 percent water; a third of this water is in extracellular fluid, and 20 percent of extracellular fluid is in the blood. If a person weighs 200 pounds, the weight of the interstitial fluid bathing that person's cells weighs approximately _______ pounds.
32
Your body is 60 percent water, two-thirds of which is intracellular fluid. If you weigh 150 pounds, about how much of your weight is due to water contained within your cells?
60 pounds
What is the main conclusion drawn from pioneering experiments with the bloodsucking bug Rhodnius?
A blood meal stimulates production of a substance in the head, which slowly diffuses throughout the body and triggers molting.
Laqueus sp. - What conclusions can be drawn from the fact that brachiopods are not closely related to bryozoans or mollusks?
A body form with two valves (shells) has evolved independently at least twice.
When a female Komodo dragon in the London Zoo laid a clutch of eggs after many years in captivity, caretakers were surprised. Even more surprising was that some of the eggs produced baby dragons. Researchers verified that there had been no males around, and the babies were diploid. What is a likely explanation for how this Komodo dragon was able to create a viable embryo?
A polar body fused with the haploid egg, restoring the diploid number of chromosomes.
A chemical reaction has a Q10 of 3. Which rates characterize this reaction?
A rate of 6 at 30°C and 2 at 20°C
Refer to the figure. (Click image to enlarge.) What modification in jaw structure has occurred in modern jawed fishes that was not present in early jawed fishes?
A set of gill arches has been modified into supports for the jaws.
Which statement relating to hormones is true?
A single endocrine gland can secrete multiple hormones.
Which of the following is a distinct morphological feature of thin-cuticled, wormlike ecdysozoans that live in marine sediments?
A toothed pharynx found in the digestive tract
Choose the correct order of events in sea urchin fertilization.
Acrosomal reaction, formation of the acrosomal process, fusion of egg and sperm plasma membranes, formation of the fertilization cone
Why does urine output typically increase following alcohol consumption?
Alcohol inhibits secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Which statement about fertilization is true?
All amniotes have accessory sex organs.
Which statement is correct?
An error signal is the difference between a set point and feedback.
Which is an example of acclimatization?
An organism changes the lipid composition of its cell membranes to optimize membrane fluidity at different environmental temperatures.
Honeybees and parthenogenetic whiptail lizards have which feature in common?
At least some of the offspring develop in the absence of fertilization.
Two tissues you would find in your brain are shown in _______.
B and E
Which statement about rotifers is true?
Bdelloid rotifers only reproduce asexually.
Which type of symmetry is most often seen in an animal that is mobile and exhibits cephalization?
Bilateral symmetry
Refer to the figure showing four different species. (Click image to enlarge.) Which organisms in the figure lay amniote eggs?
Both B and C
Refer to the figure. (Click image to enlarge.) Two tissues you would find in your lungs are shown in _______.
C and E
Which hormones change blood levels of calcium?
Calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, calcitriol
Choose the correct sequence of components leading up to and following hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary.
Change in physiological environment, hypothalamus, releasing hormone, anterior pituitary, tropic hormone, another endocrine gland
Which statement about thyroxine is true?
Cold exposure for several days prompts increased conversion of T4 to T3.
Which method of contraception protects against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
Condom
Which event triggers the acrosomal reaction in mammals?
Contact between the sperm and the zona pellucida of the egg
_______ perform an important ecosystem function by returning nutrients to the environment in a state that can be used by other organisms.
Detritivores
Which statement about sexual reproduction is true?
Earthworms are simultaneous hermaphrodites.
_______ obtain energy and nutrients by living on the outside of other living organisms.
Ectoparasites
Which statement about communication signals in animals is true?
Endocrine signals can be distributed through the circulatory system.
Which event occurs during fertilization in both sea urchins and mammals?
Endoplasmic reticulum releases calcium into the egg cytoplasm
Which hormone activates many aspects of the fight-or-flight response?
Epinephrine
_______ tissue forms the innermost lining of abdominal organs.
Epithelial
Which statement about sex steroids is true?
Estradiol is synthesized from testosterone.
What evolutionary modification found in early modern humans made possible the remarkable paintings of mammals in European caves during the last glacial period?
Expanded mental capacities
Which statement is true?
Extracellular fluid consists of blood plasma and interstitial fluid.
There is great variety in how animals reproduce sexually. Of the events listed, which is essential for creating diploid offspring that are genetically different from the parents?
Fertilization
Under what conditions would the bloodsucking bug Rhodnius molt into an adult?
Fifth-instar juvenile that has had a blood meal
Which cell would not be found in an adult human male?
First polar body
Refer to the figure. (Click image to enlarge.) Which animal has a feeding strategy similar to that of the two the organisms shown in the figure? (blue sea things and whale)
Flamingo
What modification in jaw structure occurred in early jawed fishes that was not found in jawless fishes at that time?
Gill arches were modified to form jaws.
Which statement about growth hormone is true?
Growth hormone stimulates cells to take up amino acids.
Terry Erwin fogged 19 trees in the Amazon rainforest. Which statement about his study is true?
He found a large number of beetle species, many of them undescribed.
Which statement is true?
Hemipenes occur in male snakes and lizards.
Which is most likely to cause a release of oxytocin in a nursing mother?
Her baby's suckling
Refer to the graph. (Click image to enlarge.) Which statement about the graph is true? [green C up, then blue B, then flat A]
If line B represents the rate of a reaction in an organism in the summer, the line may shift when the reaction is measured in the winter.
Which statement about antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is true?
In response to low blood pressure, the posterior pituitary secretes more ADH.
Which statement about fertilization is true?
In some animals, internal fertilization can occur without copulation.
Which feature generates genetic diversity in sexually reproducing animals?
Independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis
Which action occurs after blood levels of cortisol rise?
Inhibition of corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
Which contraceptive method is an implantation blocker?
Intrauterine device (IUD)
Why is bilateral symmetry most beneficial for mobile organisms?
It allows the most forward portion of the body to sense new environments before entering them.
Which statement about spontaneous abortion is true?
It can be caused by chromosomal abnormalities.
The firm exoskeleton of insects has protective and supportive advantages, but it poses which of the following problems?
It cannot grow as the animal body inside it grows.
What characterizes the posterior pituitary?
It contains axons from hypothalamic neurons.
Which statement about thyroxine is true?
It elevates metabolic rate.
What is an advantage of mesoderm-derived muscle lining the body cavity and surrounding organs in coelomate animals, when compared with pseudocoelomate animals?
It gives better control over fluid movement in the body cavity
Which statement about the sea star shown in the figure is false?
It has a notochord.
Which statement about the nematode (roundworm) group is false?
It has the fewest species of all the protostome groups.
Which statement about ecdysone is true?
It induces expression of genes encoding enzymes needed for digestion of old cuticle and formation of new cuticle.
Which statement characterizes the slow block to polyspermy in sea urchins?
It involves enzymes from cortical granules dissolving the bonds between the vitelline envelope and plasma membrane.
A disadvantage to protostomes having an anterior brain is that
It is more vulnerable to damage.
Which statement characterizes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)?
It prompts the anterior pituitary to release thyrotropin.
What is the function of the large amount of yolk in the amniote egg shown?
It provides nutrition, allowing the embryo to attain a relatively advanced state of development before hatching.
Which statement about luteinizing hormone is true?
It stimulates testes to increase production of sex hormones.
Which statement about aldosterone is true?
It stimulates the kidneys to conserve sodium.
Refer to the figure. (Click image to enlarge.) The figure illustrates the vertebrate body plan. Which of the following is not a feature of all vertebrates?
Jaws with teeth for processing food
When a tumor grows in an endocrine gland, overproduction and secretion of the gland's hormone(s) often results. Which might be associated with a tumor of the parathyroid glands?
Kidney stones
Which statement about insects with complete metamorphosis is true?
Larvae, but not pupae, produce juvenile hormone.
Choose the correct pairing between cell type and function.
Leydig cell: produces male sex hormones
If anterior pituitary cells are grown in a dish, they secrete melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). Adding extracts of the hypothalamus to the dish decreases the release of MSH. These results indicate that the hypothalamus can control MSH-producing cells by secreting _______.
MSH release-inhibiting hormone
Which correctly represents an energy budget?
Metabolism + radiation absorbed = convection + conduction + evaporation + radiation lost
Which fossilized organism provides support that birds evolved from a reptilian ancestor that possessed feathers?
Microraptor gui
Which statement about contraception is true?
Mifepristone (RU-486) prevents implantation by blocking the action of progesterone.
Which characteristic would not likely be found in an animal with a central nervous system?
Nerve net
Budding and regeneration have which feature in common?
New individuals are produced via mitosis.
Refer to the figure showing a larval and an adult lancelet. (Click image to enlarge.) In the lancelet, which of the following are chordate synapomorphies? [slim fish cut looking]
Notochord and hollow dorsal nerve cord
Choose the correct pairing between organ(s) and classification.
Ovaries: primary sex organs
Which statement about signaling within organisms is true?
Over the course of evolution, the structures of chemical signals have been conserved, but their functions have evolved.
Which parameters do physiologists use to measure metabolic rate?
Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production
Which statement about parthenogenesis is true?
Parthenogenetic species may display sexual behavior, and some engage in sexual reproduction.
Refer to the figure. (Click image to enlarge.) The basket-like structure in the figure is derived from which structure(s)?
Pharyngeal slits
Which animal type does not have symmetry of body plan?
Placozoans
Which characterizes asexually reproducing animals?
Populations have difficulty adapting to environmental change.
_______ capture and eat other animals.
Predators
Which of the following correctly names the organisms shown, from left to right?
Priapulid, kinorhynch, loriciferan
Which structures would be found in an adult human ovary?
Primary oocytes and secondary oocytes
Which statement about spermatogenesis and oogenesis is true?
Primary spermatocytes undergo the first meiotic division and produce haploid secondary spermatocytes.
Which hormone produced by the anterior pituitary does not control the activities of other endocrine glands?
Prolactin
Which is a hormone involved in regulating molting in insects?
Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)
Which of the following correctly describe the roundworm?
Pseudocoelomate and protostome
Which statement is true?
Rapid environmental change, such as the present global warming, may place animals at risk of being exposed to conditions that exceed their thermal tolerances.
Which group of organisms is associated with the evolutionary innovation of an operculum over the gill slits?
Ray-finned fishes
Which statement about testosterone is true?
Released testosterone exerts negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
Which characteristic is typical of ovoviviparity?
Retention of fertilized eggs in the female reproductive tract until hatching
In the figure, the madreporite is an external opening of a calcified tube that communicates with the circular canal in the middle of the animal. What substance passes through the madreporite, and in which direction?
Salt water passes through the madreporite into the body and into the water vascular system.
Refer to the figure. (Click image to enlarge.) Which animal shown in the figure has an anterior-posterior rather than an oral-aboral orientation of the mouth and anus?
Sea cucumber (Bohadschia argus)
Which animal shown in the figure has an anterior-posterior rather than an oral-aboral orientation of the mouth and anus?
Sea cucumber (Bohadschia argus)
Which of the animals shown in the figure has ball-and-socket joints between its spines and its endoskeleton?
Sea urchin (Echinometra mathaei)
Which statement about sperm is true?
Sea urchin eggs produce species-specific peptides that bind to sperm, causing increased activity and mitochondrial respiration.
In humans, which cell is released from the ovary at ovulation?
Secondary oocyte
Choose the correct pairing between cell type and ploidy.
Secondary spermatocyte: n
Which statement relating to the anterior pituitary is true?
Secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary is controlled by neurohormones from the hypothalamus.
In the lancelet, which features are not chordate synapomorphies?
Segmented muscles
Which statement about human reproductive systems is true?
Seminal fluid contains fructose, which provides energy to sperm.
Which sequence represents the route by which sperm travel through the male reproductive tract?
Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
Which statement about the male reproductive system in humans is true?
Sertoli cells are target cells for testosterone.
Which event occurs last in the differentiation and maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa?
Shedding of sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
_______ propel themselves by means of vertical undulating movements of their greatly enlarged pectoral fins.
Skates and rays
Fluid-filled internal body cavities function as hydrostatic skeletons that facilitate movement. Which animal has a body cavity that functions as a hydrostatic skeleton?
Snail
Given the body form of caecilians and where they live, what food do these organisms most likely eat?
Soil invertebrates
Which statement is true?
Some animals have antifreeze molecules in their blood, which help them resist freezing.
Which statement regarding reproduction is true?
Some animals reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Which statement about gametogenesis in mammals is true?
Spermatogenesis produces four gametes from a single spermatogonium, while oogenesis produces one gamete from a single oogonium.
Which method of contraception has the highest failure rate?
Spermicidal jelly
Which of the following characterizes prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)?
Stimulates release of ecdysone by the prothoracic gland
Which feature characterizes parthenogenetic whiptail lizards?
Stimulation from sexual activity triggers ovulation.
Which is a primary sexual structure in human males?
Testis
Refer to the figure. (Click image to enlarge.) How do the adults of the species in the figure differ from their larvae? Clear blue fish thing
The adults are sessile; the larvae are motile.
Which statement is true?
The biochemical reactions that constitute an animal's metabolism may have different Q10's.
Which statement concerning development is true?
The coelom arises from splitting of the mesoderm, and the mouth arises from the blastopore in protostomes.
Which statement about bilaterally symmetrical animals is true?
The dorsal surface is the back, and the ventral surface is the underside.
Which statement about gametogenesis in males is true?
The first meiotic division in spermatogenesis produces haploid cells, as does the second meiotic division.
You are studying a group of blue-headed wrasse and mark individuals to keep track of their development. One day you notice that a female you had marked when it was young has changed its coloration and is behaving like a male. What is a likely explanation for this?
The fish is monoecious, and its gonads are now producing sperm.
During the evening hours you observe two salamanders in a pool, one is leading the other as if in a dance. It appears to be a mating ritual. At the conclusion of the ritual, you do not see any eggs in the water. Several days later you return and find a clutch of salamander eggs developing in the pool. What is a likely explanation for these observations?
The male laid a packet of sperm such as a spermatophore, which the female picked up in her reproductive tract. Fertilization was internal, and the eggs were laid following fertilization.
Which statement about the sea star shown in the figure is true?
The mouth is on the underside of the body.
A large scientific study is being conducted to test the effects of oxytocin as a nasal spray. What is the most likely hypothesis the researchers are testing?
The nasal spray will improve sociability in people with autism.
Which statement about horsehair worms is true?
Their larvae are internal parasites of freshwater crayfish and insects.
Which statement about steroid hormones is true?
Their receptors are typically inside cells.
Which statement about hypothyroid goiters is true?
They are associated with high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Which statement about germ cells in humans is true?
They are distinct from somatic cells.
Which statement about steroid hormones is true?
They are lipid-soluble.
Which of the following about cephalopods is true?
They are predators with an anterior concentration of sensory structures.
Which statement about endoparasites is true?
They can live on predigested nutrients.
Which statement about paracrines is false?
They enter the bloodstream.
Bryozoans, annelids, and mollusks are grouped as lophotrochozoans. Which characteristic do they have in common?
They have a ciliated trochophore.
Which statement about leeches is false?
They have elaborate parapodia.
Which statement about the vulnerability of most modern amphibians to environmental change is true?
They have thin skin and lose water rapidly when exposed to dry air.
Which statement about autocrines is true?
They influence the same cell that secretes them.
Which statement about peptide and protein hormones is true?
They need second messengers to alter cellular activity.
Which feature characterizes secretions of the prostate gland?
They neutralize acidity of male and female reproductive tracts.
Which feature is an important characteristic of connective tissues?
They provide both structure and support.
Which statement about glial cells is true?
They provide immune functions for the central nervous system.
Which statement characterizes therians?
They vary dramatically in developmental stage of offspring at birth.
Which statement about the thyroid gland is true?
Thyroglobulin is iodinated and later cleaved by lysosomal enzymes into smaller molecules.
Refer to the figure featuring the anterior pituitary. (Click image to enlarge.) Which hormone is paired correctly with the site of its synthesis?
Thyrotropin (TSH): 3
If you were testing newly identified compounds for the possibility that they serve as hormones, which types of molecule would be least likely to show hormonal activity on the target cells you are testing?
Triglycerides
As deuterostomes, chordates possess pharyngeal slits at some stage of development. Which of the following chordates presents an example of why caution is needed when phylogenetic relationships are assessed using only adult structures?
Tunicate
Which sequence represents the route by which sperm travel through the human female reproductive tract?
Vagina, cervix, uterus, oviduct
Which trait is not found in early deuterostomes, including the extinct yunnanozoan (shown)?
Vertebral column
Which statement is true?
When body temperature rises, mammals transport heat to hairless skin surfaces.
The ancestral type of wings found among certain hexapods prevents these organisms from crawling into tight spaces. What is the ancestral condition for hexapod wings?
Wings that cannot fold against the body
Larvae of Trichinella are activated in a person's digestive tract, emerge from their cysts, and attach to the intestinal wall, where they feed. Trichinella is
a nematode.
A body form with radial symmetry is most likely found in
a predator that drifts through the ocean.
In oogenesis, the first meiotic division produces
a secondary oocyte and the first polar body.
Frogs are unique among the vertebrates because they possess, at some stage of development,
a short vertebral column and modified pelvic region.
Which of the following is not an example of a trade-off that would constrain evolution? a. Colonial species consist of individuals that become specialized for different functions b. Larval stages of polychaetes are stationary c. Parasites produce few offspring d. A butterfly with complete metamorphosis is found in a geographic area with short growing seasons e. A precocial bird produces small eggs
a. Colonial species consist of individuals that become specialized for different functions
Which statement about hormonal responses is false? a. In response to a dangerous situation, epinephrine increases the rate of digestion to provide more fuel to the body for mounting an effective escape response. b. The same hormone can cause different responses in different types of cells. c. The response of the nervous system to a perceived threat is near instantaneous, whereas the actions of the hormone epinephrine occur more slowly. d. Different responses to a hormone can be triggered by different receptors for the hormone. e. A cell's response to a particular hormone depends on its receptors and intracellular response.
a. In response to a dangerous situation, epinephrine increases the rate of digestion to provide more fuel to the body for mounting an effective escape response.
Which of the following are not deuterostomes? a. Insects b. Acorn worms c. Sea stars d. Tunicates e. Lancelets
a. Insects
Which feature does not characterize oxytocin? a. Is released by the anterior pituitary b. Is classified as a neurohormone c. Promotes pair bonding d. Stimulates flow of milk from breasts e. Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
a. Is released by the anterior pituitary
The earthworm is an example of a coelomate. Which term does not apply to this animal? a. Monoblastic b. Segmented c. Spiral cleavage d. Triploblastic e. Peritoneum
a. Monoblastic
Animals appear to have evolved from a common ancestor. Which statement about the early evolution of animals is false? a. Studies of Hox genes suggest a polyphyletic origin for the animal kingdom. b. As predatory animals arose, the diversity of size and shape evolved. c. Early on, natural selection favored larger and more motile animals. d. The division of labor among colonial cells was a major first step in the evolution of the animals. e. The evolution of complex behaviors may have occurred early in the origin of animals.
a. Studies of Hox genes suggest a polyphyletic origin for the animal kingdom.
Which statement concerning lancelets (cephalochordates) is false? a. They are predators that dart out to catch microorganisms. b. During spawning, males and females release sperm and eggs into the water. c. They lie covered in sand with their heads protruding above the sediment. d. They occur in shallow marine and brackish waters worldwide. e. They can swim.
a. They are predators that dart out to catch microorganisms.
Which statement about the two forms shown is false? a. They represent the gamete-producing stages. b. Both are larval forms. c. Both float in the plankton. d. Both enable dispersal. e. They are markedly different from adult forms.
a. They represent the gamete-producing stages.
Refer to the graph. In this experiment, the same fish were caught and brought into the lab in both winter and summer. Their metabolic rates (O2 consumption) were measured at the pond temperatures for each season (★) and at other temperatures (◯). (Click image to enlarge.) This experiment demonstrates the phenomenon of
acclimatization.
Refer to the figure, which shows three animal body cavities. (Click image to enlarge.) Animal A would be described as _______ because it lacks a body cavity.
acoelomate
When people run, they sweat, which cools them as the sweat evaporates. Sweating is a(n) (active/passive) _______ process that generates heat in the process of dissipating heat.
active
A key difference between bivalves and gastropods is that
all bivalves have a shell, not all gastropods have a shell.
If a researcher took a sample from a freshwater river and discovered a small (5 cm), elongated, filter-feeding organism with pharyngeal slits, it would most likely be a _______.
ammocoete
A transgender individual could transition from a male to a female by blocking _______ receptors and taking estrogen.
androgen
In cattle, a freemartin is an infertile female with masculinized behavior that shared a placental vascular connection with its male twin. The most likely explanation for how this could occur is that
androgens from the developing male twin circulated to the female twin, masculinizing it in utero.
Endoparasites
are generally more simple morphologically than ectoparasites.
Neurohormones
are released by neurons rather than by endocrine cells.
Secondary sexual characteristics
are responsible for differences in external appearance of the sexes.
The tube feet of sea cucumbers
are used for attaching to the substrate.
Refer to the figure showing a Petromyzon marinus. (Click image to enlarge.) This lamprey shown obtains nutrients by [nasty looking thing]
attaching to fish with its jawless mouth and rasping away flesh.
Rising levels of a released hormone may inhibit its further release from the cells that secreted it. This is an example of a hormone having _______ function in a _______ feedback system.
autocrine; negative
Which of the following about the lophophore is true? a. It is used for gas exchange but not for feeding. b. It is a circular or U-shaped ring of ciliated, hollow tentacles. c. All animals that possess it are mobile. d. It most likely evolved only once. e. Ecdysozoans possess them.
b. It is a circular or U-shaped ring of ciliated, hollow tentacles.
Which statement about transmembrane glycoprotein complexes is false? a. The cytoplasmic domain initiates the response of the target cell through a second-messenger cascade. b. The binding domain anchors the receptor in the cell membrane. c. Signaling cascades generated by these receptors can enter the nucleus and alter gene expression. d. Second-messenger-activated cascades generated by these receptors eventually activate either protein kinases or protein phosphatases. e. Signaling cascades generated by these receptors typically alter the activity of enzymes in the cytoplasm, which leads to the cell's response.
b. The binding domain anchors the receptor in the cell membrane.
The figure shows the cross section (at right) of a sea star arm. Within the arm are tube feet with two parts, an ampulla and a suction cup. The ampulla is a bulb-like structure that communicates with the suction cup. Which statement about these tube feet structures is false? a. The ampulla is connected to the suction cup by a muscular tube. b. Water enters the suction cup and flows into the ampulla, eventually toward the madreporite. c. The tube foot participates in gas exchange. d. The suction cup is an adhesive disk. e. Muscular movement of the tube controls the suction cup.
b. Water enters the suction cup and flows into the ampulla, eventually toward the madreporite.
There are detritivores among all of the following groups except a. insects. b. placozoans. c. millipedes. d. crustaceans. e. earthworms and other annelids.
b. placozoans.
An animal with _______ symmetry is able to search headfirst for food items in its environment.
bilateral
Tools used for obtaining food were found in association with fossils of Homo habilis. The ability to manipulate objects and carry them while walking could be attributed to _______ locomotion.
bipedal
Refer to the figure. In an experiment, two bloodsucking Rhodnius prolixus bugs were decapitated and connected by a glass tube, allowing body fluids to cross between them. Both molted into adults. (Click image to enlarge.) The results shown could occur if, before the two bugs were connected, [two brown bugs]
both bugs had been decapitated a week after a blood meal.
In sea urchin fertilization, the fertilization cone
brings the sperm head into the egg cytoplasm.
The _______ are pterygous insects that undergo complete metamorphosis.
butterflies and moths
Refer to the figure featuring the posterior pituitary. (Click image to enlarge.) Which statement concerning the hormones represented by the dots leaving in the bloodstream at point 2 is false? a. One of the hormones is found in both birds and mammals. b. One of the hormones stimulates uterine contractions. c. Each of the hormones exerts control over other endocrine glands. d. One of the hormones stimulates the flow of milk. e. One of the hormones is involved in water conservation by the kidney.
c. Each of the hormones exerts control over other endocrine glands.
Which statement relating to endocrine signaling is false? a. Hormones, paracrines, and autocrines bind to receptors. b. Some endocrine cells exist as single cells within a tissue. c. Hormonal signals enter the bloodstream, so hormones influence all cells with which they come in contact. d. Histamine is a paracrine. e. Hormones are released to the extracellular fluid and then diffuse into the bloodstream.
c. Hormonal signals enter the bloodstream, so hormones influence all cells with which they come in contact.
Which of the following includes only deuterostomes? a. Lancelet, chicken, and arrow worm b. Human, lizard, and sponge c. Human, lizard, echinoderm, and chicken d. Human, mollusk, and moose e. Human, velvet worm, lancelet, and moose
c. Human, lizard, echinoderm, and chicken
Which statement about pseudocoelomate animals is true? a. Mesenchyme fills the body cavity. b. They typically move by means of cilia. c. Mesoderm lines the body cavity but does not surround organs. d. The body cavity does not function as a hydrostatic skeleton. e. A muscular layer (peritoneum) derived from mesoderm covers organs and lines the body cavity.
c. Mesoderm lines the body cavity but does not surround organs.
Which statement concerning groups of annelids is false? a. Earthworms ingest soil and extract food from it. b. Oligochaetes are hermaphrodites and reproduce sexually. c. Pogonophorans use their tentacles for swimming. d. Leeches use an anterior and posterior sucker during movement. e. Pogonophorans do not have a digestive tract and obtain nutrients from endosymbiotic bacteria.
c. Pogonophorans use their tentacles for swimming.
Which statement about ecdysozoan exoskeletons is false? a. They prevent dehydration in terrestrial environments. b. They serve as areas of muscle attachment. c. They allow the passage of oxygen and nutrients into the animal. d. They are reinforced and hardened by chitin. e. They require appendages for body movement.
c. They allow the passage of oxygen and nutrients into the animal.
The _______ is not a dispersal form. a. larval form of mollusks b. larval form of crustaceans c. larval form of butterflies d. larval form of polychaete worms e. small eggs and sperm of sessile animals
c. larval form of butterflies
The sharks, skates, and rays possess all of the following characteristics except a. teeth. b. cartilage skeletons. c. thin, flat scales. d. pharyngeal slits. e. jaws.
c. thin, flat scales.
One clade of polychaetes, the pogonophorans,
can harbor bacteria that oxidize hydrogen sulfide.
Refer to the figure showing chemical signaling systems. (Click image to enlarge.) If the cell labeled 1 is secreting somatostatin, then the cell labeled 2 could be a(n) _______, and the cell labeled 3 could be a(n) _______.
capillary cell in the pancreas; alpha cell
Effectors
cause change in the internal environment.
Based on their body _______, flatworms and rotifers were not thought to be closely related. However, _______ showed that they are a _______ group.
cavities; gene sequencing; monophyletic
If we were to compare chemical signaling systems to telephone systems, the nervous system could be compared to a landline telephone system, and the endocrine system could be compared to a _______ system.
cell phone
If the endocrine system is likened to a cell phone system, then the best analogy for representing a receptor on a target cell would be a
cell phone antenna.
Feedforward information
changes the set point.
The nervous system consists of a simple nerve net in
cnidarians.
The probable ancestor of the animal clade resembled modern _______, which have similarities to modern _______.
colonial choanoflagellates; multicellular sponges
The major animal groups exhibit multiple feeding strategies because there is
competition with other animal species to obtain food.
The mechanism of heat transfer that occurs when two physical objects at different temperatures come into direct contact is called
conduction.
In an organ that secretes saliva, the tissue secreting the saliva is epithelial, and the tissue providing support for the organ is _______.
connective
When faced with cold temperatures, an endotherm should
constrict blood vessels in the extremities.
Vitamin D is
converted to calcitriol, which is a hormone that increases calcium absorption in the gut and kidneys.
Juvenile hormone, which prevents maturation of insects into adult forms, is released by the _______ in Rhodnius.
corpus allatum
Which statement about bryozoans is false? a. They have lophophores. b. Almost all are marine organisms. c. They live in colonies. d. A colony grows by sexual reproduction. e. Eggs are fertilized internally.
d. A colony grows by sexual reproduction.
Which chordate features in the sea squirt (tunicate) larva do not appear in the adult sea squirt? a. Hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and notochord b. Pharyngeal slits, notochord, and post-anal tail c. Post-anal tail, pharyngeal slits, and hollow dorsal nerve cord d. Hollow dorsal nerve cord, post-anal tail, and notochord e. Pharyngeal slits, notochord, and tunic
d. Hollow dorsal nerve cord, post-anal tail, and notochord
Which statement about sex hormones is false? a. Before puberty, production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) occurs at very low levels. b. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates production of sperm in males. c. Puberty begins when the cells of the hypothalamus responsible for producing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) become less sensitive to the negative feedback actions of gonadotropins and sex steroids. d. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are gonadotropins produced by the anterior pituitary in individuals with an XX genotype but not an XY genotype. e. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced by the hypothalamus.
d. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are gonadotropins produced by the anterior pituitary in individuals with an XX genotype but not an XY genotype.
Which statement about Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) is false? a. They coexisted with humans. b. Their brains were somewhat larger than our own. c. They manufactured a variety of tools and hunted large mammals. d. They created remarkable paintings of large mammals on European cave walls. e. They were short, stocky, and powerfully built.
d. They created remarkable paintings of large mammals on European cave walls.
A predatory animal such as a wolf would have all of the following body plan characteristics except a. bilateral symmetry. b. cephalization. c. triploblastic embryonic development. d. hydrostatic skeleton. e. a coelom.
d. hydrostatic skeleton.
Hypothalamic portal blood vessels
deliver neurohormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
In many endoparasitic flatworms, most of the body is
devoted to reproductive structures.
The acrosomal reaction in sea urchins
digests a path through the jelly coat.
Refer to the figure showing aphid reproductive cycles. (Click image to enlarge.) Chromosomally, the organisms labeled 3 and 4 are _______.
diploid
An insect that lives in a habitat where similar food resources are used by all life stages would most likely show a life cycle pattern of _______.
direct development
The Q10 describes the temperature sensitivity of a reaction or a process. It is calculated by
dividing the reaction or process rate at one temperature by the rate at a temperature 10°C lower.
Which statement concerning cleavage is false? a. Cleavage patterns can be useful for characterizing major animal groups. b. The idiosyncratic cleavage pattern of most ecdysozoans is neither radial nor spiral. c. Reptiles are characterized by incomplete cleavage. d. Lophotrochozoans with spiral cleavage are sometimes known as spiralians. e. Incomplete cleavage is thought to be the ancestral condition for animal embryos.
e. Incomplete cleavage is thought to be the ancestral condition for animal embryos.
Which of the following about gastropods is false? a. Most species move by gliding on their muscular foot. b. Nudibranchs can be brightly colored and toxic to predators. c. Most have a one-piece shell. d. They include whelks, limpets, slugs, and nudibranchs. e. Land snails have a modified foot that functions as a lung.
e. Land snails have a modified foot that functions as a lung.
Which statement about nematodes is false? a. Parasitic nematodes infect many animal species, including humans. b. Parasitic nematodes infect many crop plants. c. Nematodes range in size from microscopic to nine meters in length. d. Free-living nematodes are abundant. e. Parasitic nematodes undergo direct development without a larval stage.
e. Parasitic nematodes undergo direct development without a larval stage.
Which statement about bryozoans is false? a. Most species are sessile. b. Most species are colonial. c. Colonial species create and inhabit structures from secreted material. d. Bryozoan colonial structures create small reefs. e. The anus is located inside the ring of tentacles of the lophophore.
e. The anus is located inside the ring of tentacles of the lophophore.
Which characteristic is unique to animals? a. A unique set of intracellular molecules b. Heterotrophy: acquiring nutrients from the environment c. Production of true tissues d. Indeterminate growth e. Unique types of intercellular junctions, such as desmosomes
e. Unique types of intercellular junctions, such as desmosomes
Hadrurus arizonensis: In the animal shown, movement of the body depends on all of the following except a. segmentation. b. a nervous system. c. an exoskeleton. d. appendages. e. absence of a body cavity.
e. absence of a body cavity.
The cuticle is relatively thin and flexible in
ecdysozoans that exchange gases and water across the body surface.
Along a rocky tide pool, you discover an animal with a hemisphere-shaped body covered with spines that move when you touch them. This animal belongs to the _______ group.
echinozoan
The combination of a true coelom, repeating body segments, and lack of a rigid external protective covering allowed the annelids to
efficiently exchange gases.
With respect to obtaining nutrition, hemoglobin in the tentacles of pogonophorans is an important part of the _______ with bacteria.
endosymbiosis
In developing follicles of the mammalian ovary, the thecal cells secrete testosterone. If the granulosa cells of a follicle are unable to convert this testosterone to _______, they will not express enough FSH and LH receptors to allow for follicle maturation and _______.
estrogen; ovulation
Herbivory could evolve from a predatory feeding strategy through
existence of an omnivorous feeding strategy.
In order to survive, multicellular animals such as earthworms had to evolve methods ensuring that internal cells not in contact with the external environment were in contact with _______.
extracellular fluid
A weight lifter does multiple sets of bench presses, as many repetitions per set as she can. If she cools her palms while resting between sets, she can increase the total number of lifts she can complete in her workout. The most likely explanation for this is that
extracting heat from the palms increases the capacity of arm muscles to do work.
An aquatic animal with a foot and mantle possesses _______ for gas exchange.
gills
The coelacanth is a modern lobe-limbed vertebrate that is also grouped as a(n)
gnathostome.
Refer to the figure featuring the anterior pituitary. (Click image to enlarge.) The small colored triangles labeled 4 could be any of these hormones except
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
Both rotifers and flatworms possess
gonads.
Blocks to polyspermy serve to
guarantee that only one sperm will enter the egg.
A group that is often considered among the vertebrates but is thought by some scientists to be a sister group to the vertebrates includes the _______, which produces large amounts of slime as a defense mechanism, has three small accessory hearts, and does not possess stomach or jaws.
hagfish
Ctenophores differ from cnidarians in that ctenophores _______, while cnidarians _______.
have a complete gut;
Fungi, such as mushrooms, can be distinguished from animals because only animals
have internal digestion.
The target tissues of hormones are those tissues that
have receptors for the particular hormones.
The characteristic that best defines placozoans as animals is that they
have two surface layers with a layer of contractile fibers in between them.
A meadow vole's long, complex gut, an adaption for eating grass, is common in
herbivores
An earthworm moves relatively slowly through the soil; thus, it is relatively uncommon to encounter potential mates. But when two sexually mature earthworms do happen to encounter each other, they are able to mate without first determining the sex of the other individual. This is because these organisms are _______, which means each individual has both male and female sexual organs.
hermaphrodites
The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment is called
homeostasis.
Refer to the figure, which shows three animal body cavities. (Click image to enlarge.) Animal B would have greater control over movement than animal A because of a(n) _______.
hydrostatic skeleton
Refer to the figure showing male reproductive hormones. (Click image to enlarge.) In analyzing a 16-year old male patient with delayed puberty, it is found that the patient has low levels of serum LH, FSH and testosterone. Based on the figure, it is likely that the source of the problem is
in the hypothalamus, (labeled 1 in the figure).
Filter feeders
include sponges.
Ectoparasites
include ticks that suck body fluids.
Refer to the figure showing male reproductive hormones. (Click image to enlarge.) When a boy reaches puberty, the hypothalamus (structure 1) becomes less sensitive to inhibition by testosterone. As a result, the levels of several hormones, including GnRH, LH, FSH, and testosterone, _______.
increase
The metabolic rates of endotherms
increase when environmental temperatures exceed those of the thermoneutral zone.
Positive feedback
increases deviation from a set point.
Removing the corpora cardiaca from a third-instar larva of the silkworm moth will _______ the next molt.
inhibit
In _______, air sacs and tubular channels called tracheae are responsible for gas exchange with cells.
insects
The pituitary gland
is an interface between the endocrine and the nervous systems.
The ejaculatory duct
is formed by the union of the paired vas deferens and ducts from the seminal vesicles.
Refer to the figure showing chemical signaling systems. (Click image to enlarge.) If the substance labeled 1 is insulin, then
it is a protein hormone, and 3 may be a fat cell.
Movements in acoelomate animals are likely to be
limited, because of lack of segmentation.
Secretions of the bulbourethral glands
lubricate the male urethra for passage of sperm.
Progesterone
maintains the endometrium.
Spiral cleavage in early development
may have been present in the lophotrochozoan ancestor.
Experimental destruction of the corpora allata of a third-instar Rhodnius would cause
molting into an adult.
The body cavity of a coelomate organism would act as a hydrostatic skeleton because
muscular contraction would cause fluid movement in the cavity.
When compared with the thermal limits for life, the thermal tolerance of a given species is usually
narrower.
The testes release testosterone, and the rising levels of testosterone inhibit its further release. This is an example of
negative feedback.
Nematode diversity is important to ecosystems because
nematodes are important in nutrient cycling.
In chordates, the _______ is composed of a core of large cells with turgid, fluid-filled vacuoles, which make it rigid but flexible.
notochord
The earliest vertebrates
occupied aquatic habitats.
Shivering
occurs in birds and mammals.
Most living mollusks differ from the monoplacophorans in that most living mollusks have
one pair of gills for gas exchange.
If you were interested in manipulating amniote embryos early in development and wanted to minimize disruption to the mother, you would select a species that displays
oviparity.
An example of cultural evolution is
passing on of cultural norms to a following generation.
Refer to the figure, which shows three animal body cavities. The body cavity of animal C would have internal organs completely enclosed in a _______.
peritoneum
Phylogenetic analysis of gene sequences, combined with morphological comparisons, provide strong evidence for monophyly of deuterostomes. A common characteristic of the fossil yunnanozoans and modern chordates are _______, a character thought to be found in the common ancestor of deuterostomes.
pharyngeal slits
A lion, which has sharp teeth and claws, has the feeding strategy of a _______.
predator
In insects, juvenile hormone
prevents molting to the adult stage.
Vasectomy
prevents sperm from reaching the urethra.
Prolactin
probably functioned in osmoregulation in early vertebrates.
You can buy oxytocin in a nasal spray on the internet. The most likely claim made by the manufacturers of this product is that it
produces a calming effect by reducing social anxiety.
It is least likely that _______ is/are involved in molting in arthropods.
prolactin
In regulatory systems, sensors
provide information to be compared with the internal set point.
The hemichordates consist of
pterobranchs and acorn worms.
If follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are blocked just prior to puberty in a male child,
puberty will be halted.
Following the third instar, a fruit fly becomes nonmotile as it enters into the _______ stage.
pupal
Transmembrane glycoprotein complexes are
receptors, found on target cell surfaces, for peptide hormones.
The fast block to polyspermy in sea urchins
results from an influx of sodium ions across the egg's plasma membrane.
In mammals, the rise in cytosolic calcium caused by sperm entry into the egg
results in destruction of sperm-binding molecules in the zona pellucida.
"Hot" fishes
retain heat in swimming muscles.
Cortisol
rises in response to stress.
The tube feet of _______ are covered with mucus-secreting glands. Passing food particles in water stick to the mucus, and tube feet transfer these particles to grooves in the arms, where cilia carry food to the mouth.
sea lilies
Refer to the figure. (Click image to enlarge.) The figure shows a _______ at the _______ life cycle stage. [tadpole looking thing]
sea squirt (tunicate); larva
The cytoplasmic bridges between _______ of mammals are necessary to allow sharing of gene products from _______ chromosomes.
secondary spermatocytes and between spermatids; X
The anterior pituitary
secretes prolactin and several tropic hormones involved in reproduction.
Pregnant women are more likely to go into labor during the night than in the daytime. This may be due to
secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland.
All of the following are necessary parts of a hydrostatic skeleton except
segmentation.
A sponge is an aquatic organism that brings its food in through pores using flagella on specialized cells to create an incurrent of water. This specialization in which cells have different functions within an organism is an advantage that is not possible in _______ organisms.
single-celled
Release of gametes to the aquatic environment is called
spawning.
An infinite number of planes passing through the central point can divide a(n) _______ into similar halves.
spherically symmetrical organism
The hormone ecdysone
stimulates molting and metamorphosis in insects.
Filter feeders differ from predators in that filter feeders
strain food from their environment, while predators capture and subdue their prey.
Q10 describes the
temperature sensitivity of a reaction or process.
A "hot" fish differs from a "cold" fish in having
the ability to retain heat generated in swimming muscles.
Development of a mammalian embryo into a phenotypic female requires
the absence of androgens.
The jelly surrounding the eggs of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata release a small peptide into the sea water after they are spawned. This chemical causes sperm of _______ species to swim toward the eggs.
the same
Suppose your car represents a physiological system. The desired speed of your car is
the set point.
In most ant colonies, females are diploid, but males are haploid and develop from unfertilized eggs. This mode of asexual reproduction is more advantageous than regeneration when
there are environmental changes and genetic diversity is an advantage.
Humans with a genotype that includes a Y chromosome will develop into phenotypic females if
they lack androgen receptors.
Refer to the figure featuring the posterior pituitary. (Click image to enlarge.) The structures labeled 1 in the figure
transport vesicles containing the hormones that end up leaving in the bloodstream at point 2.
A sea star feeding on a living bivalve pulls the shell open with its _______ and push its _______ into the space between the shells.
tube feet; stomach
In humans, fertilization typically occurs in the
upper regions of the oviduct.
An adaptation to a carnivorous lifestyle in snakes is
venom glands in some species.
Large, active predators, such as sharks, owe their success, in part, to possession of a _______, which supports an internal skeleton and an extensive muscular system.
vertebral column
Based on the figure, the sister group of tunicates are the
vertebrates.
Sponges
were once thought to be plants.
In mammals, sperm-binding molecules are located in the
zona pellucida.