Exam 2

The three phases of memory include (1) changing external information into a neural code, (2) retaining the information, and (3) accessing it later on. In this order, these three memory steps are

(1) encoding, (2) storage, and (3) retrieval

Noor and Ahmad, 4-year-old twins, are shopping with their mother. She offers to buy them each a small cookie now or a large toy later if they are good during the shopping trip. Noor takes the cookie, but Ahmad waits for the toy. Based on this, who will be more successful in high school?

Ahmad, because he can delay gratification

Daniel is a psychologist who studies sexual motivation in college students. If Daniel wants to gather some background information for an upcoming study, whose work would it be best for him to consult?

Alfred Kinsey

In a memory experiment, Group A is asked to listen to a list of words. Group B is asked to count the number of e's in the words. Group C is asked to use each word in a sentence. According to the levels of processing model, what will the results of the experiment be?

Group C will remember more words.

John is hanging out with a group of friends. According to the need to belong, which friend will pay the most attention to social information?

Jacob, who is shy and does not know very many people

John is hanging out with a group of friends. Which friend will pay the most attention to social information?

Jacob, who is shy and does not know very many people

In the musical The King and I, the lead character sings about whistling when she feels afraid to hide her fear, which eventually makes her not feel afraid. The idea that acting like you are not afraid keeps you from feeling afraid is similar to which theory of emotion?

James-Lange

Vincent is a brilliant artist and is very satisfied with his achievements. However, he has little to eat, lives in poverty, and spends most of his time alone working on his art. Why would Vincent's life be problematic in terms of Maslow's need hierarchy?

Lower needs must be met before higher needs.

NOT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyPaloma's parents spent a great deal of time with her when she was growing up; they always made her feel loved and valued. Erhard's parents loved him, but they were always busy and distant. As an adult, who is likely to experience more guilt, and why?

Paloma, because she has developed the ability to empathize

Cyril is writing an essay on Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Which of the following should he include as a critique of the theory?

Self-actualization may not be necessary for happiness.

Four witnesses see a truck hit a small car. If they all saw the same thing, who is likely to give the highest estimate of the truck's speed when testifying in court?

Tim, who was asked, "How fast was the truck going when it crushed the car?"

You are walking through the jungle and you see a very large snake. Which of the following explanations best represents the James-Lange theory of emotion?

You are afraid because you are shaking.

You are walking through the jungle and you see a very large snake. Which of the following explanations best represents the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

You are shaking and you are afraid.

Kyoti and Niwako are discussing the places in town where they have met the best-looking men. Based on excitation transfer, which place will be at the top of the list?

a dance club

Travis is taking a new medicine that has a side effect of disrupting his short-term storage. Based on this fact, you know that Travis will have difficultly recalling

a phone number he heard 15 seconds ago.

Hogan remembers the general information about a movie he saw a long time ago. He cannot remember the actors or the details of the movie, but knows that it was a romantic comedy. Hogan's memory of this movie is

a semantic memory.

Which finding is the best evidence that genetics plays an important role in determining intelligence? Select one: a. Identical twins raised apart have more similar IQs than siblings raised together. b. Adopted children have IQs that are similar to their nonbiological siblings. c. Siblings raised together have more similar IQs than siblings raised apart. d. Identical twins raised together have more similar IQs than identical twins raised apart.

a. Identical twins raised apart have more similar IQs than siblings raised together.

The type of thinking that uses shortcuts to allow one to make a decision quickly, without considering all of the evidence, is called Select one: a. a heuristic. b. insight. c. an algorithm. d. framing.

a. a heuristic.

When you use a city map to find your way to a restaurant, it has some physical characteristics of the actual objects-streets and their locations. Because of this, the map is a(n) ________ representation. Select one: a. analogical b. symbolic c. exemplar d. prototype

a. analogical

A road map and a photograph have some of the physical characteristics of objects. Because of this, they are ________ of the external world around us. Select one: a. analogous representations b. exemplars c. symbolic representations d. mental maps

a. analogous representations

The Law School Admissions Test (LSAT) measures logical thinking ability and predicts students' success in law school. Based on this you know that the LSAT is a(n) ________ test. Select one: a. aptitude b. general intelligence c. achievement d. standardized

a. aptitude

Oberlin is participating in a psychology study in which he has to press a red button whenever he sees a circle on the computer screen and a green button whenever he sees a square. This study is measuring ________ reaction time. Select one: a. choice b. complex c. basic d. simple

a. choice

Which of the following best describes problem solving? Select one: a. finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal b. selecting the best option among a set of alternatives c. reasoning from general information to specific information d. using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable

a. finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal

Cory performs well at the word game Scrabble because he is good at solving problems and rearranging letters quickly to form many words. These skills reveal his ________ intelligence. Select one: a. fluid b. spatial c. practical d. interpersonal

a. fluid

The idea that one single intelligence factor contributes to performance on all intellectual tasks is known as the ________ intelligence theory. Select one: a. general b. single c. fluid d. crystallized

a. general

Margo is very good at learning to do new things quickly and flexibly. Margo is most likely considered to be ________ intelligence. Select one: a. high in fluid b. low in analytical c. high in crystallized d. low in practical

a. high in fluid

Every morning, my bathroom scale tells me that I weigh 120 pounds. However, when I go to the doctor's office, the very accurate professional scale says I weigh 130 pounds. My bathroom scale has ________ and ________. Select one: a. high reliability; low validity b. low reliability; low validity c. high reliability; high validity d. low reliability; high validity

a. high reliability; low validity

The main concept of general intelligence theory is that Select one: a. one factor underlies intelligence. b. there are three different types of intelligence. c. there are two types of intelligence. d. intelligence is too general to measure accurately.

a. one factor underlies intelligence.

While moving into a new apartment, Cole needed to hold the door open but he did not have a doorstop. Instead, he used his heavy potted plant to prop open the door. Cole solved this problem by Select one: a. overcoming functional fixedness. b. framing. c. restructuring. d. using a mental set.

a. overcoming functional fixedness.

Jane is taking the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS). Afterward, Jane says that she liked creating stories from different pictures and re-creating patterns with blocks. It appears that Jane enjoyed the ________ scales of the test. Select one: a. performance b. verbal c. fluid d. crystallized

a. performance

Kevin wants to be a doctor but right now he is an English major. Kevin is trying to find out how to change majors to one that will allow him to reach his goal. Kevin is engaging in Select one: a. problem solving. b. informal reasoning. c. decision making. d. formal reasoning.

a. problem solving.

Dr. Brown conducts research on how concepts are represented in people's minds. He believes that each category has one perfect representation of a concept. Based on this, Dr. Brown most likely follows the ________ model of organizing concepts. Select one: a. prototype b. exemplar c. concept d. schema

a. prototype

Bob believes that the Seahawks will win the Super Bowl this year. To see whether you agree with Bob, you read a variety of online reviews about the Seahawks and their opponents and compare the statistics for each team. To determine whether Bob's conclusion is reasonable, you are engaging in Select one: a. reasoning. b. problem solving. c. decision making. d. heuristics.

a. reasoning.

Using heuristics in decision making has the advantage of ________ and the disadvantage of ________. Select one: a. requiring minimal thinking; not always working b. not always working; requiring minimal thinking c. always working; requiring effortful thinking d. requiring effortful thinking; always working

a. requiring minimal thinking; not always working

When John uses his knowledge to reason, make decisions, and adapt to environmental challenges, he is Select one: a. showing intelligence. b. avoiding a mental set. c. showing insight. d. avoiding functional fixedness.

a. showing intelligence.

A prototype includes ________ in a category. An exemplar includes ________ in the category. Select one: a. the most typical concept; all examples of concepts b. the least typical concept; the most typical concept c. only stereotypical concepts; the least typical concept d. all examples of concepts; only stereotypical concepts

a. the most typical concept; all examples of concepts

When you meet Joe, he tells you that he loves math and building computers and robots. You decide that Joe must be an engineering student and not a liberal arts student, even though there are more liberal arts students at your school. In making this decision, you have just used Select one: a. the representativeness heuristic. b. an algorithm. c. the availability heuristic. d. an analogy.

a. the representativeness heuristic.

Although many successful musicians may not have "book smarts," they certainly have the "street smarts" needed to succeed in the music industry. The theory of intelligence that best accounts for this observation about "book smarts" and "street smarts" in musicians is the ________ theory. Select one: a. triarchic b. general intelligence c. emotional intelligence d. crystallized intelligence

a. triarchic

Marco wants to get an A on his exam. To do this, he divides up the material into small sections and focuses on learning a different section every day until he knows all of the material for the exam. Marco is ________ to achieve his goal of getting an A on his exam. Select one: a. using subgoals b. working backward c. creating an analogy d. using insight

a. using subgoals

Memory is an imperfect record of everything we see and experience primarily because our

ability to direct attention is limited.

Inattention and the shallow encoding of events can often result in __________, which leads to forgetting.

absentmindedness

You just taught your dog to roll over whenever you say "Play dead!" If the dog forms a memory about how to do this trick on command it will be because its brain

acquired the information and retained it so that it could access it later on.

Winona has difficulty determining how fearful someone is based on the person's facial expressions. Her friends worry that she can no longer processes the emotional significance of stimuli due to brain damage and think there is a problem with Winona's

amygdala

Marty just lost 15 pounds. Even though she has better eating habits, she has a strong urge to eat more frequently than she did before she lost the weight. The most likely reason for Marty's problem is

an increase in ghrelin.

After studying sexual motivation, Samad knows that the most important hormone for sexual functioning in men is _______ and the most important in women is _______.

androgens; estrogens

Yolanda has a brain tumor. As the tumor gets bigger, Yolanda can no longer form new memories in long-term storage. Yolanda most likely has __________ amnesia.

anterograde

After a plane crash, Shera wakes up in a hospital and can remember everything about her life prior to the crash. However, every time her doctor visits, she believes she has never met him before. Based on this information, the doctor will most likely diagnose Shera with

anterograde amnesia.

Scientists have created a drug that leaves your existing memory intact, but eliminates your ability to form any new memories. This drug seems to create

anterograde amnesia.

Ted has brain damage after an accident. Although he can clearly remember everything from before the accident, he forgets what people are saying to him within a few minutes. Ted is most likely experiencing

anterograde amnesia.

Magdala blushes any time she makes even a slight social error. Magdala thinks this makes her unskilled in social situations and would love to be able to stop. The best information you can give Magdala is to tell her that people who blush do just fine in social situations because they

are more easily forgiven when they make a mistake.

A child is very excited to go to the playground. He is walking in circles, fidgeting with his hands, and showing other forms of agitation. These behaviors are most likely the result of

arousal

You are taking part in an experiment on emotions. You are shown an isolated face and are certain that the face is expressing sadness. Then you are shown the same sad face paired with a fearful body posture. According to the research, how will you categorize the emotion?

as fear

You are planning an upcoming trip to Namibia for a service project. The research on facial expressions and emotion would suggest you should

assume that you are reading the Namibians' facial expressions accurately.

Demi is a 10-year-old with a mental age of 12. Demi's intelligence quotient (IQ) is Select one: a. 100. b. 120. c. 110. d. 83.

b. 120.

To buy cheese, Kumiko goes to a large store with a big selection of cheeses. Nima goes to a much smaller store with only a few choices of cheeses. Who is more likely to buy cheese, and why? Select one: a. Kumiko, because his store has more choices b. Nima, because his store has fewer choices c. Kumiko, because he will be able to decide which is the perfect cheese for him d. Nima, because he can make his decision more quickly

b. Nima, because his store has fewer choices

Annie needs to take her cat to the vet but she does not have a carrier. She remembers that once she took her guinea pig to the vet in a pot. But she knows the cat will not fit in a pot, so she cannot use this strategy. Annie is having a hard time solving the problem because of Select one: a. poor insight. b. a mental set. c. subgoals. d. framing.

b. a mental set.

The final exam for your psychology class is a(n) ________ test. Select one: a. aptitude b. achievement c. general intelligence d. standardized

b. achievement

Isaac is baking a cake by following the instructions in the recipe exactly. Isaac is using ________ to make the cake, which means that his cake will turn out correctly. Select one: a. insight b. an algorithm c. a heuristic d. restructuring

b. an algorithm

When people group several concepts together, such as baseball, basketball, and football, based on the shared property of being "ball sports," they are creating a ________of the concepts. Select one: a. prototype b. category c. exemplar d. mental map

b. category

Marilyn is very skilled at crossword puzzles, in part because she has a lot of knowledge about crosswords that she acquired through experience. Her knowledge of crossword puzzle words reflects ________ intelligence. Select one: a. fluid b. crystallized c. creative d. spatial

b. crystallized

Dr. Green is a respected therapist. His clients appreciate his ability to recognize and understand their feelings during difficult situations, even when they themselves do not understand their own feelings. Based on this, Dr. Green appears to have very high ________ intelligence. Select one: a. linguistic b. emotional c. practical d. general

b. emotional

Gillian bought one set of tools because that brand offered a $10 rebate. The tool company influenced her decision by presenting the information about the rebates. This is a strategy known as Select one: a. restructuring. b. framing. c. the availability heuristic. d. the representativeness heuristic.

b. framing.

Karl is posting signs on campus and he ran out of tape to put up the last sign. He could not figure out another way to put up the sign even though he was chewing gum and could have used the gum to put up the sign. Karl most likely does not come up with this solution because of Select one: a. framing. b. functional fixedness. c. restructuring. d. lack of insight.

b. functional fixedness.

You are studying for your exam when the electricity goes out. In order to have enough light to read your textbook, you put your cell phone in front of the page and use the light from the screen to read the book. You are able to successfully study for your exam because you avoid Select one: a. restructuring the problem. b. functional fixedness. c. working backward. d. using analogies.

b. functional fixedness.

Mr. O'Neil, a high school math teacher, believes that students who are good at math will also be good in English, history, and music. Mr. O'Neil's belief most closely resembles the ________ intelligence theory. Select one: a. triarchic b. general c. multiple d. emotional

b. general

If you can make decisions, solve problems, learn quickly, and adapt to changes in the environment, you probably have a Select one: a. low level of intelligence. b. high level of intelligence. c. high level of insight. d. low level of insight.

b. high level of intelligence.

Your friend says the new restaurant in town has the best hamburgers. To see whether she is correct, you read a variety of online restaurant reviews. You are using ________ reasoning to determine whether this conclusion is valid. Select one: a. formal b. informal c. heuristic d. algorithmic

b. informal

Our ability to learn quickly, understand complex ideas, and use knowledge to solve problems demonstrates Select one: a. informal reasoning. b. intelligence. c. insight. d. formal reasoning.

b. intelligence.

When Dave started driving, he had to use a navigation system to get around his city. Over time, Dave could drive through his city without the navigation system because he knew the names of all the roads and had a visual image in his mind of where they are. Dave has most likely developed a ________ of his city. Select one: a. categorical representation b. mental map c. symbolic representation d. series of individual prototypes

b. mental map

Before taking her calculus final, Heather reads a story about how men and women have equal abilities in math. As a result, Heather is ________ likely to do well on her exam because of ________. Select one: a. more; positive role models b. more; reduced stereotype threat c. less; positive role models d. less; reduced stereotype threat

b. more; reduced stereotype threat

Kelly, a 30-year-old, took a modern IQ test and got an IQ score of 90. Based on this information, we can assume that Kelly Select one: a. has a mental age of 30. b. scored slightly below average on the test. c. scored slightly above average on the test. d. can be classified as gifted.

b. scored slightly below average on the test.

Shara is participating in a psychology study in which she has to press a button as fast as possible whenever she sees a circle on the computer screen. This study is measuring ________ reaction time. Select one: a. choice b. simple c. complex d. basic

b. simple

Larry wants to see whether he can influence his students' test scores. When he gives his students their English test, he says "Tall students tend to perform worse than short students on this test." Indeed, the tall students do get lower scores on the test. These results provide support for the existence of Select one: a. crystallized intelligence. b. stereotype threat. c. fluid intelligence. d. test validity.

b. stereotype threat.

Right before her geometry exam, Julie heard a story about how women have trouble in geometry because it requires spatial manipulation. Even though she was prepared for the test, she did not do as well as she would have done had she not heard that story. Based on this, you know that Julie's performance was most likely impaired by Select one: a. having a low IQ. b. stereotype threat. c. poor reliability of the test. d. poor validity of the test.

b. stereotype threat.

Because she heard that her blind date was an accounting major, Cynthia imagined that he would be conservative, humorless, and dull. Cynthia's generalization of what an accounting student is like is an example of a(n) Select one: a. exemplar. b. stereotype. c. mental map. d. analogical representation.

b. stereotype.

Cognitive schemas allow for easy, fast processing of information about people, events, or groups that are related in some way. However, when we make generalizations about these people, events, or groups, we are using Select one: a. concepts. b. stereotypes. c. exemplars. d. heuristics.

b. stereotypes.

Josie has decided that she wants to become a doctor, but she feels overwhelmed when she thinks about how many years of school it will take to become a doctor. She could manage this feeling by breaking the process into smaller pieces. If she did this, she would be using Select one: a. working backward. b. subgoals. c. sudden insight. d. an analogy.

b. subgoals.

When solving a problem using insight, the solution is reached Select one: a. by achieving one's subgoals. b. suddenly when it just pops into one's head. c. based on how similar the problem is to other problems. d. by starting at the goal state and working backward.

b. suddenly when it just pops into one's head.

When you write out a list of directions to find your way to a restaurant, you are writing words that do not physically resemble the locations of the streets. Because of this you are using a(n) ________ representation. Select one: a. analogical b. symbolic c. heuristic d. algorithm

b. symbolic

When you read the word cake on a menu, it is a(n) ________ representation. The picture of a cake on a menu is a(n) ________ representation. Select one: a. analogical; symbolic b. symbolic; analogical c. symbolic; conceptual d. conceptual; symbolic

b. symbolic; analogical

Terry is making a multilayer wedding cake. While trying to make sure it does not collapse, he remembers a bridge he saw that had an interesting support system. He applies that support system to the cake structure to make sure it does not collapse. Terry ________ to solve his problem. Select one: a. worked backward b. used an analogy c. used insight d. created subgoals

b. used an analogy

You get to your car and realize you have lost your keys. So you think of the last time you saw your keys and retrace your steps from that point. You are using the problem-solving technique of ________ to help find your keys. Select one: a. subgoals b. working backward c. analogy d. sudden insight

b. working backward

In history class, Kuo takes notes on a laptop. However, by doing this, she misses important details and performs poorly on exams. When she asks her instructor for advice, she is most likely to be told to

begin taking notes by hand

Lisa does not like going to her sister Megan's piano recitals, but she finds that if she forces herself to smile during the recital, she will _______, as predicted by the _______.

begin to feel happy; facial-feedback hypothesis

Research has shown that social isolation increases the risk of illness by the same amount as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. This finding supports the idea that the need for _______ is a fundamental adaptive motive.

belonging

Research has shown that social isolation increases the risk of illness by the same amount as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. This finding supports the idea that the need for ________ is a fundamental adaptive motive.

belonging

Your roommate asks you which section of chemistry you are taking next semester. You have just registered for the class, and confidently turn to tell her the section. You are astonished to realize that you suddenly cannot remember which section you registered for. Your memory lapse is an example of

blocking.

Shana wants to establish an exercise routine, but she really does not like to work out. If she decides to use incentives to motivate her behavior, which of the following is Shana most likely to do?

buy herself a new pair of shoes after exercising every day for two weeks

Samantha is looking outside her window when she sees a man stealing a bike from a bike rack located outside her apartment complex. When the police question her, Samantha might remember more details about the crime if she talks to the police

by the window where she watched the man steal the bike.

Corbin, who is 10 years old, took a test that shows he has a mental age of 15. What can be concluded from this information? Select one: a. Corbin is less intelligent than other 10-year-olds. b. Corbin is of average intelligence for his age. c. Corbin is more intelligent than other 10-year-olds. d. Corbin is more intelligent than 15-year-olds.

c. Corbin is more intelligent than other 10-year-olds.

Peter is a 4-year-old who can already read and has the vocabulary of a 10-year-old. His parents also love to read, so his house is filled with books. What is the most reasonable conclusion about the source of Peter's high intelligence? Select one: a. He inherited genes for high intelligence from his parents. b. His parents provided the stimulating environment needed to develop his intelligence. c. His intelligence resulted from an interaction of both genes and environment. d. Neither genes nor the environment is the cause of his high intelligence.

c. His intelligence resulted from an interaction of both genes and environment.

Dr. Earl is a cognitive psychologist who studies thinking. Which question is most relevant to Dr. Earl's research? Select one: a. How do we cope with tragic events? b. How does a person's culture influence his or her career choice? c. How do we mentally rotate objects to "see" them from many angles? d. How does the behavior of a group affect one person?

c. How do we mentally rotate objects to "see" them from many angles?

Which of the following would be an example of crystallized intelligence? Select one: a. Maggie is able to solve unfamiliar math problems. b. Aaron can compose a beautiful piano piece in one week. c. Jordan can easily recite the entire dictionary. d. Miguel can think quickly in complicated situations.

c. Jordan can easily recite the entire dictionary.

An intelligence test that includes a verbal scale and a performance scale is the Select one: a. Binet-Simon Scale. b. Stanford-Binet test. c. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. d. ACT test.

c. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.

Cara is a mechanic. She fixes three cars that will not start by replacing their batteries. When a fourth car is brought in and will not start, she assumes the problem is the battery. Cara's assumption is based on Select one: a. functional fixedness. b. restructuring. c. a mental set. d. an analogy.

c. a mental set.

Using algorithms in decision making has the advantage of ________ and the disadvantage of ________. Select one: a. requiring minimal thinking; not always working b. not always working; requiring minimal thinking c. always working; requiring effortful thinking d. requiring effortful thinking; always working

c. always working; requiring effortful thinking

A picture of a computer is an example of a(n) ________ representation. The word computer is an example of a(n) ________ representation. Select one: a. mental map; conceptual b. conceptual; mental map c. analogical; symbolic d. symbolic; analogical

c. analogical; symbolic

Mary does well in both math and science. According to general intelligence theory, Mary's performance in literature and history should be ________ how she does in math and science. Select one: a. worse than b. completely unrelated to c. as good as d. much better than

c. as good as

According to the paradox of choice, having some choice is good, and having even more choice Select one: a. makes people feel more satisfied with their decisions. b. forces people to use an algorithm to make decisions. c. can be frustrating and impair thinking. d. allows us to have insight about what we really want.

c. can be frustrating and impair thinking.

The type of reaction-time task that is most strongly related to intelligence test scores is the ________ reaction-time task. Select one: a. complex b. simple c. choice d. basic

c. choice

Jake is choosing his major from three different alternatives: biology, Spanish, or psychology. Jake is using Select one: a. problem solving. b. framing. c. decision making. d. insight.

c. decision making.

Alina often has trouble understanding her own feelings and has difficulty recognizing when her friends are expressing their feelings. Alina probably has low ________ intelligence. Select one: a. fluid b. practical c. emotional d. kinesthetic

c. emotional

Dr. Smith is interested in how concepts are represented in people's minds. He believes that a category includes all of the examples of the concepts in that category. Dr. Smith most likely follows the ________ model of categorizing concepts. Select one: a. analogical representation b. prototype c. exemplar d. symbolic representation

c. exemplar

Juan believes that robins are a good example of a "bird." Sergei believes that penguins are a good example of a "bird." Juan and Sergei are both correct according to the ________ model of organizing concepts. Select one: a. schema b. stereotype c. exemplar d. prototype

c. exemplar

Joel is fantastic at solving logic problems but has a terrible vocabulary and cannot find most countries on a map. Joel would most likely be considered ________ in fluid intelligence and ________ in crystallized intelligence. Select one: a. high; high b. low; low c. high; low d. low; high

c. high; low

After struggling to solve a physics problem, you take a break for lunch. When you go back to work on the problem, the solution suddenly pops into your head. In this case you used ________ to solve the problem. Select one: a. an analogy b. restructuring c. insight d. a mental set

c. insight

Joe has an incredible ability to memorize whatever he reads in a book, and also can recite all the cities in the United States alphabetically. However, he has difficulty doing simple tasks like taking the bus. Joe most likely Select one: a. performs well on choice reaction-time tests. b. has a high IQ. c. is a savant. d. performs well on simple reaction-time tests.

c. is a savant.

Using an analogy to help solve a problem is most likely to occur when the problem Select one: a. is very specific and well-defined. b. has many subgoals. c. is similar to another problem. d. cannot be solved by working backward.

c. is similar to another problem.

An advantage of the prototype model in describing how we think about concepts is that Select one: a. it organizes concepts hierarchically. b. a different prototype can be chosen for different reasons. c. it allows for flexibility in letting unusual concepts be included in a category. d. all examples of concepts are equally important.

c. it allows for flexibility in letting unusual concepts be included in a category.

If you have a higher level of general intelligence, you are also likely to have better Select one: a. parenting skills. b. interpersonal relationships. c. physical health. d. emotional regulation.

c. physical health.

Lauren is baking a cake but realizes that she is missing ingredients. She has to make a cake, so she finds a new recipe that will work with the ingredients she has. Lauren is engaging in Select one: a. informal reasoning. b. framing. c. problem solving. d. formal reasoning.

c. problem solving.

Your rent is due, but you are short $100. You find a way around this obstacle to meet the goal of paying the rent by offering to clean your friend's house for $100. You now have enough money to pay your rent. To reach your goal, you have just used the thinking strategy of Select one: a. reasoning. b. decision making. c. problem solving. d. framing.

c. problem solving.

When we encounter a difficult problem, thinking about the problem in a new way can help solve it. This technique is known as Select one: a. using a mental set. b. functional fixedness. c. restructuring. d. using an analogy.

c. restructuring.

Jethro believes that all elderly people have difficulty hearing and understanding. Whenever he interacts with an elderly person, Jethro automatically speaks loudly and slowly. Jethro is applying his ________ of the elderly in these interactions. Select one: a. algorithm b. prototype c. stereotype d. exemplar

c. stereotype

Which of the following is NOT an example of thinking? Select one: a. translating your Spanish homework into English b. calculating the tip on your dinner bill c. taking a nap with soft music playing d. using a map to drive to a new store

c. taking a nap with soft music playing

Last week, Alana saw a television show about a rare, but fatal, virus. Now, she has a runny nose and a fever and thinks she has contracted the virus. Alana's thinking is most likely based on Select one: a. the representativeness heuristic. b. using framing. c. the availability heuristic. d. an algorithm.

c. the availability heuristic.

Some mental shortcuts can cause errors in thinking. For example, simply because a piece of information is remembered easily does not mean that the best decision is based on that information. This error in thinking reflects Select one: a. an analogy. b. insight. c. the availability heuristic. d. the representativeness heuristic.

c. the availability heuristic.

Typically, scores on intelligence tests are closely related to ________ memory. Select one: a. sensory b. semantic c. working d. episodic

c. working

Implicit memories are stored in the part of the brain called the

cerebellum.

Marianna takes the bus to school every day. One morning, a different bus is used on her route. Marianna does not notice the switch, even though her usual bus is blue and the new bus is red. Marianna most likely did not notice the different bus due to

change blindness.

Yelinda is talking to a salesman in a store when she steps away to answer her cell phone. When Yelinda turns back to the salesman, she fails to notice that the salesman she had originally been speaking to has been replaced by a different salesman. Yelinda's failure to notice that the salesman has changed is best explained by

change blindness.

Fatima is a new student on campus. Everywhere she goes, she is asked for her 12-digit student number. To memorize her new student number, she thinks of it as three different years. Fatima is using __________ to aid her memory.

chunking

The string of 16-digits 1776149217872014 is difficult to remember. If a person breaks them up into four groups of four digits (1776, 1492, 1787, and 2014), these numbers are easier to remember, due to the effect of

chunking.

To remember her nine-digit Social Security number, Alyssa uses her working memory to place the numbers into three groups. In addition, each group of three or four digits is easy to remember because it is meaningful. Alyssa has made her Social Security number easier to remember by using

chunking.

To remember her nine-digit social security number, Alyssa uses her working memory to place the numbers into three groups. In addition, each group of three or four digits is easy to remember because it is meaningful. Alyssa has made her social security number easier to remember by using

chunking.

Blythe had a large breakfast in the late morning. Even though she was planning to skip lunch, she starts to feel hungry at noon and decides to eat. The fact that Blythe wants to eat at her normal lunchtime even though she ate a late breakfast can be best explained by

classical conditioning.

Current research about the role of the amygdala in emotion suggests that the path from the thalamus to the amygdala prepares someone to respond, and the path from the thalamus to the cortex to the amygdala

confirms whether a threat is present.

Sleep disturbances interfere with the __________ of memories.

consolidation

If you study in the same room in which you take an exam, you will probably do better on the exam than if you had studied elsewhere. This outcome occurs because of ________ memory.

context-dependent

If you study in the same room in which you take an exam, you will probably do better on the exam than if you had studied elsewhere. This outcome occurs because of __________ memory.

context-dependent

Ashley studies for her upcoming psychology exam while sitting on her sunny front porch. When she takes the exam in a dimly lit lecture hall, she does poorly on the exam. Which of the following could have influenced her ability to recall the necessary exam information?

context-dependent memory

Carson tries to convince his instructor to give the final exam in the same room where the class is held because he learned that it would improve his chances of getting a better grade. Which memory concept is Carson using?

context-dependent memory

When Jon visits his grandmother's house, he always thinks about his childhood. Something about the way her house smells seems to trigger these memories. This is an example of

context-dependent memory

The increased ability to retrieve memories that occurs when the encoding environment and the recall environment are the same is called

context-dependent memory.

When Jon visits his grandmother's house, he always thinks about his childhood. Something about the way her house smells seems to trigger these memories. This is an example of

context-dependent memory.

Jacob has to write an essay for his writing course and decides to write about a boy who is actually a wizard. When his teacher reads the essay, she realizes that Jacob got the idea from a popular book. Jacob denies this, honestly believing that he thought of the idea himself. Jacob is experiencing

cryptomnesia.

When Ellen learns that her roommate will be an international student from Britain, she is worried that her roommate will be stiff and reserved. Ellen is surprised when Diana turns out to be upbeat and friendly. Diana's behavior goes against Ellen's beliefs about how people from Britain express emotions and have violated her

cultural display rules.

While explaining affect-as-information theory to her roommate, Bianca should most likely say that we use

current moods to make judgments, even if we do not know the source of our moods

While explaining affect-as-information theory to her roommate, Bianca should most likely say that we use

current moods to make judgments, even if we do not know the source of our moods.

Which of the following questions best summarizes the current approach to the role of nature and nurture in intelligence? Select one: a. Is intelligence primarily determined by genetics? b. Is intelligence primarily determined by the environment? c. What factors other than nature and nurture influence intelligence? d. How does each factor, genes and the environment, contribute to intelligence?

d. How does each factor, genes and the environment, contribute to intelligence?

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of stereotype threat? Select one: a. It causes distraction and anxiety. b. It reduces the short-term memory capacity. c. It undermines confidence and motivation. d. It disorganizes information in long-term memory.

d. It disorganizes information in long-term memory.

Sam always buys one specific brand of cell phones because she believes that brand is the most reliable. Sam is using ________ to decide what cell phone to buy, which may help her save time picking out her next cell phone. Select one: a. restructuring b. formal reasoning c. an algorithm d. a heuristic

d. a heuristic

Which of the following is NOT an example of an analogical representation? Select one: a. a subway map b. a family tree c. a diagram of the human body d. a sign language gesture for "please"

d. a sign language gesture for "please"

The SAT is a psychometric test, which means that it is Select one: a. an intelligence test that gives an IQ score based on a person's performance. b. an achievement test that reveals what knowledge and skills a person has. c. definitely valid but may not be reliable. d. a standardized test that is administered the same way for all students and scored objectively.

d. a standardized test that is administered the same way for all students and scored objectively.

Stella takes an Advanced Placement English Literature test, which is designed to assess what knowledge and skills she has learned in that subject. Stella is taking a(n) ________ test. Select one: a. content b. performance c. aptitude d. achievement

d. achievement

James is trying to break into a safe, but he does not know the four-digit code. To find the right code, he uses a procedure that will obtain the right result if he uses it correctly. Specifically, he tries every possible set of four-digit numbers until he finds the correct one. James is using a(n) ________ to find the correct code. Select one: a. analogy b. mental set c. heuristic d. algorithm

d. algorithm

Monica is very good at algebra and chemistry. However, she is not very good at writing short stories. According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, Monica most likely has high ________ intelligence and low ________ intelligence. Select one: a. logical; linguistic b. analytical; linguistic c. logical; creative d. analytical; creative

d. analytical; creative

Chris is describing what lasagna is to a friend who has never eaten it before. He tells his friend, "Lasagna usually has layers of noodles with cheese and sauce in between each layer." In this situation, Chris is describing his ________ of lasagna. Select one: a. mental map b. category c. analogical representation d. concept

d. concept

When Mary thinks about a "guitar," she is using a mental representation of specific knowledge about that object. Mary is thinking about a Select one: a. mental map. b. schema. c. stereotype. d. concept.

d. concept.

According to the theory of multiple intelligences, the famous authors Mark Twain and Dr. Seuss most likely possessed high ________ intelligence. Select one: a. musical b. spatial c. intrapersonal d. linguistic

d. linguistic

Seven-year-old Tarun is baking cookies for the first time. He does not know what a tablespoon is, so every time the recipe says to use a tablespoon, he uses a teaspoon instead. Tarun's system of measurement has ________ and ________. Select one: a. low validity; low reliability b. high validity; low reliability c. high validity; high reliability d. low validity; high reliability

d. low validity; high reliability

A man is skiing skillfully down a mountain. This man would most likely score high on bodily kinesthetic intelligence, according to the ________ theory. Select one: a. general intelligence b. triarchic c. emotional intelligence d. multiple intelligences

d. multiple intelligences

Luke grew up by the beach and only wears sandals. Because of this, it is likely Luke considers sandals to be the most typical type of "shoe." For Luke, sandals would most likely be the ________ of the category "shoes." Select one: a. stereotype b. heuristic c. exemplar d. prototype

d. prototype

Fred wants to be a lawyer. To achieve this goal, Fred realizes he will have to graduate from law school. He also knows that to go to law school, he will have to graduate from college. So, he decides that his first step toward his goal of being a lawyer is to apply to college. To solve his problem Fred is using Select one: a. an analogy. b. working backward. c. insight. d. subgoals.

d. subgoals.

Steve is trying to determine whether it will rain this Saturday. He quickly remembers that it has rained the past three Saturdays. If he uses this information to make his decision, he will be using Select one: a. framing. b. insight. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. the availability heuristic.

d. the availability heuristic.

When a friend asks for a restaurant recommendation, you quickly remember the place where you ate last night and suggest that restaurant to her. You most likely thought of that restaurant due to Select one: a. framing. b. insight. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. the availability heuristic.

d. the availability heuristic.

You read a description about a woman named Tyra, who happens to be extremely beautiful and almost six feet tall. You are asked to predict whether Tyra is a model or a science teacher. To do this, you think of your prototypes of a model and a science teacher, and decide that Tyra is a model. Your reasoning may be faulty due to Select one: a. an algorithm. b. framing. c. the availability heuristic. d. the representativeness heuristic.

d. the representativeness heuristic.

Bridget just took an intelligence test. The results show that Bridget has very high musical intelligence. The test Bridget took was probably based on the Select one: a. triarchic theory. b. theory of emotional intelligences. c. theory of general intelligence. d. theory of multiple intelligences.

d. theory of multiple intelligences.

Regina is mentally manipulating information about how her boyfriend's new jeans fit him. When Regina does this she is Select one: a. experiencing insight about whether he is attractive. b. using an algorithm to decide whether the jeans fit. c. developing a mental map of her boyfriend. d. thinking about how he looks in the jeans.

d. thinking about how he looks in the jeans.

Sue is a great math student. According to multiple intelligences theory, Sue's linguistic intelligence should be ________ her mathematical/logical intelligence. Select one: a. greater than b. less than c. equal to d. unrelated to

d. unrelated to

Josh is having trouble deciding which of two pairs of shoes to buy. Donna tells him that when she could not decide which of two sweaters to buy, she decided to buy both sweaters. Josh realizes that buying both pairs of shoes will solve his problem as well. Josh ________ to solve his problem. Select one: a. worked backward b. used insight c. overcame a mental set d. used an analogy

d. used an analogy

Which of the following best describes reasoning? Select one: a. finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal b. selecting the best option among a set of alternatives c. choosing between general information and specific information d. using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable

d. using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable

Sean feels like his sex drive has diminished over the past six months. Sean may be experiencing _______ levels.

decreased androgen

Harry is reading the textbook for his astronomy class and is trying to relate the material to his own life experiences. According to the levels of processing model, Harry is more likely to remember the information over the long term because he is using

deep processing.

Japanese students were shown film clips designed to provoke strong emotions. When Toko watched the clip with other people present, she showed little outward emotion. When Toko watched the clips alone, she showed the same strong emotions observed in American college students. The difference in what Toko considers to be acceptable emotional expression shows the influence of

display rules

Blake is waiting to hear whether he has been accepted to medical school. He is so anxious that he is having trouble working. To cope with the situation, he tries to keep himself from thinking about it by practicing the guitar. In doing so, Blake is dealing with his feelings through

distraction.

Raymond is studying for finals and has not slept for almost two days. He finally realizes he is exhausted and goes home from the library to sleep. Raymond's desire to go home and get some rest so that he no longer feels tired is a

drive

When he is hungry, August knows he is experiencing a(n) _______, which is a physiological state that encourages behaviors that correct a deficiency state.

drive

Luke needs about seven hours of sleep a night. During his spring break, however, he sleeps 10 hours just because he enjoys it so much. Luke's behavior is difficult to explain with which of the following motivation theories?

drive reduction

Ming is hiking around a lake to photograph it from a variety of angles, but she forgot to bring water with her. Soon, she cannot concentrate and goes back to her car to satisfy her thirst. Which of the following factors is most likely influencing Ming's behavior in this situation?

drive reduction

Fadeke is studying for her English literature test. For each novel she reads, she tries to think of how the novel relates to her own life. In order to remember the novels, Fadeke is using the memory strategy called

elaborative rehearsal.

To work at Burger Shack, Meghan must memorize all of the menu items. To do this, Meghan thinks about which friend would want to order each item. Meghan is likely to retain the menu items in long-term storage very well because she used

elaborative rehearsal.

Jie recently got out of a bad relationship. While she is excited to be single again, she is not sure how she will move forward on her own. Jie's uncertainty in making a subjective evaluation about her current situation means she is struggling with

emotion.

When you are reading your textbook, your brain changes the words you are reading into a meaningful neural code that it can use. In memory, this process is

encoding.

If someone asks you to describe your first day of school, you would most likely retrieve a(n) __________ memory.

episodic

Which of the following is a type of explicit memory?

episodic

If you can remember exactly what you did yesterday but have trouble remembering the names of all 50 states, then you have excellent __________ memory but may have poor __________ memory.

episodic; semantic

Sue and Mary are talking about knitting. Sue is trying to remember the first thing she ever knitted. Mary is trying to remember what the word knitting means. Sue is trying to recall a(n) __________ memory and Mary is going to recall a(n) __________ memory.

episodic; semantic

During recess, children are trying to balance a seesaw. If one side is too low, a heavier child will get off and be replaced by a lighter child; if one side is too high, a lighter child will be replaced by a heavier one. The children's behavior is similar to our biological states as they try to create

equilibrium

Kirsten and Dustin have gone down the most demanding ski trail at the resort. Back at the lodge, they are feeling extra excitement from finishing their trail and suddenly find that their attraction for each other has increased greatly. This effect is most likely due to

excitation transfer.

When going to her office on the seventh floor, June either takes the elevator or the stairs. If June takes the stairs, she will be annoyed when asked a simple question by her coworkers. However, if June takes the elevator, she is more patient. The irritated reaction that occurs when June is physiologically aroused by climbing the stairs is an example of

excitation transfer.

In a study, male participants are given a drug that makes them feel extremely happy. Participants in Group A are told that the drug will make them happy. Participants in Group B are not told about the effects of the drug. Later on, an attractive woman enters the room. According to the two-factor theory, Group A is less likely to feel attracted to the woman because they

expected positive feelings from the drug.

Sarah wants to do well in class because she is earning credit toward graduation, which is her goal. Joe wants to do well in class because he gets pleasure from learning new material. Sarah is influenced by _______ motivation. Joe is influenced by _______ motivation.

extrinsic; intrinsic

Sarah wants to do well in class because she is earning credit toward graduation, which is her goal. Joe wants to do well in class because he gets pleasure from learning new material. Sarah is influenced by ________ motivation. Joe is influenced by ________ motivation.

extrinsic; intrinsic

Angelica claims to be an expert at reading people's emotions through their expressions. When asked how she does it, Angelica claims that she uses people's _______ to give her the best cues as to how they are feeling.

eyes

According to sexual strategies theory, men and women differ in their sexual behavior because they

face different adaptive problems.

At a potluck, everyone brings their favorite dish to share. Gavin decides to avoid the foods he has never heard of before and instead eats only the macaroni and cheese he brought to the party. In this example, Gavin eating food he prepared himself suggests that he is most influenced by

familiarity

You vividly remember where you were when you heard about the Boston Marathon bombing. What you remember is a(n) __________ memory and is likely to be __________ a memory for an ordinary event.

flashbulb; as accurate as

Yu vividly remembers the day her husband surprised her with an emotional and dramatic marriage proposal. Research suggests that this __________ memory is __________ ordinary memories.

flashbulb; as accurate as

Patient H.M. had part of his medial temporal lobes, including the hippocampus, removed to eliminate seizures. After his surgery, H.M could no longer

form new explicit memories.

Jonathan was in a motorcycle accident and sustained an injury to his hippocampus. He now has anterograde amnesia, which means that he has difficulty

forming new memories.

Sally is having a hard time losing weight and keeping it off because the more weight she loses, the hungrier she feels. This condition is most likely due to the effects of ________, which triggers feelings of hunger.

ghrelin

Troy finds it very hard to lose weight. No matter how often he exercises, he keeps gaining weight instead of losing it. He thinks that he has a genetic predisposition to be overweight, which has most likely made him sensitive to the hunger-promoting effects of

ghrelin

In an experiment, you are asked to memorize a list of 30 words. At first, this seems like a challenging task. Then you remember that you can hold more words in short-term storage if you

group words together in meaningful ways.

Jake and Juanita have been married for ten years. Though Jake has been tempted to have an extramarital affair, his emotion of ______ helps keep him faithful to his wife.

guilt

Ekman and colleagues found that several emotions are common to people around the world, including all of the following EXCEPT

guilt.

Robert becomes anxious during exams. He has found that chewing on the eraser on his pencil while he thinks helps him to calm down. Over time, Robert's pencil chewing is likely to become a(n)

habit

Robert becomes anxious during exams. He has found that chewing on the eraser on his pencil while he thinks helps him to calm down. Over time, Robert's pencil chewing is likely to become a(n)

habit.

While studying Ekman's work on expressions of emotions, Tanino is surprised to find out that the strongest cross-cultural agreement in the identification of emotions involves _______, and the weakest involves _______.

happiness; fear and disgust

Monica hears that George goes to a lot of parties. When a friend asks Monica what George is like, she tells him that George drinks a lot of alcohol. Even though Monica only knows that George goes to parties, she believes that George drinks a lot because she

has a schema about going to parties that includes drinking alcohol.

According to sexual strategies theory, women may prefer a mate with high status because

he has more resources to support his family.

Janelle knows that motivational states are directive, meaning that they

help guide behaviors that satisfy our needs

Donato and Quincy are identical twins who were separated at birth. Donato tends to be fearful of many things and can easily be made to feel guilty. If these same qualities were evaluated in Quincy, you would expect that he would have _______ levels of fear.

high

Mauricio does not get enough milk to drink and begins to eat chalk from his classroom to replace the missing calcium. Mauricio eating chalk in order to replenish the calcium in his body is an example of

homeostasis

One day, Bill surprises his friend Ted by jumping out from behind a tree. Ted is startled and falls backward, hitting his head on a rock. The next day, Ted cannot stop eating and eats as much food as possible. Ted may have damaged the _______ in his brain.

hypothalamus

One day, Bill surprises his friend Ted by jumping out from behind a tree. Ted is startled and falls backward, hitting his head on a rock. The next day, Ted cannot stop eating and eats as much food as possible. Ted may have damaged the part of his brain called the

hypothalamus

According to the work of Clark Hull, when we are deprived of some need, a drive is created that

increases proportionally with the degree of deprivation.

From an evolutionary perspective, we can see that pleasure _______ the likelihood of survival and reproduction because it _______.

increases; promotes adaptive behaviors

From an evolutionary perspective, we can see that pleasure _______ the likelihood of survivaland reproduction because it _______.

increases; promotes adaptive behaviors

Recent research suggests that negative memories may be erased by

interfering with memory reconsolidation.

Cesar has done so well in his economics class that he only needs 43 out of 100 points on the final exam to receive an "A" in the class. Cesar still studies a lot because he wants to do well on the final. Cesar's behavior is affected by

internal motivation

Research has shown that the consolidation of memories

is aided by sleep.

Sydney, who is currently in a good mood, has been asked about her life satisfaction. According to the affect-as-information theory, Sydney will most likely respond that she

is generally happy with her life.

Gertrude is close to finishing her degree in biology and has been offered several good jobs in her field. However, Gertrude decides that she really wants to become a carpenter. She quits school and becomes a very happy and successful carpenter. According to Maslow, Gertrude

is self-actualized

While it appears to be negative, guilt can actually serve to protect and strengthen our interpersonal relationships. All of the following are examples of this protective concept except when guilt

is used to deceive others.

Danny, who has a damaged amygdala, accidentally spilled kerosene on a campfire and got badly burned. Later, Danny's reaction to fire is that he

knows it is dangerous but has no conditioned fear of it.

Recently, people have started laughter groups. These groups get together on a regular basis to laugh for a period of time. Even though the laughter occurs without humor, group members show improved mental and physical health. This happens because

laughter has physiological effects that are similar to exercise.

Pluto the dog is hit by a car while chasing a squirrel. Afterward, he starts losing weight and does not seem interested in eating his food. Pluto is most likely having problems with _______, which tells us when to stop eating.

leptin

Sandra is a nutritionist who knows that long-term regulation of body fat primarily involves

leptin

Sandra is a nutritionist who knows that long-term regulation of body fat primarily involves the hormone called

leptin

Emily is discussing the basis of homosexuality with a friend. During the conversation, Emily cites research on the role of hormones in the development of sexuality that found that

lesbians were exposed to a higher level of androgens during prenatal development.

Tamera and Kai found a house they want to buy. The day they found it, they had been having a wonderful time house hunting and planning their life together. A few days later, after having a miserable day at work, Kai goes back to look at the house again. Tamera predicts that Kai will like the house

less because of affect-as-information theory.

Eva and Garnet survived a traumatic bus accident. During the accident, Eva's amygdala was severely damaged while Garnet experienced no injuries. When compared with Garnet, you would expect Eva to be _______ to develop a conditioned fear to buses.

less likely

Short-term storage has a(n)

limited capacity

Professor Smith refuses to learn his students' names because he believes the names will take up space in his memory that he needs to store research-related information. Professor Smith's belief about his memory is INCORRECT because

long-term storage holds unlimited amounts of information.

Professor Smith refuses to learn his students' names because he believes the names will take up space in his memory that he needs to store research-related information. Professor Smith's belief about his memory is incorrect because

long-term storage holds unlimited amounts of information.

Kumar is trying to remember the name of his psychology professor from last semester. To answer this question, Kumar must search for information in his

long-term storage.

Morgan is currently taking a course on public speaking. Next year, he will most likely remember only general facts from the course, because semantic information is maintained in

long-term storage.

When you are hungry, the level of the glucose in your bloodstream is________. After you finish a big meal, the level of the glucose in your bloodstream is ________.

low;high

Emilio has an "A" average, and Claudio has a "C" average. Both men have career aspirations of becoming aeronautical engineers to work for NASA. Claudio likely has _______ than Emilio.

lower achievement motivation

Reveille just got a new bank account password: 979tamu. She repeats the code over and over, keeping the information maintained in short-term storage by using

maintenance rehearsal.

Nora and Miles are medical students studying for an exam. Nora makes flash cards to memorize new terms and repeatedly reads them to herself. Miles links new terms to the ones he already knows based on their meanings. Nora is using __________ and Miles is using __________ to learn the terms.

maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal

Nora and Miles are studying for an exam. Nora makes flash cards to memorize new terms and repeatedly reads them to herself. Miles links new terms to the ones he already knows based on their meanings. Nora is using ________ and Miles is using ________ to learn the terms.

maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal

When you are studying for an exam, the part of the brain that is responsible for coordinating and strengthening the connections among neurons is the

medial temporal lobe.

Yesterday, you caused an argument by insulting another person. Today, you remember the argument as being the other person's fault. You do not remember that you were actually to blame for the argument because of

memory bias

When we make our memories consistent with our current beliefs or attitudes, we are experiencing

memory bias.

Yesterday, you caused an argument by insulting another person. Today, you remember the argument as being the other person's fault. You do not remember that you were actually to blame for the argument because of

memory bias.

From an evolutionary perspective, it makes sense that men would like to have more sexual partners than women. This is because

men can increase their number of offspring with multiple partners.

Mr. Griffin has a class full of students with high achievement motivation. To help these students do well on his calculus exam, Mr. Griffin should write questions that are

moderately difficult.

Daria is writing a lecture about motivation and wants to explain states of biological or social deficiency. Which of the following should she NOT include as an example of a "need"?

money

Elaborative rehearsal is a more effective memory strategy than maintenance rehearsal because the information is processed

more deeply.

Hugh is sad that his best friend is studying abroad for the entire academic year. His brother tries to get him to go to some social events, but Hugh does not want to do anything. Hugh's behavior is not energized, directed, or sustained, and he is lacking

motivation

Jerome's boat sank in cold water and his body temperature is dangerously low, so he starts swimming to raise his body temperature. According to motivational theory, Jerome's low temperature created a deficient state called a(n) _______, which in turn created a motivating state called a(n) _______ to increase his temperature.

need; drive

According to the idea that information is held in long-term storage in networks of associations, each specific piece of information in memory is located in

nodes.

Antoinette is a real risk-taker. She loves to skydive, and she can party all night. Benita dislikes risk-taking and prefers quieter activities, such as reading and yoga. These contrasting preferences in the rate of physiological activation they experience suggest that Antoinette and Benita differ in their

optimal level of arousal

Posttraumatic stress disorder is an example of

persistence

Mabel is comparing theories of emotion. When studying the two-factor theory, she notes that people experience emotion through

physiological arousal followed by cognitive interpretation.

Jason and Cora are riding on a roller coaster, which is producing high levels of arousal. They attribute their aroused state to romantic feelings for each other and feel they are falling in love. The effect of the roller coaster is from the _______ associated with emotion.

physiological processes

Jason and Cora are riding on a roller coaster, which is producing high levels of arousal. They attribute their aroused state to romantic feelings for each other and feel they are falling in love. The effect the roller coaster has on Jason and Cora is associated with the ________ of emotion.

physiological processes

Ross is explaining the different theories of emotion to his younger brother. When describing two-factor theory, he explains that a situation causes a

physiological response that is followed by a cognitive label.

Terry's home was destroyed in a hurricane. It is hard to find food, so he is constantly hungry. However, he feels lucky because his family survived and he is together with his loved ones. According to Maslow's theory, Terry's _______ needs are not met, but his _______ needs are being met.

physiological; belonging

Which of the following actions is an example of prospective memory?

planning to pick up a library book on your way home

Jurors are listening to an eyewitness describe a crime. Research on eyewitness testimony suggests that jurors will be

poor at judging the accuracy of the testimony.

Dion keeps having nightmares and flashbacks about his time in the military. His chronic anxiety is most likely due to which disorder?

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Joffrey's wife asked him to go to the store and buy milk, bacon, apples, juice, butter, and cereal. Joffrey did not write down the items, and ended up only remembering to buy milk and bacon at the store. The fact that Joffrey only remembered milk and bacon demonstrates the __________ effect.

primacy

Beth recently changed her e-mail password. For the first few days after changing her password, she kept trying to log in with the old password. Which of the following was Beth experiencing?

proactive interference

Ali's previous boyfriend was named Sam and her new boyfriend is named Stan. When she accidentally calls her new boyfriend Stan by the name Sam, she explains to him that her mistake was due to

proactive interference.

You study Spanish during high school but then take Portuguese when you are in college. You have trouble learning Portuguese because of the Spanish you learned in high school. This effect is most likely due to

proactive interference.

Aman has anterograde amnesia. However, he can still remember how to ride a bicycle and how to tie his shoes, because his __________ memory is still intact.

procedural

Becca is trying to teach her 3-year-old son Cole how to ride a bicycle. Although she knows how to ride a bike, Becca is having a hard time verbalizing the steps to her son. Becca is struggling with trying to explain her ________ memory of riding a bike.

procedural

Becca is trying to teach her 3-year-old son Cole how to ride a bicycle. Although she knows how to ride a bike, Becca is having a hard time verbalizing the steps to her son. Becca is struggling with trying to explain her __________ memory of riding a bike.

procedural

Remembering how to ice skate is most likely an example of __________ memory.

procedural

Tami's father used to roller skate as a child, but has not skated for many years. When he goes skating with Tami he will most likely remember how to skate due to his __________ memory.

procedural

Which of the following is a type of implicit memory?

procedural

Igor has not been skiing in 10 years. However, when he gets on his skis, his body remembers exactly how to ski. The kind of memory that makes it possible for him to remember how to ski is

procedural.

Jim and Phil are changing the oil in Jim's car. Jim is trying to remember all the actions involved in changing the oil. Phil is trying to remember the first time he ever changed the oil in his car. Jim is trying to recall a __________ memory and Phil is trying to recall a(n) __________ memory.

procedural; episodic

People find it very easy to put on a button-down shirt but much harder to write down the steps involved in putting on a button-down shirt. This difference suggests that __________ memory is typically an __________ memory.

procedural; implicit

Research on mating strategies suggests that to generate interest from the opposite sex successfully, men should present themselves as _______ and women should present themselves as _______.

professionally successful; physically attractive

On his way to work, Jon's wife reminds him that he needs to pick up milk on his way home from work. To remember to pick up milk on his way home, Jon should use his __________ memory.

prospective

Prospective memory limits the cognitive resources available for other tasks because it

reduces the number of items we can maintain in short-term storage.

George has to recall the names of the first 20 presidents of the United States for his history test. According to the levels of processing model of memory, to remember the most names, George should

relate the names to information he already knows.

When Karl was a child, he loved to sit in his grandmother's kitchen watching her cook Italian food. Now, whenever he smells Italian food, he instantly remembers those childhood times. For Karl, the smell of Italian food is a __________ for memories about his grandmother.

retrieval cue

You study Spanish during high school but then take Portuguese when you are in college. Now, whenever you try to remember a word in Spanish, you can only remember that word in Portuguese. This effect is most likely due to

retroactive interference.

After falling off your horse, you seem to have lost all memory of the past three years of your life. Based on this symptom, the doctor will most likely diagnose you with

retrograde amnesia

A person who has experienced the loss of past memories may be experiencing

retrograde amnesia.

After he was robbed, Marcus kept replaying the incident in his mind. "Why did I leave the door unlocked? Some of my stuff was irreplaceable and I can never get it back." By continually focusing on this negative event, Marcus is coping with his feelings through

rumination.

Delia lives far from her family and rarely visits them. On a recent trip home, Delia realizes that her nephews do not know who she is. This makes Delia feel remorseful. Because remorse is a blend of other feelings, Delia is experiencing a(n) _______ emotion.

secondary

Hernando and Fiona are in an advanced math class, which they love. In order to increase his effort in the class, Hernando's parents give him $5 for every "A" that he gets. Fiona's parents do not reward her for good grades. Fiona is more likely to do well in the class because of

self-determination theory

Hernando and Fiona are in an advanced math class, which they love. In order to increase his effort in the class, Hernando's parents give him $5 for every "A" that he gets. Fiona's parents do not reward her for good grades. Fiona is more likely to do well in the class because of

self-determination theory.

If someone asks you to describe what a school is, you would most likely retrieve a(n) ________ memory.

semantic

If someone asks you to describe what a school is, you would most likely retrieve a(n) __________ memory.

semantic

Chris is looking for his friend in a crowd of people at a concert. As he scans the crowd, he often blinks but still retains a brief visual image of many of the faces in the crowd for a very brief time. Chris is able to maintain this visual information due to the function of his

sensory storage

Chris is looking for his friend in a crowd of people at a concert. As he scans the crowd, he often blinks but still retains a brief visual image of many of faces in the crowd for a very brief time. Chris is able to maintain this visual information due to the function of his

sensory storage.

Liora is reading her textbook. As her eyes scan the page, each visual image is retained for less than a second in her

sensory storage.

Lisa is driving to school when she sees a yellow traffic light ahead of her. According to the three-part memory storage system, Lisa will first maintain information about the yellow light in her

sensory storage.

Makenna is starting her first job as a teacher. To effectively motivate her students, Makenna should

set challenging and specific goals that are not too difficult or too easy, to encourage persistence and concentration during lessons.

Ruth has weighed 130 pounds all her adult life. During her pregnancy, she gained 25 pounds. After having her baby, Ruth's weight returned naturally to 130 pounds. For Ruth, 130 pounds was a(n) _______, and her body went back to it through the process of _______.

set point; homeostasis

Dr. Nelson noticed that women with damage to their hypothalamus have difficulty feeling sexual arousal. In this situation, Dr. Nelson's patients are experiencing a disruption of their ________, particularly the _______ phase.

sexual response cycle; excitement

Jalila reads the paper every day because she is intrinsically motivated. Jalila most likely reads the paper because

she feels a need to keep current with world events

Recently, Miriam's violin instructor tells her that she has to practice three hours a day for a competition. Although Miriam usually practices more than three hours, she suddenly finds that she enjoys playing a lot less. Self-determination theory suggests that Miriam's sudden loss of interest happened because

she no longer feels that she is choosing to practice

Recently, Miriam's violin instructor tells her that she has to practice three hours a day for a competition. Although Miriam usually practices more than three hours, she suddenly finds that she enjoys playing a lot less. Self-determination theory suggests that Miriam's sudden loss of interest happened because

she no longer feels that she is choosing to practice.

If Phong makes his girlfriend Regina dinner and his menu selection is influenced by his culture, he would most likely make Regina

snake wine, because it is a delicacy in his native Vietnam.

Tia is studying for her introductory psychology exam and is having trouble understanding the James-Lange theory of emotion. Her friend Brian took the course last semester and is most likely to explain the relationship between fear and trembling as

someone feels afraid because he or she is trembling.

Laden has a memory of getting a teddy bear at a childhood birthday party. However, she cannot remember who gave it to her or at which birthday she received it. Laden is experiencing

source amnesia.

If someone says the word doctor, it may trigger a memory of your last trip to the doctor, or it may bring to mind other concepts related to doctors, such as an examination room or a stethoscope. This fact is best explained by the __________ model of memory.

spreading activation

When explaining the purpose of homeostasis, Dr. Murphy would most likely suggest that it

stabilizes conditions in the body.

When recreating Mischel's famous marshmallow delay-of-gratification study, Art finds that children who successfully wait to eat the marshmallow are LEAST likely to

stare at the marshmallow.

The increased ability to retrieve memories that occurs when the internal states during encoding and the internal states during recall match is called

state-dependent memory.

Whenever Mandy gets angry with her boyfriend, she easily remembers all of the other times she has been angry with him in the past. Mandy's ability to retrieve this information was most likely influenced by

state-dependent memory.

Every day Manuel buys coffee from the same woman on the way to work. Even though he always sees her, when a friend asks he cannot remember what color her hair is. Manual most likely experienced a problem in the __________ process of memory.

storage

After reading your textbook, you are able to maintain the bold, key words in coded representations in a network of neurons in your brain. In memory, this process is called

storage.

Alex sees a girl in a red shirt steal a candy bar. Later, during questioning, the police ask what candy the girl in the blue shirt stole. Months later, when Alex testifies in court, he describes the girl as having worn a blue shirt. This is an example of

suggestibility.

Explicit memories are stored in the part of the brain called the

temporal lobe.

Since anxiety can hurt test performance, Thatcher does relaxation exercises before a big exam. He is shocked when he does poorly on the exam. He would have been less surprised had he known about the relationship between physiological activation and performance, as described in

the Yerkes-Dodson law.

Since anxiety can hurt test performance, Thatcher does relaxation exercises before a big exam.He is shocked when he does poorly on the exam. He would have been less surprised had he known about the relationship between physiological activation and performance, as described in

the Yerkes-Dodson law.

Shannon is annoyed because her cousin Nicholas can sleep with a different girl every weekend, but if Shannon does not wait to have sex until marriage, her family will believe she has no morals. The difference in the way that Shannon and Nicholas are treated by their family is an example of

the double standard.

On his way to buy a snack, Jed sees an ad that simply shows one juicy hamburger. Rather than getting ice cream as he had planned, Jed buys French fries instead. According to the spreading activation model, the hamburger most likely made Jed want French fries because

the hamburger activated the node for French fries.

Jenna plans to be an engineer. However, she loves taking dance classes and makes time for them even if it means that she must skip a meal or not get much sleep. Jenna's behavior is bestexplained by

the pleasure principle

Jenna plans to be an engineer. However, she loves taking dance classes and makes time for them even if it means that she must skip a meal or not get much sleep. Jenna's behavior is best explained by

the pleasure principle.

Cynthia's psychology professor asks the class not to think about purple unicorns. Though Cynthia has never once before thought about a purple unicorn, she finds that she cannot stop thinking about them. Cynthia is experiencing _______ as a result of her attempts at _______.

the rebound effect; thought suppression

Addie told Callum her top 10 favorite movies. When he tries to recall the list later on, he can only remember the last two movies Addie mentioned. The fact that Callum only remembers the last two movies is most likely due to

the recency effect.

Amanda is telling Connie about a movie she saw last night, when Connie asks who starred in the movie. Amanda gets frustrated because she cannot think of the actor's name, even though she can describe the actor and list other movies in which he has starred. Amanda is most likely experiencing

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

You are working on a crossword puzzle. Even though you know the answer to a question, you cannot remember the actual word. You remember the shape of the word, the first letter of the word, and other related words and ideas, but cannot remember the word itself. You are experiencing

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Amanda was telling Connie about a movie she had seen, when Connie asked who starred in the movie. Amanda became frustrated because she could not think of the actor's name, even though she could describe the actor and list other movies he has starred in. Amanda is most likely experiencing

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Janet and Joan are on a hot air balloon ride. They experience identical patterns of physiological arousal: increased heart rate, sweaty palms, pupil dilation, and increased breathing. After each woman assesses the environment, Janet feels happy while Joan is very scared. Which theory of emotion can best explain this difference?

two-factor

Jason gets excited every time he walks into his physics class. However, Jason has never really liked science, so he does not think that his excitement is due to the class. Instead, he decides that he must be attracted to his lab partner. Jason's misattribution of his arousal in an attempt to explain the excitement he feels is consistent with which theory of emotion?

two-factor

Linda is feeling shaky, her heart is racing, and her mouth is dry. She attributes these symptoms to the fact that she has a big presentation in five minutes and she is nervous. Which theory of emotion best explains Linda's experience?

two-factor

If the Wicked Witch of the West flew down and struck you with retrograde amnesia, you would be ________ to remember anything from before the incident and ________ to form new memories.

unable; able

If the Wicked Witch of the West flew down and struck you with retrograde amnesia, you would be __________ to remember anything from before the incident and __________ to form new memories.

unable; able

Beth's entire family has a high achievement motivation. Which of the following is Beth NOT likely to observe in her family members?

unrealistically high career goals

In memory, the storage phase of information processing lasts

variable amounts of time.

Tara is shooting hockey pucks into a net. If she has a low need for achievement, she will probably take _______ practice shots.

very easy

Parvati is a competitive gymnast at the Olympic trials. She is highly motivated to perform her absolute best. Given your knowledge of the effects of arousal on performance, the best advice you can give Parvati is that she should calm down because

very high arousal can hurt her performance.

If Zita has a higher level of testosterone compared with other women, she will be most likely to

want to engage in sexual activity more frequently.

Stewart desperately wants a job in computers. During his interview, he is aggressive about his thoughts and ideas. A motivation theorist who believes in external motivation would say that Stewart

wants to have enough money to live on.

You are paying close attention to the basketball game on the TV. Suddenly, you are distracted by your roommate talking to someone on the phone about the upcoming psychology exam in the class you both take. This conversation most likely captured your attention because it

was personally important.

While driving home, the car in front of you starts driving dangerously, so you concentrate on watching it. When you arrive home, you realize that you cannot remember anything from your drive home other than that car. Your memory is most likely due to the fact that we do not remember information that

we do not pay attention to.

Filter theory helps explain all of the following memory phenomena EXCEPT

why we tend to process personally irrelevant information.

Roland tells himself that he must love soccer because he works so hard at it. Then, Roland's coach tells him he can get a full soccer scholarship to college. Now Roland tells himself that he is working so hard because he needs to earn a scholarship. Roland now enjoys soccer less. Self-perception theory would explain Roland's behavior by saying that

winning the scholarship has become the reason for playing soccer.

Your friend starts talking about a new puppy that she just rescued. This discussion about her new puppy activates your knowledge about dogs. Based on the fact that information is maintained in long-term storage in a network of associations, when you hear about the puppy

words highly associated with "dog" will be activated first.

Your friend starts talking about a new puppy that she just rescued. This discussion activates your knowledge about dogs. Since this knowledge is maintained in long-term storage in a network of associations, when you hear about her new puppy

words highly associated with "dog" will be activated first.

At Starbucks, a cup of coffee costs $2.82. To use exact change, you must hold the number 2.82 in your head, while sorting through your wallet and calculating what coins you have. To be successful in actively processing this information, you must keep the information maintained in short-term storage by using your

working memory.