exam 2

____ are the second leading cause of death in adolescence.

Homicides

The transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to as emerging adulthood, which occurs from approximately _____ years of age.

18 to 25

According to the surveys conducted by the Higher Education Research Institute at UCLA, which of the following is true of college students?

An increasing number of first-year college students report having higher levels of stress and depression.

Which of the following is a dissimilarity between those diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and those suffering from bulimia nervosa?

Anorexics control their weight by restricting food intake, but most bulimics cannot.

According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society, which of the following statements is true about an individual's sleep?

Chronic sleep deprivation may contribute to cardiovascular disease and a shortened life span.

According to meta-analyses, which of the following statements is true of traditional bullying and cyberbullying?

Cyberbullying is more strongly associated with suicidal ideation than traditional bullying is.

According to Jean Piaget, around age 11, the fourth stage of cognitive development, the _____ stage, begins.

formal operational

During the beginning of the _____ stage, when assimilation dominates, an adolescent's thoughts are full of idealism and possibilities.

formal operational

The abstract quality of thinking during the _____ stage is evident in an adolescent's verbal problem-solving ability.

formal operational

James, an American, will be most likely considered as an adult by his peers and community when he _____, whereas Nirmal, who lives in Bangladesh, will be most likely considered as an adult by his community when he _____.

gets a full-time job; gets married

Carol Dweck (2006) concluded that individuals have one of two mindsets, namely fixed mindset and ________ mindset

growth

Martha is suffering from bulimia nervosa, whereas Jane has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. The difference between them is that Martha

has her weight within a normal range.

In the United States, the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is

holding a more or less permanent, full-time job.

Ethnic _____ is an enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.

identity

Jacob is a third grader and has a disability that has caused him to be separated from his peers during the school day. Recently, Jacob was moved to the regular third-grade classroom. This is an instance of

inclusion.

Eight-year-old Ella can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of craft paper, something she could not do at age three. What best accounts for her improving dexterity?

increased myelination of the central nervous system

The improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is due to

increased myelination of the central nervous system.

According to a national survey, _____ boys exercised the most, _____ girls the least.

non-Latino White; African American and Latino

Which of the following is a positive feature of the transition from high school to college?

opportunities to explore different lifestyles and values

Which of the following reflects a key finding of the research conducted by Park and others (2006) on the mortality rates of emerging adults?

The mortality rates of emerging adults are more than twice the mortality rates of adolescents.

In the context of accountability from schools, which of the following is a criticism of state-wide standardized testing in schools?

Using a single test as the sole indicator of students' progress and competence presents a very narrow view of students' skills.

The most effective way to treat adolescent depression is

a combination of drug therapy and cognitive behavior therapy.

Jana's doctor is treating her for ADHD. Which of the following treatment plans would her doctor most likely recommend to achieve better results?

a combination of stimulant medication and behavior management

Fathima frequently experiences feelings of sadness and hopelessness. She constantly feels tired and has also developed insomnia. Upon consulting a doctor, she is diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Fathima's doctor is most likely to recommend she

cycle for 30 minutes daily.

Which of the following is an example of aerobic exercise?

cycling

Karen believes that her qualities and learning abilities cannot change despite all her efforts. Therefore, she has decided not to try at all and let her grades plummet. In the context of Carol Dweck's description of mindsets, which of the following best describes Karen's mindset?

fixed mindset

Interventions with children who have a learning disability often focus on improving

reading ability.

Identify a true statement about sexual maturation and weight changes that occur during puberty.

Marked weight gains coincide with the onset of puberty.

Which of the following is true of bullying?

One of the most effective interventions focuses on reducing opportunities and rewards for bullying.

____ refers to global evaluations of the self.

Self-esteem

_____ is also called self-worth or self-image.

Self-esteem

Which of the following statements is true of the development of self-understanding in children?

Self-understanding becomes more complex in middle and late childhood.

Misha is a first-generation immigrant in the United States. In the context of cultural and ethnic identity, which of the following statements is most likely to be true about her identity?

She is unlikely to change her identity much and may or may not develop a new identity.

Which of the following is true of schools in low-income areas?

Teaching is more likely to encourage rote learning.

Which of the following characterizes a person suffering from anorexia nervosa?

an intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss

Katie weighs less than 85 percent of what is considered normal for her age and height. Yet, she sees herself as too fat and starves to become thinner. Katie most likely suffers from

anorexia nervosa.

Lloyd Johnston and his colleagues at the Institute of Social Research at the University of Michigan monitored the drug use of America's high school seniors in a wide range of public and private high schools. They found that the percentage of illicit drug use

declined in the late 1990s.

Dan Olweus's bullying intervention program focuses on

decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying.

Educational experts agree that students with a disability in reading or writing will do best in a ________ approach.

direct instruction

Samuel is an 8-year-old boy. He has difficulty solving numerical problems. Hence, he is not able to solve any of the Math tests given by his teacher. His teacher gave him extra assignments and made him attend some remedial classes so that he can improve, but these did not help. His parents finally took him to a doctor, and the doctor diagnosed him with a learning disability called _____, or developmental arithmetic disorder.

dyscalculia

Marshall is in the fourth grade. He finds it hard to keep up with his classmates' writing speed. His handwriting is illegible. Therefore, neither his teachers nor his parents can read his notes. He also makes numerous spelling errors because of his inability to match sounds and letters. Marshall likely suffers from _____.

dysgraphia

In the context of pubertal changes, preoccupation with body image is especially acute during

early adolescence.

Based on the age of onset, when is anorexia nervosa most likely to begin?

early to middle adolescent years

Anorexia nervosa is a(n)

eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

At which grade level does conformity to peers peak?

eighth and ninth grades

For most people, puberty

ends long before adolescence does.

A study conducted by Grant, Wardle, and Steptoe explored links between health behavior and life satisfaction in more than 17,000 individuals between 17 and 30 years of age in 21 countries. The young adults' life satisfaction was found to be positively related to

exercising regularly.

Joseph Allen and his colleagues found that adolescents who were securely attached to their parents at 14 years of age were more likely at 21 years of age to report

relationship competence and fewer problematic behaviors.

Carl's son has been diagnosed with a learning disability. Since then, Carl has spent a significant amount of time understanding the causes of his disability. He learns that even though several research studies have been conducted, the precise causes have not yet been determined. He comes across a research finding that indicates that it is unlikely that learning disabilities

reside in a single, specific brain location.

A study by Paus and others (2007) found that the prefrontal cortex thickened and more brain connections formed when adolescents

resisted peer pressure.

Luis is able to organize coins in a row from the largest in size to the smallest. His newfound ability is called

seriation.

Which of the following is the third-leading cause of death in 10- to 19-year-olds today in the United States?

suicide

Which of the following describes extreme binge drinking?

ten or more drinks in a row

Donna is concerned about her adolescent daughter's tendency to flare-up at the mildest provocations. Donna says that her daughter refuses to see reason sometimes and is unable to exercise much self-control. As a specialist in the development of adolescents, you would tell Donna that her daughter's behavior could partly be explained by the biological reason that

the amygdala—the seat of emotions such as anger—matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex in adolescents.

Louise is teaching her son to read by helping him sound out letters. She also plays a cartoon where the characters repeat the sounds of each letter. Watching her and the characters in the cartoon pronounce the letters, her son makes the effort to read aloud some of the letters. What approach is Louise using to teach her son?

the phonics approach

Just as the transition from elementary school to middle or junior high school involves change and possible stress, so does the transition from high school to college. The two transitions have many parallels. Which of the following is one of them?

the top-dog phenomenon

Children have the highest self-esteem when

they perform competently in domains that are important to them.

When Diana transitioned from elementary school to middle school, she moved from being one of the oldest, biggest, and most powerful students in the elementary school to being one of the youngest, smallest, and least powerful students in the middle school. This phenomenon is known as the

top-dog phenomenon.

Since the 1950s, the adolescent suicide rate has

tripled.

At Jackson Elementary, children are taught to read by making them learn to recognize entire words and sentences and to use the context of the words that are given in the text to guess their meaning. Their reading material consists of stories, poems, newspapers, and magazines. This school is using the _____ approach to reading instruction.

whole-language