exam 2 bio
Cycle A is the _____ cycle and cycle B is the _____ cycle. -lytic ... lysogenic - lytic ... phage - lysogenic ... phage - lysogenic ... lytic - phage ... lysogenic
lytic ... lysogenic
Which of these cells is a phagocytic leukocyte that can engulf a foreign bacterium? -macrophage - helper T cell - cytotoxic T cell - B cell - plasma cell
macrophage
Which of the following types of cell can ingest pathogens? -helper T cells -macrophages -B cells -cytotoxic T cells
macrophages
The most common WBC is the ______________________. -eosinophils -granulocytes -lymphocytes and monocytes -neutrophil
neutrophil
The genetic material of HIV consists of _____. -double-stranded DNA - single-stranded DNA - none of the above - single-stranded RNA - double-stranded RNA
single-stranded RNA
The genetic material of HIV consists of _____. -single-stranded DNA - single-stranded RNA - double-stranded DNA - double-stranded RNA - none of the above
single-stranded RNA
A stimulus has opened the voltage-gated sodium channels in an area of a neuron's plasma membrane. As a result, _____ rushes into the neuron and diffuses to adjacent areas; this in turn results in the _____ in the adjacent areas. -potassium ... opening of voltage-gated potassium channels - sodium ... opening of voltage-gated potassium channels - sodium ... opening of voltage-gated sodium channels - sodium ... closing of voltage-gated sodium channels - potassium ... opening of voltage-gated sodium channels
sodium ... opening of voltage-gated sodium channels
The small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron is the -neurotransmitter. -vesicle. -calcium channel. -synaptic terminal. -synaptic cleft.
synaptic cleft.
What part of a neuron relays signals from one neuron to another neuron or to an effector? dendrite axon hillock synaptic terminal axon node of Ranvier
synaptic terminal
Neurons store neurotransmitter molecules in vesicles located within _____. -the cell body - myelin - the synaptic cleft - dendrites - synaptic terminals
synaptic terminals
Complete this sentence. The CNS communicates with the body proper through ________. -the cranial nerves but not specifically through the spinal nerves -some cranial nerves, some spinal nerves, and some additional nerves that were mentioned but not discussed in the tutorial -the spinal nerves but not specifically through the cranial nerves -the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves -some (but not all) of the cranial nerves and some (but not all) of the spinal nerves
the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves
When speaking of the anatomy of a virus, we can say that ________. -the capsid and genome are intertwined, and they may be surrounded by an envelope -the envelope is in the central portion of the virus. Around that is the genome, which may or may not be surrounded by a capsid -the genome is surrounded by an envelope, which may or may not be surrounded by a capsid -the core of the virus is the capsid. The genome surrounds the capsid, and the virus may or may not have an outer layer called an envelope -the genome is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid, which may or may not be surrounded by an envelope
the genome is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid, which may or may not be surrounded by an envelope
During an action potential -the inside of the neuron becomes negatively charged relative to the outside. -potassium ions move into the neuron. -sodium ions move into the neuron, then potassium ions move in. -potassium channels open first, followed by sodium channels. -the inside of the neuron becomes positively charged relative to the outside.
the inside of the neuron becomes positively charged relative to the outside.
Which of the following is true of cocaine abusers? -They are extremely relaxed and sleepy. -They are fidgety and cannot keep still. -They hallucinate. -There motor control is impaired.
They are fidgety and cannot keep still.
Blood cells that remove wastes, toxins, or damaged cells from the body.
White blood cells
What occurs at lymph nodes? -Red blood cells montier lymph for invaders -B cells mature -T cells mature -White blood cells moniter lymph for invaders.
White blood cells moniter lymph for invaders.
Agranulocytes include _______________. -neutrophil -granulocytes -eosinophils -lymphocytes and monocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
The direct cause of the heat generated by a wound or local infection is ________. -white blood cells that leak through the capillary walls -histamine, which causes the smooth muscle cells of the arterioles to relax; this leads to a cascade of events causing the tissue to become hot -clotting factors in the blood that begin to seal the wound -the presence of the bacteria or the foreign object -the engulfing of the bacteria
histamine, which causes the smooth muscle cells of the arterioles to relax; this leads to a cascade of events causing the tissue to become hot
What is the source of a viral envelope? -host cell membrane - viral glycoproteins - provirus - prophages - host cell DNA
host cell membrane
What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient? -humoral immunity -antibody mediated immunity -cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
humoral immunity
Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system? -innate external defenses -adaptive defenses -innate internal defenses
innate external defenses
Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system? -innate internal defenses -adaptive defenses -innate external defenses
innate internal defenses
When neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron, -vesicles in the synaptic terminal fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron. -the receiving neuron becomes more positive inside. -ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open. -the receiving neuron becomes more negative inside. -ion channels in the plasma membrane of the sending neuron open.
ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open.
A neuron has a resting potential of about _____ millivolts. +50 +35 -55 -70 -80
-70
A group of white blood cells that lacks granules.
Agranulocytes
What aspects of brain function does alcohol impair? -Decision Making -Impulse control -Memory formation -All of the above
All of the above
Clonal selection is the division of _____ that have been stimulated by binding to an antigen, which results in the production of cloned _____. -helper T cells ... plasma cells - macrophages ... B cells and T cells - B cells ... plasma cells and memory cells - B cells ... macrophages - T cells ... B cells
B cells ... plasma cells and memory cells
Which part of the brain is associated with conscious thought, memory, and personality? -Medulla - Cerebral cortex - Pons - Cerebellum
Cerebral cortex
Cells that stain purple and release histamine.
Basophils
Right click on the following link http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP1602 and choose the option "open in new tab". Scroll down to view the animation and take the short quiz. Answer the quesetion below regarding the quiz. What four regions did you label in the quiz? -The four lobes of the cerebrum -The cerebellum and motor neurons -Brain stem, mid brain, cortex, and limbic system -the PNS and the CNS
Brain stem, mid brain, cortex, and limbic system
What occurs when the action potential reaches the synaptic terminal? -Calcium ions rush out of the presynaptic terminal. -Sodium and calcium ions rush back and forth through the voltage channels, and this allows the electrical impulse to cross the synapse. -Sodium ions rush into the terminal and complex with the neurotransmitter vesicles. -Calcium ions rush into the presynaptic terminal. -Sodium ions rush out of the terminal and complex with the postsynaptic terminal.
Calcium ions rush into the presynaptic terminal.
Which of the following steps in the formation of a blood clot occurs last? -Clotting proteins form an insoluble mesh. -A platelet plug forms. -The injured blood vessel constricts, reducing blood flow. -Platelets in the blood swell and form sticky extensions.
Clotting proteins form an insoluble mesh.
Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells? -macrophages -B cells -Cytotoxic T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
What is the final step in the cell-mediated response to a viral infection? -Helper T cells secrete chemicals that stimulate it to divide. -Antibodies coat viral antigens. -Cytotoxic T cells punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells. -Macrophages digest viral particles and display viral antigens on their cell surface.
Cytotoxic T cells punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells.
Right click on the following link and select "open in a new tab" from the menu that comes up. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/mouse/ What neurotransmitter is released in response to heroine (opiate)?---Serotonin -Acetylcholine -GABA -Dopamine
Dopamine
What neurotransmitter is released into the synapse when the cannabinoid receptors are activated by marijuana? -Acetylcholine -Dopamine -GABA -Serotonin
Dopamine
True or false. An individual who has suffered a stroke, which has caused damage in his cerebrum, and is now having problems with his hearing, has probably suffered damage to his occipital lobe. -True -False
False
The platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells in the blood.
Formed elements
Leukocytes that contain granules in the cytoplasm that function to destroy invading bacteria or other pathogens.
Granulocytes
_____ interact with the antigen-class II MHC complex presented by macrophages. -Epithelial cells - Cytotoxic T cells - Bacterial cells - B cells - Helper T cells
Helper T cells
Which of the following statements can we accurately use to describe hemoglobin? -Hemoglobin is the protein that is responsible for turning megakaryocytes into doughnut-shaped red blood cells. -Hemoglobin is the protein that is either found in decreased amounts or totally absent in persons with hemophilia. This lack then prevents normal blood clotting. -Hemoglobin is the four-stranded protein molecule found in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the individual body cells. -Hemoglobin is a protein found in white blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to individual cells.
Hemoglobin is the four-stranded protein molecule found in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the individual body cells.
Consider the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and acetylcholine. Which statement is generally true? -In general, the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system is norepinephrine, and the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine. -The specific neurotransmitters for the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems cannot be determined. -Epinephrine and norepinephrine are the principal neurotransmitters of all parts of the nervous system. Acetylcholine is a "backup" neurotransmitter. -Norepinephrine and acetylcholine are both neurotransmitters that can be given off by either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic nervous systems, depending on the situation. -In general, the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is norepinephrine, and the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine.
In general, the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system is norepinephrine, and the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine.
Which of the following is not an affect of anandamide (and its mimic, marijuana)? -Calms and Relaxes -Increases respiratory and heart rate -Slows down movement -Removes short term memories
Increases respiratory and heart rate
Which of the following statements about blood types is true? -Individuals with type A blood have type A antigens on their blood cells and type A antibodies in their plasma. -Individuals with type B blood have type B antigens on their blood cells and type B antibodies in their plasma. -Individuals with type AB blood have no antigens on their blood cells, and they have type A and type B antibodies in their plasma. -Individuals with type O blood have no antigens on their blood cells, and they have type A and type B antibodies in their plasma. -Individuals with type O blood have no A or B antigens on their blood cells and no A or B antibodies in their plasma.
Individuals with type O blood have no antigens on their blood cells, and they have type A and type B antibodies in their plasma.
What the effect of alcohol on glutamate receptors? -It binds and blocks the glutamate receptors -It destroys them. -It makes them more inhibitory -It makes them more exitatory
It binds and blocks the glutamate receptors
Right click on the following link and select "open in a new tab" from the menu that comes up. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/mouse/ What effect does cocaine have on dopamine? -It increases the sensitivity of dopamine receptors. -It causes its breakdown in the synapse. -It decreases the sensitivity of dopmaine receptors. -It blocks the reuptake of dopamine by dopamine transporters.
It blocks the reuptake of dopamine by dopamine transporters.
What is the function of reverse transcriptase? -It catalyzes the formation of a polypeptide from an RNA template. - It catalyzes the formation of DNA from a polypeptide template. - It catalyzes the formation of RNA from a polypeptide template. - It catalyzes the formation of RNA from a DNA template. - It catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template.
It catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template.
What is the effect of cocaine on dopamine receptors? -It causes dopamine receptors to be understimulated. -It causes dopamine receptors to be overstimulated. -It mimics natural endorphins -It mimics dopamine
It causes dopamine receptors to be overstimulated.
What is the effect of meth on dopamine? -It blocks dopamine transporters. -It causes dopamine to be pumped out of the neuron by transporters. -It mimics dopamine -It causes dopamine to be pumped into the neuron by transporters.
It causes dopamine to be pumped out of the neuron by transporters.
Right click on the following link and select "open in a new tab" from the menu that comes up. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/mouse/ What happens to the meth that is in your brain? -It is taken up by neurons instead of dopamine. -It binds dopamine and changes its properties. -It is broken down into a poison. -It causes water efflux from the neuron.
It is taken up by neurons instead of dopamine.
Right click on the following link and select "open in a new tab" from the menu that comes up. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/mouse/ Your instructor made this exercise, so there are no hints for wrong answers or feedback (my apologies... I don't know how to do those fancy things yet!) Begin the animation and select "Play". Drag the "alcohol" mouse to the chair. There are 5 slides to click through so be sure to chose "next" after each segment. If you are doing the remaining "Mouse party" activities in your homework, you can just eject your mouse when you are done and choose a new mouse. What is the effect of alcohol on GABA receptors? -It causes them to be endocytosed. -It makes them more excitatory. -It destroys them. -It makes them more inhibitory
It makes them more inhibitory
Which statement accurately describes the myelin sheath? -It is found on all axons outside the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). -It is found on dendrites in the central nervous system and prevents crossing over of electrical impulses between the axons and the dendrites. -It allows the nodes of Ranvier to act as an electrical insulator. -It prevents saltatory conduction. -It speeds up the conduction of nervous impulses.
It speeds up the conduction of nervous impulses.
Right click on the following link http://www.as.wvu.edu/~sraylman/physiology/human_lymphatic.swf and choose the option, "open in new tab". View the animation and answer the following quesitons. What does the lymphatic system consist of? -B cell and T cells -Heart and blood vessels -Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions -Lymph vessels and lymphoid organs
Lymph vessels and lymphoid organs
What does heroine mimic? -Natural Serotonin -Natural acetylcholine -Natural GABA -Natural opiates
Natural opiates
What is morphine (an opiate like heroine), used for in medicine? -Pain killer -Stress reduction -High blood pressure -Fever reduction
Pain killer
The fluid that makes up little over half of blood.
Plasma
Which of the following statements about plasma cells is FALSE? -Plasma cells are derived from B cells. -Plasma cells are part of the defense stage of the immune response. -Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood. -Plasma cells are part of the MHC system.
Plasma cells are part of the MHC system.
This enzyme digests fibrin.
Plasmin
These come from megakaryocytes.
Platelets
What can we say about the origin and structure of platelets? -Platelets are fragments of red blood cells. -Platelets are distinct cells that arise when red blood cells divide. -Platelets are cell fragments formed when leukocytes burst. -Platelets are distinct cell types that originate in the spleen. -Platelets are cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes.
Platelets are cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes.
Without these cells, you couldn't provide your tissues with oxygen.
Red blood cells
In the RNA virus (such as the one illustrated in the tutorial), what is the role of reverse transcriptase? -Reverse transcriptase copies DNA to make RNA. -Reverse transcriptase is the enzyme responsible for the assembly of the new viral particles. -Reverse transcriptase copies RNA to make DNA. -Reverse transcriptase signals the synthesis of new viral proteins.
Reverse transcriptase copies RNA to make DNA.
What does saltatory conduction mean? -Saltatory conduction means that the impulse is regulated by the axons and dendrites working in unison. -Saltatory conduction is another name for nerve impulses found in the central nervous system. -Saltatory conduction means that the nerve impulse seems to jump from one node to the next—and is regenerated as it speeds along. -Saltatory conduction means that the impulse starts at the cell's nucleus rather than at the axon hillock. -Saltatory conduction means that the impulse moves along the dendrite instead of along the axon.
Saltatory conduction means that the nerve impulse seems to jump from one node to the next—and is regenerated as it speeds along.
What type of cell makes up the myelin sheath of a motor neuron? astrocytes microglial cells Ranvier cells ependymal cells Schwann cells
Schwann cells
When speaking of myelinating glial cells, we can correctly say that ________. -Schwann cells are glial cells found outside the brain and spinal cord; oligodendrocytes are glial cells found in the brain and spinal cord -Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes form tight layers of overlapping cells -glial cells wrap nerve cell bodies in myelin, so that the electrical circuits are not shorted out -Schwann cells are glial cells found within the brain and spinal cord; oligodendrocytes are glial cells found outside the brain and spinal cord -glial cells wrap around the nodes of Ranvier and enable these nodes to act as "jumping points" for saltatory conduction
Schwann cells are glial cells found outside the brain and spinal cord; oligodendrocytes are glial cells found in the brain and spinal cord
Which of the following events is the first to occur during an action potential? -Potassium channels open. -Sodium ions flow into the neuron, making the inside of the neuron positively charged relative to the outside. -Sodium channels close. -Potassium ions flow out of the neuron. -Sodium channels open.
Sodium channels open.
Undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to all formed elements.
Stem cells
Which of the following statements is true about the interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers? -Both types of nerve fibers use the same neurotransmitter. -Sympathetic nerve fibers are more active when the body is at rest; parasympathetic fibers are more active during emergencies. -Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers may innervate the same organs, but they have generally opposite effects. -Sympathetic nerve fibers innervate some internal organs; parasympathetic fibers innervate other internal organs.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers may innervate the same organs, but they have generally opposite effects.
Right click on the following link and select "open in a new tab" from the menu that comes up. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/mouse/ What is the active ingredient in marijuana? -TLC -THC -Dopamine -Tar
THC
Which part of the brain functions as a relay station for information to the limbic system and the cerebral cortex? -Hypothalamus - Medulla oblongata - Thalamus - Midbrain
Thalamus
In the example given in the tutorial, how did new viral particles exit the cell? -Viral particles do not exit the cell. Rather, the new viruses remain within the cell and gradually transform the cell into a large viral complex. -The RNA and proteins exit the cell by squeezing through the membrane channels; once outside the cell, the particles are assembled into new viruses. -The RNA and proteins are assembled inside the host cell. These new viruses then bud off. -The proteins and the RNA are assembled inside the host cell. The viruses signal the membrane to produce protein pores, and the whole virus is then able to exit the cell. -Once a certain number of new viruses have been assembled inside the cell, the cell bursts.
The RNA and proteins are assembled inside the host cell. These new viruses then bud off.
HIV is a retrovirus. Which of the following is NOT a part of the retrovirus scenario? -The HIV virus uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA. -The RNA entering the host cell from the retrovirus functions in the cytoplasm to produce new viral particles. -The host cell may transcribe the viral DNA for months (or even years) at a low rate. -The HIV's reverse transcriptase degrades RNA. Submit
The RNA entering the host cell from the retrovirus functions in the cytoplasm to produce new viral particles.
What causes an action potential to be conducted along a neuron's axon? -The change in charge difference across the membrane spreads from open potassium channels, causing sodium channels farther along the axon to open. -The change in charge difference across the membrane spreads from open sodium channels, causing sodium channels farther along the axon to open. -The axon returns to its resting potential. -The change in charge difference across the membrane spreads from open potassium channels, causing potassium channels farther along the axon to open. -The change in charge difference across the membrane spreads from open sodium channels, causing the sodium-potassium pumps to move ions across the neuron's membrane.
The change in charge difference across the membrane spreads from open sodium channels, causing sodium channels farther along the axon to open.
Regarding the gray matter and the white matter of the spinal cord, which statement is most accurate? -The gray matter is unmyelinated, and the white matter is myelinated. However, the myelination really has very little to do with whether the matter is composed of axons, dendrites, or cell bodies. -The gray matter is unmyelinated and is composed of axons. The white matter is myelinated and is composed of cell bodies and dendrites. -The gray matter is myelinated and is composed of cell bodies and dendrites. The white matter is composed of axons. -The gray matter is unmyelinated and is composed of cell bodies and dendrites. The white matter is myelinated and is composed of axons. -The gray matter is myelinated, and this is a characteristic of axons. The white matter is composed of cell bodies and dendrites.
The gray matter is unmyelinated and is composed of cell bodies and dendrites. The white matter is myelinated and is composed of axons.
You just cut yourself. Which statement best explains how the spinal cord is involved? -While sensory fibers do take the messages to the spinal cord, and motor fibers take the motor messages from the spinal cord, it is impossible to tell whether the dorsal root or ventral root is used unless we also know the location of the cut. -The message goes from the cut via the motor fibers to the ventral root of the spinal cord. The motor response message exits the spinal cord via sensory fibers from the dorsal root. -The message goes from the cut via the sensory fibers to the dorsal root of the spinal cord. The motor response message exits the spinal cord via the ventral root. -The message goes from the cut via the motor fibers to the dorsal root of the spinal cord. The motor response message exits the spinal cord using sensory fibers via the ventral root. -The message goes from the cut via the sensory fibers to the ventral root of the spinal cord. The motor response message exits the spinal cord via the dorsal root.
The message goes from the cut via the sensory fibers to the dorsal root of the spinal cord. The motor response message exits the spinal cord via the ventral root.
When the neurotransmitter crosses the synapse, what happens? -The neurotransmitters bind to the membrane. This causes the ion channels to close. -The ions flow into the channels on the postsynaptic membrane. This excites the axons and causes another action potential to be generated. -The neurotransmitter binds to the axon of the postsynaptic neuron, and this stimulates the nucleus in the cell body to generate another action potential. -The neurotransmitter causes the channel to open, and this can cause a depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.
The neurotransmitter causes the channel to open, and this can cause a depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the spinal cord? -The spinal cord takes messages to and from the brain, but the spinal cord is only indirectly involved in reflexes and should not be considered to be the reflex center. -The spinal cord takes sensory messages to the brain but is not a part of motor communication. The reflex component of the spinal cord acts independently of brain. -The spinal cord takes motor messages from the brain to the organs of the body, but the spinal cord does not actually act to transport messages to the brain. That is the function of the reflex arc, or the reflex center of the spinal cord. -The spinal cord functions as a reflex center but is not directly involved in communication with the brain. -The spinal cord takes messages to and from the brain and functions as a reflex center. Submit
The spinal cord takes messages to and from the brain and functions as a reflex center.
Which statement most accurately describes the relative physical position of the ganglia of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? -The sympathetic ganglia and the parasympathetic ganglia are all located along parts of the brain stem. -The sympathetic ganglia and the parasympathetic ganglia are all located near the target organs. -The sympathetic ganglia are located in chain-like fashion near the spinal cord. The parasympathetic ganglia are located closer to their target organs. -The parasympathetic ganglia are located along parts of the brain stem, and the sympathetic ganglia are located near the spinal cord. -The sympathetic ganglia are located along parts of the brain stem. The parasympathetic ganglia are located along parts of the spinal cord.
The sympathetic ganglia are located in chain-like fashion near the spinal cord. The parasympathetic ganglia are located closer to their target organs.
Think of the heart in the tutorial. Now, picture yourself being chased by a herd of wild elephants. What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic actions on your heart? -Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems shut down so that the heart can beat faster to help give you the reserves you need to escape the crisis. -Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems will be "cranked up" so that you can escape from the wild elephants. -The sympathetic nervous system will cause the heart rate to slow down. The parasympathetic nervous system will become somewhat inactive. -The sympathetic nervous system will cause the heart rate to speed up. The parasympathetic nervous system will be "overridden." Submit
The sympathetic nervous system will cause the heart rate to speed up. The parasympathetic nervous system will be "overridden."
Which of these statements best describes a synapse? -Synapse is a term used to define the total process of the impulse moving from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron. -The synapse includes the space between the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane. -Synapse is a synonym for "electrical stimulation." -The synapse is the membrane on the presynaptic terminal. -The synapse is the membrane on the postsynaptic terminal.
The synapse includes the space between the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane.
How does HIV bind to a host cell? -The viral envelope proteins bind to CD4 and a co-receptor. -CD4 binds to the viral genome. -CD4 binds to a co-receptor. -The viral envelope proteins bind to CD4 and a co-receptor.
The viral envelope proteins bind to CD4 and a co-receptor.
Which statement about the genome of the virus is FALSE? -The genome could be made of double-stranded RNA. -The genome could be made of double-stranded DNA. -The genome could be made of single-stranded RNA. -The genome could be made of single-stranded DNA. -The viral genome includes neither DNA nor RNA.
The viral genome includes neither DNA nor RNA.
Of the events listed below, which one occurs last? -The virus replicates. -The genome enters the host cell. -The host cell and the virus fuse. -The capsid is removed.
The virus replicates.
Which statement correctly describes the number and functional location of the cranial and spinal nerves? -There are 31 pairs of cranial nerves. Some are sensory, some are motor, and some are sensory and motor. Most function only in the head, but two also function in the body proper. There are 12 pairs of spinal nerves. All have both sensory and motor components, and all function in the body proper. -Twelve pairs of cranial nerves (all sensory) function only in the head, and 31 pairs of spinal nerves (both sensory and motor) function in the rest of the body. -Twelve pairs of cranial nerves (all motor) function only in the head, and 31 pairs of spinal nerves (both sensory and motor) function in the rest of the body. -There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Some are sensory, some are motor, and some are sensory and motor. Most function only in the head, but two also function in the body proper. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. All have both sensory and motor components, and all function in the body proper. -There are 12 sensory cranial nerves and 12 motor cranial nerves. Most function only in the head, but two also function in the body proper. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. All have both sensory and motor components, and all function in the body proper.
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Some are sensory, some are motor, and some are sensory and motor. Most function only in the head, but two also function in the body proper. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. All have both sensory and motor components, and all function in the body proper.
Which of the following is NOT a method for clearing neurotransmitters from a synapse? -They can be taken up into the presynaptic terminal. -They are "recycled" by the presynaptic terminal. -They can be taken up into the postsynaptic neuron. -They can be enzymatically degraded. Submit
They can be taken up into the postsynaptic neuron.
What is the role of mast cells in the inflammatory response? -They release chemicals that cause blood to clot at the wound site. -They release chemicals that constrict blood vessels at the wound site. -They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels at the wound site. -They release chemicals that cause large numbers of white blood cells to be released from the bone marrow.
They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels at the wound site.
Which part of the lymph system protects you against inhaled microorganisms? -Peyers patches -Tonsils -Spleen -Thymus
Tonsils
If substance A and substance B react by clumping together, the scientific term to use is ________. -immune response -antibody response -agglutination (agglutinate) -antigen response
agglutination (agglutinate)
Which of these causes the release of neurotransmitter molecules? -the receipt of a signal from the postsynaptic neuron - the opening of voltage-regulated calcium channels and the diffusion of calcium ions out of the neuron - an action potential reaching the end of the cell body - an action potential reaching the end of the axon - an action potential reaching the end of the dendrite
an action potential reaching the end of the axon
What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to? -an antigenic determinant -antibody -antigen -pathogen
an antigenic determinant
Structures that precipitate antigens, promote lysis, attract phagocytes, and neutralize toxins are called ________. -macrophages -cytotoxic B cells -cytotoxic T cells -antibodies
antibodies
Specific recognition proteins found on all cell surfaces (including red blood cell surfaces) are called ________. -agglutinators -antigens -foreign particles -antibodies
antigens
An action potential moves along a(n) _____. -myelin sheath - axon - nucleus - synapse - cell body
axon
The part of the nerve cell responsible for origination of the nerve impulse is the ________. -axon, because the axon takes the impulse away from the cell body -axon hillock, because this is the specific area of the nerve cell that generates the electrical impulse that travels along the axon -dendrite, because it brings the impulse into the cell body -nucleus, because the nucleus is responsible for the general coordination of any cell -nutritional center, because if it were not for raw materials, the cell could not generate the electrical impulse
axon hillock, because this is the specific area of the nerve cell that generates the electrical impulse that travels along the axon
Name the three principal parts of the nerve cell. -cell body, nutritional center, axon -axon, dendrites, cell body -dendrites, nucleus, axon hillock -cell body, axon, axon hillock -nucleus, axon hillock, nodes of Ranvier
axon, dendrites, cell body
A nerve impulse moves away from a neuron's cell body along _____. dendrites Nissl bodies synapses axons glia
axons
Name the specific type of granular leukocyte that releases histamines that are important in the inflammatory response. -neutrophils -basophils -monocytes -lymphocytes -eosinophils
basophils
What is the function of reverse transcriptase? -catalyzing the formation of DNA from a RNA template - catalyzing the formation of a polypeptide from a RNA template - catalyzing the formation of RNA from a DNA template - catalyzing the formation of DNA from a polypeptide template - catalyzing the formation of RNA from a polypeptide template
catalyzing the formation of DNA from a RNA template
A neuron's nucleus is located in its _____. cell body axon myelin sheath dendrite synaptic terminals
cell body
If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated? -humoral immunity -antibody-mediated immunity -cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
A nerve impulse moves toward a neuron's cell body along _____. dendrites synaptic terminals oligodendrocytes axons nodes of Ranvier
dendrites
_____________________ defend against parasitic worm infestations. -lymphocytes and monocytes -neutrophil -granulocytes -eosinophils
eosinophils
True or false. When you suffer an injury, white blood cells near the injury site initiate the inflammatory response. -true -false
false
Right click on the following link: http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP14704 and click on "open in new window". Scroll down and view the animation on white blood cells by clicking "next" to advance the slides.Review the animation. At the end there are five questions. The questions below are a multiple choice versions of those questions. _______________________ include neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils. -granulocytes -eosinophils -lymphocytes and monocytes -neutrophil
granulocytes
Which of these cells is responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response? -cytokines - macrophages - plasma cells - memory cells - cytotoxic T cells
memory cells
What type(s) of cell(s) can helper T cells become? -MHC proteins -memory helper T cells and effector helper T cells -cytotoxic T cells -plasma cells
memory helper T cells and effector helper T cells
Axons insulated by a(n) _____ are able to conduct impulses faster that those not so insulated. node of Ranvier synaptic terminal myelin sheath layer of asbestos astrocytes
myelin sheath
A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a -synaptic cleft. -receiving neuron. -synapse. -neurotransmitter. -sending neuron.
neurotransmitter
An impulse relayed along a myelinated axon "jumps" from _____ to _____. oligodendrocyte ... Schwann cell node of Ranvier ... Schwann cell node of Ranvier ... node of Ranvier Schwann cell ... Schwann cell Schwann cell ... node of Ranvier
node of Ranvier ... node of Ranvier
The transmission of a nerve impulse first triggers the _____. -action of the sodium-potassium pump - opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and the diffusion of sodium ions into the neuron -opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and the diffusion of sodium ions out of the neuron - opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the diffusion of potassium ions out of the neuron - opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the diffusion of potassium ions into the neuron
opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and the diffusion of sodium ions into the neuron
The role of cytotoxic T cells is the secretion of _____, which plays a role in the _____ immune response. -perforin ... humoral - antibodies ... antibody-mediated - perforin ... cell-mediated - antibodies ... humoral - interleukin-2 ... humoral
perforin ... cell-mediated
What cells make antibodies? -memory B cells -plasma B cells -memory T cells -cytotoxic T cells
plasma B cells
B cells that have been stimulated by interleukin-2 develop into _____. -cytotoxic T cells - plasma cells - macrophages - antigens - helper T cells
plasma cells
Which of these cells produce and secrete antibodies? -plasma cells - macrophages - bacterial cells - helper T cells - cytotoxic T cells
plasma cells
When discussing blood plasma, we can correctly say that ________. -plasma contains albumins that help to maintain osmotic balance -the plasma is a rather viscous substance containing very little water -plasma carries specialized cells called monocytes, which are responsible for the transport of ions, hormones, gases, nutrients, and wastes -plasma transports beta and gamma globulins, which are responsible for regulation of body temperature -the plasma contains alpha globulins that are also known as clotting proteins Submit
plasma contains albumins that help to maintain osmotic balance
Some --------are open, allowing certain ions to move out of the cell through them.
potassium channels
The concentration of ----- higher inside the cell than outside.
potassium ionsis
Which of the following is the correct sequence for the electrical transmission of a nerve impulse? -postsynaptic neuron, synapse, presynaptic neuron -presynaptic neuron, synapse, postsynaptic neuron -In humans, electrical stimulation can begin at either end of the transmission passage. It depends on the source of the stimulation. -synapse, postsynaptic neuron, presynaptic neuron -synapse, presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron
presynaptic neuron, synapse, postsynaptic neuron
Which of the following enzymes cuts a single viral polypeptide into distinct structural proteins? -reverse transcriptase -DNA polymerase -RNase -protease
protease
Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a _____. -lac - homeoboxes - transposon - promoter - provirus
provirus
Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a _____. -promoter - provirus - transposon - lac - homeoboxes
provirus
Sodium-potassium pumps -move both sodium and potassium ions into the cell. -move only sodium ions into the cell. -restore the distribution of ions inside and outside a neuron's membrane following an action potential. -are open all the time, allowing potassium ions to leave the cell. -do not require energy from ATP.
restore the distribution of ions inside and outside a neuron's membrane following an action potential.
Antigens on cell surfaces help a cell know the difference between ________. -self and non-self cells -blood types -agglutination complexes -agglutination reactions
self and non-self cells
The --------- are closed, preventing certain ions from entering the cell through them.
sodium channels
The concentration of ------- higher outside the cell than inside
sodium ionsis
Using energy from ATP----------,actively transport ions in both directions across the membrane.
sodium-potassium pumps
The space between an axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is called a(n) _____. -synaptic cleft - node of Ranvier - internodes - synapse - synaptic terminal
synaptic cleft
When discussing the origins of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, we can most correctly state that ________. -all autonomic nerves—both sympathetic and parasympathetic—emerge from the spinal cord -the parasympathetic nerves arise from the brain and part of the spinal cord, and all of the sympathetic nerves arise from the spinal cord -the sympathetic nerves arise from the brain stem and the sacral plexus; the parasympathetic nerves all emerge from the spinal cord -the parasympathetic nerves arise from the brain stem and the sympathetic nerves arise from the spinal cord -all autonomic nerves—both sympathetic and parasympathetic—emerge from the brain and brain stem
the parasympathetic nerves arise from the brain and part of the spinal cord, and all of the sympathetic nerves arise from the spinal cord
If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside, -the receiving neuron immediately generates an action potential. -the sending neuron becomes more positive inside. -the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential. -the sending neuron becomes more negative inside. -the receiving neuron is more likely to generate an action potential.
the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.
Inflamed tissue turns red because ________. -fluid, that is generally red, moves into tissues across "leaky" capillary walls -macrophages engulf bacterial cells and in so doing develop a reddish hue that can be seen on the body surface -an increased number of white blood cells is formed and begins circulating in the blood, particularly in the area of the injury -there is an increased blood flow to the injured tissues due to dilation of arterioles in the injured area
there is an increased blood flow to the injured tissues due to dilation of arterioles in the injured area
When talking about the reconstruction of the HIV virus, we can say that ________. -the ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum are responsible for production of the viral envelope proteins -the host cell, although infected, will not die because of the infection -HIV is not particularly efficient in its reproductive functions, because only a few new viruses can be produced before the host cell dies -after the viral mRNA molecules and proteins have been produced, they gather together before they bud off and are subsequently assembled outside the host cell
the ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum are responsible for production of the viral envelope proteins
At rest, which of these plays a role in establishing the charge differential across a neuron's plasma membrane? -the sodium-potassium pump moving sodium ions into the neuron and potassium ions out of the neuron - the diffusion of sodium ions out of the neuron - the diffusion of potassium ions into the neuron - the sodium-potassium pump moving sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions into the neuron -the diffusion of sodium ions into the neuron
the sodium-potassium pump moving sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions into the neuron
The pain associated with the inflammatory response is the direct result of ________. -the swelling of the tissue and the chemicals released from certain cells -chemical messengers within the bloodstream that carry "pain messages" to the brain -the mast cells touching and thus stimulating the sensory neurons -the clot that seals the wound
the swelling of the tissue and the chemicals released from certain cells
When a neuron is at its resting potential -gated sodium channels are open. -sodium-potassium pumps transport sodium ions into the cell. -there are more potassium ions inside the neuron than outside. -the inside of the cell is positively charged relative to the outside. -sodium-potassium pumps transport both sodium and potassium ions out of the cell.
there are more potassium ions inside the neuron than outside.
When calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal, -they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron. -neurotransmitter molecules are quickly removed from the synaptic cleft. -they cause an action potential in the sending neuron. -the inside of the receiving neuron becomes more positive. -the inside of the receiving neuron becomes more negative.
they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron.
Meth is highly addictive. -False -True
true
A person with which type of blood can technically receive blood from a person with any of the ABO blood types? -type AB blood -type A blood -type B blood -type O blood
type AB blood
In the lysogenic cycle _____. -host DNA is destroyed and viral DNA is replicated - a bacterium replicates without passing viral DNA to its daughter cells - viral DNA is destroyed and host DNA is replicated - a bacterium divides once before the lytic cycle is initiated - viral DNA is replicated along with host DNA
viral DNA is replicated along with host DNA
The target of the HIV virus is the ________. View Available Hint(s) white blood cell subset called helper T cells, also known as CD4+ T cells -red blood cells -white blood cell subset known as eosinophils -brain cells -platelet component of the blood
white blood cell subset called helper T cells, also known as CD4+ T cells
