Exam 2 Ch 9-13 Reviews

As noted in "Finding Family," how many children live in families that have same-sex parents? 600,000-800,000 2-3 million Correct! 8-10 million 20-22 million

8-10 million

(Q013) In the United States, the infant mortality rate is highest for which of the following groups? Latinos Correct! African Americans Native Americans Asians and Pacific Islanders

African Americans

(Q015) What did sociologists Kathryn Edin and Laura Lein find in their research that contradicts the media myth of lazy welfare mothers? It took as long as eight years for the welfare system to process a request to move off of welfare. Single mothers on welfare stayed only long enough to qualify for welfare-to-work programs. Correct! All single mothers prefer self-reliance to welfare. Most single mothers do not seek job training that would allow them to get off welfare.

All single mothers prefer self-reliance to welfare.

(Q004) Why did the changes brought about during the Industrial Revolution lead to the erosion of kinship networks? Correct! As industry developed, farming and subsistence lifestyles declined because migration forced a restructuring of family units as men left to work in factories. Industrial processes brought greater efficiency to the family, which made it easier for members of the household to move away. As children took up work in factories, they became less responsive to parental authority. Changes in both transportation and land availability made it easier for members of the extended family to move apart.

As industry developed, farming and subsistence lifestyles declined because migration forced a restructuring of family units as men left to work in factories.

(Q010) Which ethnic group has a higher median family income than whites in the United States? African Americans Latinos Correct! Asian Americans Middle Eastern Americans

Asian Americans

(Q014) What have studies shown about the overall health of black and white Americans with similar incomes and education levels? Correct! Blacks have worse health than whites, regardless of income or education level. Blacks with lower income and lower education levels have higher rates of diabetes and obesity, whereas whites with lower income and a lower level of education have higher rates of lung cancer and a higher incidence of stroke. Blacks and whites with similar incomes and levels of education levels have similar health outcomes. Blacks with higher income and a higher level of education have higher rates of heart disease and high cholesterol, whereas whites in the same category have higher rates of hypertension and respiratory disease.

Blacks have worse health than whites, regardless of income or education level.

Gays and lesbians have been banned from adopting children in several states. In this selection, parents and social workers discuss this issue.Click to view video: Finding Family (Links to an external site.) As noted in the Finding a Family video, research on same-sex families shows which of the following? Children's outcomes are better when they are raised by a heterosexual couple. Children's outcomes are better when they are raised by a homosexual couple. Correct! Children's outcomes are equal whether they are raised by a homosexual or heterosexual couple. Young children's outcomes are equal whether they are raised by a homosexual or heterosexual couple, but as they enter the teenage years, outcomes are better for children in heterosexual couples.

Children's outcomes are equal whether they are raised by a homosexual or heterosexual couple.

(Q013) Why are Asian Americans sometimes labeled a "model minority"? Asian Americans have experienced very little discrimination because they have adapted so well to white norms. In general, Asian Americans have not tried to hold on to their ethnic identities and have instead adopted white culture. Correct! Compared to other minorities, most Asian Americans have achieved educational and financial success in the United States. The Asian American population is heavily concentrated in California, Hawaii, and New York.

Compared to other minorities, most Asian Americans have achieved educational and financial success in the United States.

(Q021) What has research revealed about the effect of divorce on children? Divorce does not harm children. Divorce is bad for children. Correct! Divorce has different effects on different kids, even within a single family. Divorce is worse for boys than girls.

Divorce has different effects on different kids, even within a single family.

(Q017) In his interview with Dalton Conley, Andrew Cherlin states that the most politically and religiously conservative states in the United States have the highest levels of divorce. How does he explain this seemingly contradictory finding? Divorce has only recently become socially acceptable in these states, leading to a sharp rise in divorce levels. The average age of first marriage is younger in these states, which have higher odds of ending in divorce. Correct! Economic struggles, not personal values, may contribute to rocky marriages, and these states are relatively poor. Higher fertility levels in these states are associated with increased pressure on couples, which is detrimental to marriage.

Economic struggles, not personal values, may contribute to rocky marriages, and these states are relatively poor.

(Q006) In his interview with Dalton Conley, David Grusky explains why the notion of perverse incentives is outdated. What is an example of a perverse incentive? Correct! Entry to a special honors program is based solely on grades with no review of the types of classes students have taken, so some students take easier classes the semester before applying to boost their grade point average. A woman builds a fence around her property so her children won't kick their balls into the neighbor's yard, but after the fence has been built, the neighbor complains about the noise of the children's balls hitting the fence. An elementary school teacher gives students candy for the correct answer even though this is forbidden by the school district. People were so enthusiastic about Nintendo Wii when it was first released that accidents occurred as customers stormed store entrances to purchase it on the day of its release.

Entry to a special honors program is based solely on grades with no review of the types of classes students have taken, so some students take easier classes the semester before applying to boost their grade point average.

(Q019) In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson declared a "War on Poverty." This ambitious plan led to the creation of numerous agencies, some of which persist today. These include which of the following? Correct! Head Start and College Work Study Department of Labor and Peace Corps Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Agriculture Congressional Budget Office and the Office of Minority Health

Head Start and College Work Study

(Q018) How has the timing of the transition to a free-market economy been used to partially explain the great difference in inequality and poverty between the United States and other advanced democracies? Countries that transitioned to a free-market economy later than the United States usually had no history of feudalism. Correct! Institutions that could better protect the weak or disadvantaged were more fully developed in countries that transitioned to a free-market economy later than the United States. Countries that transitioned to a free-market economy later than the United States usually had a more centralized form of government that could impose very high taxes on citizens. Institutions that could better protect the weak or disadvantaged were more fully developed in countries that transitioned to a free-market economy sooner than the United States.

Institutions that could better protect the weak or disadvantaged were more fully developed in countries that transitioned to a free-market economy later than the United States.

(Q024) What is a criticism of the official definition of poverty first developed by Mollie Orshansky in 1963? Correct! It does not take into account regional variation in the cost of living. It is too complex and difficult to calculate. It would make more sense to base it on expenditures on food rather than housing. It is based on the concept of relative poverty, which is less useful than a measure of absolute poverty.

It does not take into account regional variation in the cost of living. It is too complex and difficult to calculate.

(Q014) Why has the idea of the "traditional family" helped social scientists better understand black families in America? Correct! Its identification as a specific historical phenomenon that has rarely applied to black families helps us better understand the unique characteristics in a less judgmental way. Its identification as a universal aspect of human behavior has helped us understand the relationship between different ethnic groups more effectively. Its applicability to both black and Latino families has helped social scientists better understand both these groups in a less judgmental manner. Its identification with family characteristics found in the preindustrial period of America has helped us understand the consequences of slavery more effectively.

Its identification as a specific historical phenomenon that has rarely applied to black families helps us better understand the unique characteristics in a less judgmental way.

(Q016) Think for a moment about the story in the text of Marlin, how his life turned out, and how he wound up where he is today. Based on all you have read about him throughout the entire chapter, what seems to be the best explanation for his life and his story? Poor nutrition, lack of medical care, and unsafe environments directly affected Marlin. Low income, unstable employment, and lack of resources affected Marlin's mother, which in turn affected Marlin. Correct! Marlin's mother suffered from many problems herself, which led to a detrimental outcome for Marlin. Marlin's father was never in the picture, which had a negative impact on his life.

Marlin's mother suffered from many problems herself, which led to a detrimental outcome for Marlin.

(Q009) Which scenario represents a common gender imbalance of domestic chores in the United States? Kimya is primarily responsible for the children as well as cooking and cleaning during the week; Pablo takes on all those responsibilities on the weekends. Chandra does most of the cooking and cleaning; Shawn usually picks the kids up from school and helps them with homework. Correct! Marta does most of the grocery shopping, cooking, and laundry; James mows the lawn, makes chili on special occasions, and cleans the garage twice a year. Amy does most of the laundry, cleaning, and gardening; Lucas does most of the cooking and usually walks and feeds the dogs.

Marta does most of the grocery shopping, cooking, and laundry; James mows the lawn, makes chili on special occasions, and cleans the garage twice a year.

(Q017) What is an accepted explanation for higher mortality rates among men? Men are less likely than women to stick to a healthy diet and exercise plan. Correct! Men are less likely than women to see a doctor for seemingly minor illnesses or injuries that can become more serious if not treated. Even among men and women with similarly stressful jobs, men tend to cope by eating, smoking, and drinking, whereas women are more likely to exercise to deal with the stress. Men are genetically predisposed to develop forms of cancer that are more likely to lead to death.

Men are less likely than women to see a doctor for seemingly minor illnesses or injuries that can become more serious if not treated.

(Q007) How has the Internet affected the doctor-patient relationship? Correct! Patients can research their symptoms prior to meeting with a physician and may (or may not) speak more knowledgably about their condition and possible treatments. Patients have less need to see physicians in person because they can research their condition and possible treatments and request treatment online. Patients refuse to participate in "virtual visits," which involve connecting with doctors online to ask questions. Confidentiality rules make less information for patients available online.

Patients can research their symptoms prior to meeting with a physician and may (or may not) speak more knowledgably about their condition and possible treatments.

(Q011) What might be the reason why gay and lesbian couples spend twice as long doing domestic chores as their heterosexual equivalents? Both partners earn at similar levels in the labor market, so they act equally egalitarian at home. Same-sex couples with children must do twice as much to compensate for the lack of parenting skills. Correct! Same-sex couples see domestic work as legitimizing their households, which makes domestic work a validating activity. Same-sex couples do not have children in the same numbers as heterosexual couples, and therefore have more time to devote to domestic work.

Same-sex couples see domestic work as legitimizing their households, which makes domestic work a validating activity.

(Q022) Arenda is the oldest of five children. Shayna is an only child. According to research on determinants of mortality, who is at higher risk of dying young? Correct! Shayna Arenda We can't say because mortality is too difficult to predict. Both are equally at risk.

Shayna

(Q013) Family wealth means debt subtracted from salable assets. Given the prevalence of debt for those in poverty, what are the possible implications for inheritance for the children of impoverished parents? The debt is passed to the children, making debt heritable. The courts may excuse inheritors (the children) from any financial obligations incurred by the parents, meaning that poverty is not inevitably heritable. All assets owned by the deceased are used to pay off the debt, making the inheritance to the children of poor people low or nonexistent. Correct! Since people living in poverty rarely have salable assets such as a house, there is usually nothing to pass on to their children.

Since people living in poverty rarely have salable assets such as a house, there is usually nothing to pass on to their children.

(Q007) According to William Julius Wilson, how do factors such as deindustrialization, globalization, suburbanization, and discrimination contribute to high rates of welfare-dependent, single-mother families? Such factors mean that many poor people travel farther from their communities to find jobs, which creates tensions and stress that often destroy marriages and lead to men abandoning their families. Correct! Such factors have contributed to a net shrinkage of the pool of employed, unincarcerated men, thus greatly limiting women's opportunity to find a stable life partner. Such factors mean that low-income workers must take on two or more jobs to earn a living wage, which means that they spend all their time working and no longer participate in the community where they would be most likely to find a spouse. Such factors have led to a decline in marriage rates for young men under 30 because they cannot afford to move out of their parents' house, which makes it more difficult to find a stable life partner.

Such factors have contributed to a net shrinkage of the pool of employed, unincarcerated men, thus greatly limiting women's opportunity to find a stable life partner.

(Q007) The text discusses the concept of the "second shift," the extra domestic duties that women do for the family, in addition to paid employment. Why have time-saving devices and products such as dishwashers and laundry machines not made men's housework contributions equal to women's housework? Technology gains have been impressive, but the manufacturers of these products have not yet attained the level of sales that they desire. Technology advances have helped bring more women into the workforce, but have not made the kinds of gains hoped for. Technology advances have attempted to sell to men unsuccessfully, resulting in women "picking up the slack." Correct! Technology advances have raised the bar on levels of acceptable cleanliness, and domestic housework has long been seen as "women's work."

Technology advances have raised the bar on levels of acceptable cleanliness, and domestic housework has long been seen as "women's work."

(Q006) The passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) involved a lengthy political battle between Congress and President Obama. How did the ACA represent a shift in the relationship between doctors and patients? Correct! The ACA further reduced the power that doctors have. The ACA gave health insurance companies less power and doctors more power. The ACA relied on the American Medical Association to empower doctors. The ACA allowed millions of formerly uninsured people to choose any doctor they wanted.

The ACA further reduced the power that doctors have.

(Q019) Same-sex marriage has been at the forefront of America's "culture wars" for more than a decade. What progress preceded the Supreme Court's 2015 decision to legalize same-sex marriage nationally? The federal tax code allowed same-sex couples to file a joint return. Correct! The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was struck down. A majority of Americans agreed that a heterosexual union need not define a family. A majority of states legalized same-sex marriage

The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was struck down.

(Q010) Why do many women often "bite the second shift bullet" when the threat of a divorce looms? The threat of abuse forces them into this decision. Correct! The anticipated financial cost of a divorce leads them to this decision. The cost of child care leads them to this decision. The appeal of the "supermom" role leads them to make this choice.

The anticipated financial cost of a divorce leads them to this decision.

(Q020) What is a major critique of how the poverty line is calculated in the United States? Correct! The formula does not reflect the fact that housing now takes up a much larger portion of family budgets. The formula includes income and assets, though it should only include income. The formula takes regional considerations into account, which creates inconsistencies. The formula only accounts for male earnings and not female earnings for a household.

The formula does not reflect the fact that housing now takes up a much larger portion of family budgets.

(Q004) Why did the negative income tax experiment lead to more women leaving their marriages? People could make earnings from a low-wage job stretch further because they paid less income tax, making some women feel financially independent enough to leave their husbands. Two single people received a larger amount than a married couple, so the financial incentive motivated couples to split up to earn more money. Correct! The guaranteed payment that people received through the program meant that many women were no longer financially dependent on a man. A larger percentage of men than women took their guaranteed payment and essentially "blew through it" quickly, so to have more control over their money, some women found it better to leave their husbands.

The guaranteed payment that people received through the program meant that many women were no longer financially dependent on a man.

(Q020) What is the paradox of using antibiotics to fight bacterial infections? Antibiotics are very effective at fighting bacterial infections, but they can also trigger other illnesses in patients who use them. As antibiotics have become more effective and available, their price has increased, making it more difficult for the people who need them most to obtain them. Correct! The increased use of antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. As antibiotics have become cheaper, pharmaceutical companies choose to focus on developing more profitable drugs, with an accompanying decrease in research and development for basic antibiotics.

The increased use of antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

(Q012) Height brings benefits to the tall, so we expect good things for the Dutch, who are now the tallest in the world. What is part of the reason why the United States lags behind in average height, despite the nation's general prosperity? Earning more money leads to poor health due to poor diet and exercise habits and excessive work among Americans. Shorter people in the United States lead unusually unhealthy lifestyles. Correct! The psychological stress induced in victims of the inequality present in the United States may exact a toll via stress reactions. Compared to Americans, Dutch people spend less money on junk food when they are rich.

The psychological stress induced in victims of the inequality present in the United States may exact a toll via stress reactions.

(Q021) What is a reason why the United States has a relatively high level of poverty compared to other advanced democracies? The US government is highly centralized. The United States has a long history of feudalism. Correct! The safety net in the United States was originally designed to exclude blacks. The United States has a relatively low level of inequality.

The safety net in the United States was originally designed to exclude blacks.

(Q004) How was racism expressed in Ancient Greece? Non-Greeks were generally enslaved and formed the bulk of the agricultural labor force. People were categorized according to their abilities as warriors rather than by physical traits. The Ancient Greeks tended to view people from the Far East with great suspicion because they had minimal contact with them. Correct! There is no evidence that racism, as we know it today, was a part of Ancient Greek culture.

There is no evidence that racism, as we know it today, was a part of Ancient Greek culture.

(Q022) Immigrants tend to differ from native-born Americans in what way? They tend to delay marriage and childbearing much longer. Correct! They form and keep families together at a higher rate. Foreign-born children are less likely than native-born children to live with married parents. They are less likely to get married.

They form and keep families together at a higher rate.

(Q005) How did the development of licensing standards in the nineteenth century affect the medical profession? They led to an increase in demand for medical training as the profession became more appealing. They led to the emergence of more specialties and subspecialties in the field of medicine. Correct! They made the medical profession more exclusive and gave doctors more economic power. They gave patients the power to hold doctors accountable for their actions through legal action.

They made the medical profession more exclusive and gave doctors more economic power.

(Q018) Josephine's parents divorced when she was five years old. By the time she was eight, both her parents had remarried and she had two stepsiblings on her father's side and a half-brother on her mother's side. Josephine's two new families are examples of what type of family? Correct! a blended family an extended family a nuclear family a kinship network

a blended family

(Q018) At his predominantly white boarding school, DeMarcus pretends not to care when his classmates ask to touch his hair or assume stereotypical things about him because he is black, but when he is at home in his predominantly black neighborhood he complains to his friends about these experiences. What is this an example of? collective resistance withdrawal institutional racism Correct! acceptance

acceptance

(Q025) In August 2018, alt-right figurehead Jason Kessler organized the Unite the Right 2 Rally in Washington, D.C. to advocate for "white civil rights." This example illustrates white nationalists' reaction to the "browning of America" in that they are engaging in color-blind racism. Correct! adopting the rhetoric of minority status. practicing collective resistance. advocating for pluralism.

adopting the rhetoric of minority status.

(Q015) Some theorists argue that there can never be an absolute definition of poverty. In fact, the text suggests that wealth actually creates poverty. In other words, poverty is impossible to ever measure with certainty. Correct! always relational. contingent on family size. based on the needs of individuals.

always relational.

(Q012) How did social scientists in the 1960s view the strong role held by women in many African American families? as the inevitable result of years of poverty and discrimination that stripped black families of their husbands and fathers as an anomaly that was the result of increased job opportunities for black women after World War II as a positive characteristic that ultimately would bring more balance to relationships and make African American families stronger Correct! as a negative characteristic that served to emasculate black men and ultimately increase social problems in African American communities

as a negative characteristic that served to emasculate black men and ultimately increase social problems in African American communities

(Q009) According to the theory of the bell curve, a theory developed by two academics, genes have a key impact on children's outcomes. This argument is an updated approach to the idea that the dominant factor in the creation and persistence of poverty is education. parenting. Correct! biology. socioeconomic status.

biology.

(Q016) In some urban neighborhoods, buying food staples requires a lengthy journey to another (more white) part of the city. "Food deserts" are a significant problem for people whose resources are limited. According to the text, a food desert is a possible marker of pluralism. racialization. Correct! segregation. apartheid.

segregation.

(Q008) The experiences of the Irish and Muslims in the United States and Jews in Germany illustrate how racialization results in the adoption of new ethnic identities. is just one step in the process of assimilation. Correct! can occur for both ethnic and religious groups. leads to prejudice but not discrimination.

can occur for both ethnic and religious groups.

(Q024) What best represents the idea that mental illness is socially constructed? Correct! changes in the American Psychiatric Association's DSM the rise in rates of depression the widespread use of drugs to treat mental illness the negative effect of stress on health

changes in the American Psychiatric Association's DSM

(Q020) A Muslim classmate from your introductory sociology course helps organize a march protesting discrimination against Muslim Americans on campus. Hundreds of students from area colleges participate. What type of action is this? withdrawal code switching straight-line assimilation Correct! collective resistance

collective resistance

(Q021) Charles believes that racial equality has already been achieved and therefore there is no need for programs like affirmative action. He argues that the best way to improve the conditions of poor African Americans is to encourage them to change their values regarding work, marriage, and family. Charles's beliefs are an example of racialization. discrimination. Correct! color-blind racism. symbolic ethnicity.

color-blind racism.

(Q003) As discussed in the text, President Barack Obama, the son of a white Kansan mother and black Kenyan father, is widely perceived as a black man despite being biracial. This is illustrative of the strong ethnic divisions among African Americans in the United States. Correct! continued significance of the one-drop rule. symbolic ethnicity of African Americans. recent racialization of African Americans.

continued significance of the one-drop rule.

(Q003) Illegal work, multigenerational living arrangements, multifamily households, serial relationships in place of marriage, and "swapping" are part of the failure of government programs. cycle of dependence. problem of unintended consequences. Correct! culture of poverty.

culture of poverty.

(Q005) In his interview with Dalton Conley, Mario Luis Small notes that the culture of poverty argument has been rejected empirically and theoretically due to its flaws. In its place, what does Small suggest as an explanatory tool in research about poverty? Correct! culture race urban poverty economics

culture race

(Q014) Robert Park's model of how immigrants adapted to a new setting was called straight-line assimilation. Milton Gordon refined this theory and suggested that an immigrant population can pass through seven stages of assimilation. Harold Isaacs then observed that, despite what seemed to be full assimilation, ethnic identity persisted. His findings led Clifford Geertz to conclude that because it was not biological, ethnicity must be the result of conflict and competition. Correct! culture. accommodation and tolerance. the "melting pot."

culture.

(Q008) In What Money Can't Buy, sociologist Susan Mayer challenged the common assumption that poverty directly causes poor health, behavioral problems, and many other problems for children. Mayer's work clearly demonstrates how the welfare system encourages dependence on government handouts. many welfare recipients do not want to transition to work. Correct! documenting an association between two factors is different from showing causation. low-income neighborhoods are at the root of welfare dependence, crime, and divorce.

documenting an association between two factors is different from showing causation.

(Q022) In the Moving to Opportunity study done as a follow-up on the Gautreaux Assisted Housing Program, what measure showed no improvement? Correct! earnings happiness truancy rates asthma rates

earnings

(Q008) In the last few decades, women's earning power has increased, yet they continue to do more domestic work than men. The text notes that when a woman's earnings surpass that of her husband's, the husband often quits doing housework. From a sociological perspective, we might attribute this to Correct! entrenched norms and values concerning masculinity and femininity. a perceived drop in the utility of the man in the household. the fact that as their parents age, one of them must take on the responsibility of caring for them. changes in how employers provide benefits such as child care and time off to women.

entrenched norms and values concerning masculinity and femininity.

(Q021) Kelli is a medical sociologist who studies how growing up in high poverty neighborhoods affects a person's genes. Her research is on the topic of biomedical culture. the social construction of illness. the drift explanation of health disparities. Correct! epigenetics.

epigenetics.

(Q012) In the United States, the poverty line is established by looking at regional variances in income and cost of living. Correct! estimating food costs based on meeting minimum nutritional requirements and assuming that the average family spends about one-third of their budget on food. estimating minimum food, housing, transportation, and health insurance costs for different types of families. calculating the country's median income and then setting a percentage of that median income as the threshold by which poverty is measured.

estimating food costs based on meeting minimum nutritional requirements and assuming that the average family spends about one-third of their budget on food.

(Q005) You're traveling with a group in a foreign country. After a homestay with a local family, a member of your group remarks that the meal he had last night was horrifying: roasted dog! "No one eats dog!" he exclaims. "It's barbaric!" This person is speaking from a perspective of nationalism. equality. Correct! ethnocentrism. ethnicity.

ethnocentrism.

(Q007) Between 1924 and 1979, the state of Virginia performed sterilizations on individuals deemed "unfit." This included people with epilepsy, which today is recognized and treated as a medical condition. These cases represent a manifestation of Correct! eugenics. nativism. social Darwinism. environmentalism.

eugenics.

(Q011) In his interview with Dalton Conley, Matthew Desmond talks about the "Aspen effect," wherein people who work in fashionable places such as Aspen, Colorado, are forced to commute long distances. But Desmond notes another factor that has a major impact: eviction. Families that cannot pay their rent must move and find a new place to live. The major challenge faced by those being evicted is that after moving due to eviction, the commute times become even longer. eviction takes a lot of money to fight in court. Correct! eviction is time-consuming and forces people to miss work. eviction forces families into bad neighborhoods.

eviction is time-consuming and forces people to miss work.

(Q020) What is one of the strongest predictors of sibling-on-sibling violence? genetic factors Correct! fathers with short tempers poverty single-parent households

fathers with short tempers poverty

(Q012) Native Americans have been the target of racial and ethnic abuses since Europeans arrived. In Indian Bureau boarding schools and schools provided on reservations, English was mandatory and children were severely punished if they spoke or wrote their native language, resulting in the gradual erosion of culture. This policy was an attempt at Correct! forced assimilation. ethnic cleansing. linguistic purity. educational parity.

forced assimilation.

(Q003) Talcott Parsons's claim that the nuclear family was necessary to modern industrial society because it fulfilled society's need for productive workers (men) and child rearers (women) is an example of a functionalist approach to sociology. The main problem with this idea is that the Correct! function of fulfilling a need for productive workers is not exclusively that of a single institution. function of fulfilling a need for productive workers is a matter of gender and not of family. problem of how to fulfill the need for productive workers is more clearly understood as a symbolic process. entire idea of a productive worker in modern society is a fallacy.

function of fulfilling a need for productive workers is not exclusively that of a single institution.

(Q016) Aisha is a successful television producer with two children, and is married to an attorney. She overhears a conversation at work about the dangers of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure from plastic bottles. She does some research on the Internet and contacts her family doctor with questions. Then she replaces her family's plastic cups and bottles with non-BPA products. The fact that after Aisha learned about the dangers, she could research the subject and take action to protect her family is an example of which interpretation of the theory that social position causes health outcomes? materialist interpretation drift interpretation Correct! fundamental causes interpretation psychosocial interpretation

fundamental causes interpretation

(Q015) Paul is a father and a successful manager earning six figures. At age 48, he is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Paul finds it increasingly difficult to do basic tasks such as driving, typing, and even walking. As his disease progresses, he is eventually terminated from his job, leaving him unemployed. Gradually, friends stop calling and party invitations taper off. Paul and his family have been "downgraded" in their socioeconomic status in accordance with the drift explanation, which asserts that the relationship between higher morbidity and income is spurious. one's social status determines health. differential access to a healthy life is the result of socioeconomic factors. Correct! health determines social position.

health determines social position.

(Q017) The level of income inequality in the United States is lower than that of most other advanced democracies. higher than that of most other advanced democracies. about equal to income inequality in most other advanced democracies. Correct! higher than that of all other advanced democracies.

higher than that of all other advanced democracies.

(Q006) The Tobachnik family has one son and two daughters. The son mows the lawn and takes out the garbage. The daughters do laundry, dust, vacuum, and clean up after meals. This distribution of the chores is an example of the importance of teaching children to share household management duties. Correct! how gender roles are learned at home. the natural division of labor between boys and girls. children bearing part of the burden of women's "second shift."

how gender roles are learned at home.

(Q008) Celiac disease affects a moderate number of people worldwide. Gluten intolerance is claimed to be more widely spread and is more difficult to evaluate clinically. A recent clinical study found that even when subjects were given a strictly controlled placebo diet, they reported a worsening of the symptoms commonly reported by people complaining of gluten intolerance. This is an example of the ease of diagnosing celiac disease. the reactions of others to a chronic illness. Correct! how people learn the sick role and behave accordingly. how a stigma can be attached to anyone

how people learn the sick role and behave accordingly.

(Q010) Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) were an early attempt to control healthcare costs. In this model, the provider (doctor) receives a capitation, which is a fee per person and not per treatment. The major shortcoming of this approach is that it still requires the patient to pay a fee. the incentive is to avoid going to the doctor Correct! it may lead to undertreatment. doctors may try to see a patient more often than necessary.

it may lead to undertreatment.

(Q024) Zaria is on her way to a job interview when she gets a call from the babysitter that her daughter Mia is sick. Zaria can't afford to miss the interview so she calls her aunt who agrees to pick up Mia and take her to the pediatrician. Zaria was able to make the interview (and get the job) because she had help and support from her ____ blended family. Correct! kinship network. nuclear family. pathological matriarchy.

kinship network.

(Q013) In the Moynihan report, The Negro Family, released in 1965, it was found that 25 percent of black wives outearned their husbands, leading the report to conclude that there was a "pathological" matriarchy. One of the chief conclusions that emerged from this report was that black women spent too much time away from home. Correct! needed to be more feminine in order to be successful wives. were a reminder that women in general can be powerful and successful. were the fundamental cause of poverty.

needed to be more feminine in order to be successful wives.

(Q009) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jen'nan Read discusses the meaning of the terms "Arab" and "Muslim." Prior to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, Arab Americans were mostly unnoticed in the United States. Since then, however, Arab Americans have been the targets of racism and discrimination, and they have now been effectively racialized because the census has determined that all Arab Americans are Muslim. of the interest in identifying members of the same ethnic group. Correct! of the tendency to conflate the terms "Arab" and "Muslim." right-wing nativists have enacted laws that identify Arab Americans as Muslim.

of the tendency to conflate the terms "Arab" and "Muslim."

(Q014) Winona is picking up her children from day care. Her nine-hour minimum-wage shift as a temp leaves her exhausted. As she piles her two kids into the car, she loses her temper after one of them refuses to sit still for her to fasten the seatbelt. Winona's solution is to yell at the child until he does what she asks. A sociologist might say that Winona's situation is an example of the way wealth creates poverty. Correct! parenting stress hypothesis. absolute definition of poverty. worst form of child abuse.

parenting stress hypothesis.

(Q019) Tyrone is frustrated by having submitted dozens of resumes to tech companies around the Pacific Northwest, resulting in zero job interviews. He decides to try submitting three resumes as "Tyler," and receives two calls from prospective employers. What is this an example of? Correct! passing withdrawal assimilation acceptance

passing

(Q015) Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US government decreed that all people of Japanese descent living in the United States, whether or not they were citizens, were subject to internment in concentration camps. At the time, enclaves of Japanese Americans thrived in several American cities. The fear and rejection of anyone with Japanese ancestry following the attacks reflected a decline in Correct! pluralism. ethnocentrism. racism. segregation.

pluralism.

(Q002) The US television show Sister Wives tells the true story of Kody Brown, a Utah man with four wives. Existing legal sanctions in the United States prohibit polygamy, including the type of polygamy that Brown practiced, which is referred to as polyandry. Correct! polygyny. monogamy. polyamory.

polygyny.

(Q002) In the text, we read about Marlin, who was fed by food stamps, housed by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and moved through the education system into prison. Marlin's life is a case study of the puzzle of whether the poverty line is accurately measured. Correct! poverty is the cause or the result of social problems. income is the primary cause of poverty. individuals provided for by so many institutions can be considered truly poor.

poverty is the cause or the result of social problems.

(Q002) Having to wait after checking in for an appointment to see a doctor is evidence of the individualized objectivity demonstrated by doctors. scarcity of doctors in the United States. Correct! power and prestige of doctors in our society. problem of supplier-induced demand.

power and prestige of doctors in our society.

(Q022) Avi is disappointed that his daughter is marrying a Latino immigrant because he thinks Latinos oppose women having successful careers. This is an example of Correct! prejudice. discrimination. ethnocentrism. racialization.

prejudice.

(Q018) What factors, besides access to drug therapies, are key to fighting diseases in developing countries? increasing access to urban areas Correct! proper nutrition and clean water population control monetary support from financial institutions

proper nutrition and clean water

(Q001) The text discusses the plight of Irish immigrants in the United States in the late 1800s, when vicious, racially motivated attacks were directed toward them. In 2014, there was a series of angry demonstrations in Waterford, a town in Ireland, directed against the Roma (formerly referred to as gypsies). The irony of the attacks on the Roma in Waterford is that, like the anti-Irish attacks in the United States, they are an example of prejudice. Correct! racism. discrimination. racialization.

racism.

(Q005) The Industrial Revolution had a dramatic effect on the division of labor between (white) men and women, changing the nature of gender roles and shifting kinship networks. This represents a major shift in the importance of women in industry. role of children in the family. Correct! realms of the public and private. increasing importance of wages as a marker of social importance.

realms of the public and private.

(Q026) The brief review of Peggy McIntosh's essay on white privilege lists just a few of the 50 privileges that McIntosh identified in her original work, which included not being asked to represent your entire race and not having to educate children to be aware of systematic racism for their own protection. Which of the following could also be considered white privilege? Correct! shopping in a store without fear that security guards will scrutinize your behavior receiving scholarships based on affirmative action not having to worry about how to repay student loans socializing sons about how to interact with police to avoid fatal confrontations

shopping in a store without fear that security guards will scrutinize your behavior

(Q011) The importance of the Whitehall Study was to show that equal access to health care equalizes health outcomes for people of different socioeconomic backgrounds. universal health care is a better predictor of positive health outcomes than socioeconomic status. social networks predict health outcomes in both parents and their children. Correct! social factors such as where a person lives, what a person does for a living, and how much money a person earns have a great influence on health.

social factors such as where a person lives, what a person does for a living, and how much money a person earns have a great influence on health.

(Q003) Following a friend's biopsy, which was benign, the doctor and the staff scheduled a few future appointments for her. Your friend tells you how difficult it was to try to stop what she called "auto-bookings." Within the medical profession, this approach to health care is common and refers to Correct! supplier-induced demand. continuity of care. managed care. patient hysteria.

supplier-induced demand.

(Q011) A woman whose maternal grandparents came to the United States from Norway participates in a Norwegian folk dance group and bakes Norwegian pastries for special occasions. This is an example of inherited ethnicity. Correct! symbolic ethnicity. racialization. assimilation.

symbolic ethnicity.

(Q019) In his interview with Dalton Conley, Jeffrey Sachs explains that malaria has been a major cause of economic failure in Africa, but not in Asia. Morbidity is very high with malaria, thereby lowering productivity. One of the major reasons why malaria is a bigger problem in Africa than in Asia has to do with the failure of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to provide adequate antimalarial programs. the widespread corruption in African governments, which siphons money from health programs. the Vedic farming system, which was not able to succeed in Africa due to the prevalence of discriminatory attitudes against Hindus by African peoples. Correct! the absence of a mixed animal-crop system, which makes the mosquitoes find a new target.

the absence of a mixed animal-crop system, which makes the mosquitoes find a new target.

(Q023) Sara runs a blog called "Home and Hearth" that focuses on tips for stay-at-home wives and mothers to express their true feminine nature by making their homes a warm, nurturing haven for their husbands and children. Sara is promoting the notion of ____. cohabitation Correct! the cult of domesticity the second shift reproductive labor

the cult of domesticity

(Q010) The Gautreaux Assisted Living Program in Chicago and the Moving to Opportunity study provided opportunities to explore Correct! the effects on families of living in a low-poverty versus a high-poverty neighborhood. how home ownership affects children's educational outcomes. regional differences in public housing programs. the stress of moving on low-income families.

the effects on families of living in a low-poverty versus a high-poverty neighborhood.

(Q009) During World War II, the US economy suffered. With imposed price and wage controls, employers were often not able to offer raises to employees who worked long hours at hard, sometimes hazardous, jobs. Instead, many companies began to offer free health care as a benefit. This is often cited as the origin of safety monitoring in the workplace. Correct! the employer-based health care system. laws preventing the government from imposing price controls. tax laws allowing individuals to deduct benefits from their taxes.

the employer-based health care system.

(Q023) Average household net worth is much higher for white families than for black and Latino families. This "equity inequality" is BEST explained as a result of lower incomes among nonwhites. Correct! the historical disadvantage of minority groups. the disproportionate use of government benefits by blacks. color-blind racism.

the historical disadvantage of minority groups.

(Q001) What is a professional norm for doctors? their social prestige and respectability within a community the level of education required to become a doctor and the high economic value of their services their ability to analyze medical data about patients Correct! the intimate but objective nature of their conversations with patients

the intimate but objective nature of their conversations with patients

(Q006) The Nazi regime's belief that it had to protect a superior race from contamination by inferior races stemmed in part from the concept of racialization. Correct! the notion of social Darwinism. the science of phrenology. concerns about racial passing.

the notion of social Darwinism.

(Q016) The divorce rate in the United States rose steadily since the nineteenth century. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Andrew Cherlin suggests that one of the primary reasons for this paradox of the increasing divorce rate at the same time the "love of marriage" persists is due to dramatic shifts in our economy since the 1900s. the "sexual revolution" of the 1960s. increased poverty in many states. Correct! the pervasive idea of individualism that has flourished in America since the Colonial period.

the pervasive idea of individualism that has flourished in America since the Colonial period.

(Q023) Jamal is a medical doctor doing volunteer work in rural India. He comes across a man suffering from leprosy (an infectious disease) and offers to provide him with antibiotics that will cure his sickness. However, the man refuses the treatment saying that it won't help, that he has been cursed by the gods for his bad behavior and must suffer his punishment. Jamal finds that this belief is widespread in the region, which is making his work very difficult. This is an example of the social determinants of health. fundamental causes. the decline in doctors' authority. Correct! the social construction of illness.

the social construction of illness.

(Q002) The first naturalization law in the United States in 1790 limited citizenship to "free white persons," which set up a relatively broad and inclusive definition of "whiteness." However, the definition of whiteness narrowed such that it applied only to Anglos by the early twentieth century. What social change led to this increasingly exclusive definition of whiteness? Correct! the surge in immigration of non-Anglo Europeans to the United States the migration of African Americans from the South to the North the establishment of the one-drop rule the Supreme Court's 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision

the surge in immigration of non-Anglo Europeans to the United States

(Q001) It was not until 1967 that black-white marriage was legalized in the United States as a result of the case of Loving v. Virginia. For many people, that couple's union represented a violation of social norms because there were clear social sanctions that they chose to ignore. Correct! they married outside their group. they were from very different socioeconomic backgrounds. they were social equivalents with very different backgrounds.

they married outside their group.

(Q001) In the United States, poverty is usually thought of as severe economic deprivation that prevents people from living with dignity. Despite decades of effort and billions of dollars, poverty in the United States continues unabated. Recent research suggests that poverty is a kind of proxy, or stand-in, for the inability of the government to develop successful programs to halt poverty. failure of the tax code to fairly levy taxes on income. Correct! underlying social disease of inequality and economic segregation. failure of a capitalist market to provide food supply points in poor areas.

underlying social disease of inequality and economic segregation.

(Q004) What is an example of medicalization? increasing requirements for medical degrees Correct! viewing drug addiction as a disease that can be treated an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of diseases from overprescribing antibiotics decreased rates of elective cesarean sections in the United States

viewing drug addiction as a disease that can be treated

(Q024) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jennifer Lee observes that the black-white divide is now the black-nonblack divide. Her argument is based on the experiences of first- and second-generation Asians and Latinos, a group in which each successive generation's outcomes improve. Among black Americans this is not the case, however. Disparities are apparent between blacks and all other groups in Correct! wealth and educational attainment. wealth and income. marriage patterns and net worth. ability to solve their own problems involving poverty.

wealth and educational attainment.

(Q023) In recent years it has become harder to fully participate socially and economically in American society without having a smartphone. Some might even consider them a requirement for being able to live with dignity in our society. This would be an example of how Correct! what is considered a necessity is socially defined and can change over time. absolute poverty no longer exists because the range of necessities has expanded. relative poverty is more easily solved than absolute poverty. the culture of poverty affects certain practices.

what is considered a necessity is socially defined and can change over time.

(Q017) After facing persecution by the Nazis in Poland, many Jews left the country for good. Which group response to domination is this an example of? passing Correct! withdrawal segregation acceptance

withdrawal