Exam 2-chapter 8 practice questions

The worldwide increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over a short period of time has been called the ________ effect.

Flynn

As an elementary school teacher, Helen is always trying to find more ways to increase creativity in her students. She approaches her colleague for guidance. Which of the following would be her advice to Helen?

Guide children to be persistent and delay gratification.

Which of the following statements is true of the consequences of low self-esteem in children?

It has been implicated in overweight and obesity, anxiety, depression, suicide, and delinquency.

At approximately ________ years of age, two types of romantic involvement occur: casual dating and dating in groups.

14-16

Based on the 2009 Kaiser Family Foundation survey, adding up the daily media use figures to obtain weekly media use leads to the staggering levels of more than ________ hours a week of media use by 11- to 14-year-olds.

60

Which of the following statements about religion and adolescents has research shown to be true?

Adolescent girls are more religious than are adolescent boys.

Amanda's mother suffers from anorexia nervosa. Which of the following statements about Amanda is most likely true?

Amanda is at risk of developing anorexia nervosa herself.

In the context of adolescent sexuality, identify a true statement about developing a sexual identity.

An adolescent's sexual identity involves styles of behavior and an indication of sexual orientation.

Dana and Delma are discussing gender and the identification of learning disabilities. Dana believes that there is evidence that supports that gender does play a role in identifying learning disabilities, whereas Delma opposes this view. Which of the following statements, if true, would support Dana's view?

Boys have a greater biological vulnerability for learning disabilities than girls.

Which of the following statements is true of peer groups and peer interactions in middle and late childhood?

Children in middle and late childhood spend approximately thirty percent of their time with peers.

Which of the following statements about the benefits of exercise is true?

Exercise can be as effective in reducing depression as psychotherapy.

The status of identity ________ occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own. That is, the adolescent has made a commitment but not experienced a crisis.

foreclosure

According to Piaget, the ________ stage of cognitive development characterizes adults as well as adolescents.

formal operational

Juanita, a Latino girl, is entering adolescence, and her mother wants to keep her from risky sexual behavior. According to research, her mother should

foster a close and supportive relationship with Juanita.

Gina, a 15-year-old, needs to assess a risky situation to quickly get the gist of what is happening and glean that the situation is a dangerous context. She is unlikely to benefit from engaging in reflective, detailed, higher-level cognitive analysis about a decision, especially as it is a high-risk, real-world context where she would get bogged down in trivial detail. This kind of decision making is explained by the

fuzzy-trace theory dual-process model.

James, an American, will be most likely considered as an adult by his peers and community when he ________, whereas Nirmal, who lives in Bangladesh, will be most likely considered as an adult by his community when he ________.

gets a full-time job; gets married

At some point during the early elementary school years, children begin to use ________ more and, according to fuzzy trace theory, this contributes to the improved memory and reasoning of older children.

gist

Martha is suffering from bulimia nervosa, whereas Jane has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. The difference between them is that Martha

has her weight within a normal range.

In the formal operational stage, adolescents begin to think more as a scientist thinks, devising plans to solve problems and systematically testing solutions. This type of problem solving requires ________.

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following developmental stages is experienced by an individual during adolescence?

identity versus identity confusion

If a community wants to develop programs to help at-risk youths, an important component to include in the program would be

intensive individualized attention.

According to Robert J. Sternberg's triangular theory of love, ________ relates to the emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship.

intimacy

A learning disability

is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities.

Lillette, 9, has been diagnosed with ________, a cancer in which the bone marrow manufactures an abundance of abnormal white blood cells that crowd out normal cells, making her susceptible to bruising and infection.

leukemia

In the Berkeley Longitudinal Study some years ago, early-maturing boys perceived themselves ________ than did their late-maturing counterparts. When the late-maturing boys were in their thirties, however, they had developed a ________ than the early-maturing boys had.

more positively; stronger sense of identity

Gavin is rarely nominated as a best friend, but his peers don't dislike him. In the context of peer statuses, Gavin would be classified as a(n) ________ child.

neglected

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, consummate love is characterized by

passion, intimacy, and commitment.

A person who is arrested for stealing company documents says, "Yes, I did steal the documents, and I am willing to go to jail for it. These documents prove that the company was engaging in a cover-up of the unsafe properties of its chemical. I think the public has a right to know about it." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify this person as using ________ reasoning

postconventional

During a seminar on suicidal tendencies in adolescents, Dr. Karl says, "Females are more likely to attempt suicide than males, but males are more likely to succeed in committing suicide." Which of the following research findings most likely explains the reasoning for Dr. Karl's statement?

Males use more lethal means in their suicide attempts than do females.

Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this practice?

They may have difficulty handling competition and criticism.

Which of the following statements is true of unemployment in the United States?

Unemployment is related to physical problems, emotional problems, marital difficulties, and homicide.

Which of the following is a difference between the enhancers and the competent loners?

Unlike the enhancers, the competent loners have little interest in sharing their lives with anyone else.

Karen believes that her qualities and learning abilities cannot change despite all her efforts. Therefore, she has decided not to try at all and let her grades plummet. In the context of Carol Dweck's description of mindsets, which of the following best describes Karen's mindset?

fixed mindset

A person who is arrested for stealing company documents says, "Yes, I did steal the documents, and I am willing to go to jail for it. These documents prove that the company was engaging in a cover-up of the unsafe properties of its chemical. I think the public has a right to know about it." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify this person as using ________ reasoning.

postconventional

The double disadvantage suffered by ethnic minority adolescents includes

prejudice and poverty

The double disadvantage suffered by ethnic minority adolescents includes

prejudice and poverty.

Which of the following terms did Erik Erikson use to describe the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy?

psychosocial moratorium

Nancy was not able to decide whether she should major in music or take up an undergraduate program in engineering. After significant exploration of both options, she finally chose the latter, with a minor in music. Identify Nancy's status of identity.

quiz 12

The National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health that surveyed more than 12,000 adolescents found that those who did not eat dinner with a parent five or more days a week

quiz 12

The amount of daily discretionary time that American adolescents have is ________ what adolescents have in East Asia.

quiz 12

Which of the following does the new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasize?

quiz 12

Unlike nonaggressive children, when aggressive boys search for cues to determine a peer's intention, they respond more

rapidly.

Manfred is the father of a 16-year-old boy. He notices that his son heads over to the other side of town after getting back from school to meet some friends who are older than him. Manfred also notices that the frequency of these meetings has increased over time. Manfred is now worried about his son hanging out with these older individuals. According to research studies, which of the following is most likely to be an outcome of Manfred's son's interactions with the older individuals?

Manfred's son is more likely to engage in delinquency and early sexual behavior.

In a survey, participants were asked whether buying a stolen television is morally right. More than 80 percent of the respondents said that it is morally wrong. However, 50 percent of the respondents admitted that they would buy the television if guaranteed that they would not be caught. In the context of the scenario, which of the following statements would most likely serve as a criticism for Lawrence Kohlberg's theory on moral development?

Moral reasoning can sometimes be a shelter for immoral behavior.

Which of the following statements is true of stepfamilies?

Most stepfamilies are preceded by divorce rather than death of a spouse.

Which of the following is most likely a reason remarried adults find it difficult to stay remarried?

Remarried couples experience more stress in rearing children than parents in never-divorced families.

Which of the following statements about sexual orientation is considered true today? Correct!

Sexual orientation is a continuum from exclusive male-female relations to exclusive same-sex relations.

Which of the following statements about dating in gay and lesbian youth is true?

Some gay and lesbian youth continue to have a same-sex orientation while others have a primarily heterosexual orientation.

Terence has a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation. This disability is also known as developmental arithmetic disorder. On the other hand, Mindy, his classmate, finds it extremely challenging to read or spell simple words. Based on the given information, which of the following statements is true?

Terence has dyscalculia, whereas Mindy has dyslexia.

The concept of emerging adulthood has been criticized as applying mainly to

adolescents who are privileged.

Tina and Danny have been married for 12 years. Both are working and have busy schedules, but at the end of the day, they sit together and tell each other about their day. They have had their share of ups and downs in life, and their love for each other has grown steadily. However, Tina, although very happy in her marriage, reminisces about and wishes to have the passion they had in the early days of their marriage. According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, Tina and Danny's relationship is mostly likely categorized as

affectionate love

Males report experiencing and expressing more ________ than do females.

anger

Three-year-old Jared was taken to the doctor by his parents who were concerned by his seeming lack of attachment to those around him. Jared hardly spoke a word to his parents and would not respond when his parents called out to him. His parents arranged play dates with other children his age so that Jared could mingle with other kids and play with them. However, Jared would instead go to a corner and spend all day preoccupied with bouncing his ball. After a thorough investigation, his pediatrician diagnosed him with

autistic disorder.

In his meeting with a counsellor, Dalton revealed that he was uncomfortable being close to others. He finds it difficult to trust people completely and doesn't allow himself to depend completely on them. He gets nervous if someone tries to get too intimate with him. It seems likely that Dalton has a(n) ________ attachment style.

avoidant

Colin does not get good grades on standardized tests and does not seem to be making an effort to improve his grades. He is more interested in martial arts and has earned a black belt in this field. In the context of Gardner's theories, Colin has ________.

bodily-kinesthetic skills

A major study conducted by Fisher, Cullen, and Turner in 2000 focused on campus sexual assault, involving a phone survey of 4,446 women attending two- or four-year colleges. As per the study, the highest percentage of women reported being victims of attempted rape by a(n

classmate

In a study conducted by Nelson and others (2007), both parents and college students agreed that taking responsibility for one's actions and ________ are important aspects of becoming an adult.

developing emotional control

A study conducted by Grant, Wardle, and Steptoe explored links between health behavior and life satisfaction in more than 17,000 individuals between 17 and 30 years of age in 21 countries. The young adults' life satisfaction was found to be positively related to

exercising regularly.

According to recent research, which of the following program types was linked to a reduction in delinquency?

family therapy

Jenny is hurt following a breakup with her boyfriend. However, a few months later, she gets over the breakup and shares her thoughts about the breakup with her best friend and uses such phrases as "We should have communicated better," "I have learned the importance of saying sorry," and "I will not jump into a relationship too quickly." This scenario indicates that Jenny is most likely experiencing a(n) ________ growth following the breakup.

relational positive

On an assessment of attachment styles modeled on Hazan and Shaver's questionnaire, Alicia described herself thus: "I find it relatively easy to get close to others and I am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don't worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me." Alicia seems to have a(n) ________ attachment style.

secure

Darren is an active twelve-year-old boy. When his friend Simon cheats in a game, he tends to get irritated. However, Darren controls his anger and tries explaining to Simon why cheating is bad. Which developmental aspect is Darren displaying in his actions?

self regulation

Johnny says he likes his best friend, Andy, because he is fun and talks about interesting things. Johnny also says that Andy encourages him to do his best and comforts him when he fails. Which of the following functions of children's friendships is Johnny most likely describing?

stimulation and ego support

Donna is concerned about her adolescent daughter's tendency to flare-up at the mildest provocations. Donna says that her daughter refuses to see reason sometimes and is unable to exercise much self-control. As a specialist in the development of adolescents, you would tell Donna that her daughter's behavior could partly be explained by the biological reason that

the amygdala—the seat of emotions such as anger—matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex in adolescents.

In interviews with 12- to 22-year-olds about finding their purpose in life, William Damon found that

the largest percentage had engaged in some potentially purposeful activities, but they still did not have a real commitment or any reasonable plans for reaching their goals.

At the end of the first year post-divorce, who among the following are most likely to grow disillusioned with their sensation-seeking lifestyle and subsequently want a stable relationship?

the libertines

"Amelia's all excited about this new guy she met," says Julie. "I guess it makes sense because he's really a geek." Based on the concept of consensual validation, we can expect that Julie

thinks that Amelia is also a geek.

Byron can take sticks of different lengths and put them all in order from shortest to longest. He can also discern that if stick A is longer than B and B is longer than C, then A is longer than C. This ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions is

transitivity.

Thirteen-year-old Grace's blood tests indicate that her levels of testosterone are about twice as high as they were a few years ago and that her estradiol levels are about eight times higher than earlier. This indicates that Grace is most likely to

undergo normal pubertal changes.

Mary Carskadon and her colleagues' research on adolescent sleep patterns found that

when given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes a night.