Exam 2, Chapters 4,8,9, 11, 12

Unethical decisions foster trust but make the continuation of business difficult, if not impossible.

False

T or F Power is always inherent in a relationship between two people and is based on one's ability to satisfy or deny satisfaction of some need or the other.

True

T or F The University of Michigan studies identified two dimensions of leadership behavior: task-oriented behaviors and relationship-oriented behaviors.

True

T or F The biggest takeaway of the situational leadership theory is that management styles depend on the situation of where employees are at in their development.

True

The greater a person's exposure to unethical behavior, the less likely it is that he or she will act unethically.

False

T or F Job analysis is the first step in identifying the training needs of new employees or employees who are changing positions

True

T or F Organic organizations tend to be more ambiguous, make fast decisions, grow quickly, and have fewer clearly defined rules

True

What is meant by deontology? Focuses on human rights and values and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior The activities undertaken by independent individuals, groups, and organizations to protect their rights as consumers Sets of principles that describe what a person believes are the right way to behave The obligation a business assumes to maximize its positive impact and minimize its negative impact on society

A. Focuses on human rights and values and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior

What term describes the arrangement of positions, as shown on an organizational chart, that dictates where work activities are completed, where decisions should be made, and the flow of information? Formal organization Network organization Matrix structure Chain of command

A. Formal organization

Which of the following characteristics relates to an organizational chart The pattern of concentrating authority in a relatively few, high-level positions A graphic display of the official lines of authority and communication within the organization The design of jobs based on the principles of division of labor and specialization The division of work into smaller, distinct tasks

B.A graphic display of the official lines of authority and communication within the organization

Which of the following refers to a comprehensive evaluation of a firm's ethics and compliance program and its ethical decisions used to determine whether the program is effective? Business ethics Utilitarianism Ethics audit Whistle blowing

C. ethics audit

Ethical considerations exist in relatively few management decisions.

False

T or F A compressed work week allows a company to take advantage of the skills of two people in performing the job.

False

T or F A recent trend in motivation has been to empower employees by giving them higher pay and bonuses.

False

T or F Horizontal coordination is the integration of succeeding levels of organization

False

T or F Resistance to the use of power is most likely to occur with the personal power sources and least likely to occur when coercion is used.

False

T or F Training is the process of familiarizing new employees with the organizational environment, co-workers, company procedures, and physical properties

False

T or F Paternalistic management raises a high level of concern for people to reward for compliance, or punish for rejection.

True

The difference between ethical behavior and a law is that a law is made to be broken, while an ethical value is made to be upheld. is defined by legislators, while ethical conduct is defined by academics. is not concerned with issues of right and wrong. defines a minimally acceptable standard of conduct.

NOT B

In management, decisions often require weighing monetary profit or personal interests against what the individual, work group, or organization considers honest and fair.

True

One of the strong arguments in favor of asking businesses to be socially responsible is that since they have created many social problems, they should also help solve them.

True

T or F According to Fiedler's contingency theory, if a leader's style does not match the situation, then either the situation should be changed or another leader should be found who does match the situation.

True

T or F According to Oldham and Hackman, growth-need strength is the extent to which an employee desires a job that provides personal challenges, a sense of accomplishment, and personal growth.

True

T or F As the trait approach to leadership waned, two major dimensions of leader behavior emerged from new research: (1) how leaders get the job done and (2) how leaders treat their subordinates.

True

T or F Delegation is the assignment of projects and authority to a subordinate

True

T or F Frederick Taylor believed in the principle of hedonism —that people are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

True

T or F The path-goal theory of leadership states that two categories of situational factors determine appropriate leadership behaviors: (1) employees' personal characteristics and (2) environmental pressures and demands on employees.

True

T or F When workers are laid off, their motivational focus shifts from fulfilling higher-level needs to lower-level needs.

True

Which of the following characteristics relates to job enrichment A behavioral approach in which jobs are designed to increase the number of similar tasks involved, especially tasks that require information processing and decision making A behavioral approach to job design involving a deliberate plan to move workers to various jobs on a consistent, scheduled basis The division of work into smaller, distinct tasks A behavioral approach to job design aimed at increasing the number of tasks that comprise a job

a. A behavioral approach in which jobs are designed to increase the number of similar tasks involved, especially tasks that require information processing and decision making

Which of the following characteristics relates to initiating-structure behaviors? Defining and structuring leader-employee roles through activities such as scheduling, defining work tasks, setting deadlines, criticizing poor work, getting employees to accept work standards, and resolving problems The process of influencing the activities of an individual or a group toward the achievement of a goal Behaviors designed primarily and specifically to get tasks completed Power or influence derived from a person's special knowledge or expertise in a particular area

a. Defining and structuring leader-employee roles through activities such as scheduling, defining work tasks, setting deadlines, criticizing poor work, getting employees to accept work standards, and resolving problems

What term describes a theory stating that the extent to which people are willing to contribute to an organization depends on their assessment of the fairness of the rewards they will receive in exchange? Equity theory Goal-setting theory Reinforcement theory Expectancy theory

a. equity theory

Which of the following refers to an identifiable problem, situation, or opportunity that requires a person or organization to choose among several actions that may be evaluated as ethical or unethical? Ethical issue Whistle blowing Ethics audit Social audit

a. ethical issue

What term describes a theory that recognizes the importance of goals in improving employee performance? Goal-setting theory Reinforcement theory Social learning theory Expectancy theory

a. goal-setting theory

What term describes a combination of several different structures and the most common form of organizational structure Hybrid structure matrix structure multidivisional structure product division structure

a. hybrid structure

Also known as moral philosophies, what term describes sets of principles that describe what a person believes are the right way to behave? Individual values Social responsibilities Codes of ethics Business ethics

a. individual values

The process of organizing, a first or basic step is usually group tasks into jobs departments work teams clusters

a. jobs

A company has worked with a large supplier for many years. Recently, the supplier has requested certain financial favors from the company, threatening to terminate the contract if demands are not met. An ethical issue has arisen in the area of organizational relationships. operations and communications. organizational management. employee relations.

a. organizational relationships

According to social learning theory, all of the following are steps that must occur during the modeling process EXCEPT reinforcement. retention. attention. motivation.

a. reinforcement

What is the theory that states that employees learn not only through direct experience but also through observation and personal qualities? Social learning theory Reinforcement theory Equity theory Process theory

a. social-learning theory

To find out if applicants have the specific KSAs during the selection process, many organizations use tests employment applications employment agencies resumes

a. tests

All of the following are related to setting up a compensation system EXCEPT the company's compensation budget the worth of each job to the organization itself what comparable organizations pay certain specific jobs how well or how long employees have done that job

a. the company's compensation budget

Which of the following refers to a more traditional approach in which managers engage in both task- and consideration-oriented behaviors in an exchange manner? Transactional leadership Transformational leadership Relationship-oriented behaviors Situational leadership theory

a. transactional leadership

What is meant by job specialization? The division of work into smaller, distinct tasks A behavioral approach to job design involving a deliberate plan to move workers to various jobs on a consistent, scheduled basis The process of grouping tasks into jobs A behavioral approach to job design aimed at increasing the number of tasks that comprise a job

a.The division of work into smaller, distinct tasks

Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory stresses that leaders tend to develop strong positive attitudinal and emotional relationships to certain subordinates, who then become part of the leader's functional out-group. "team" or in-group. "buddy system." networking group.

b. "team" or in-group

Which of the following best describes when a managerial decision becomes an ethical issue? When it is clear from the outset that the decision is illegal When accepted rules no longer apply, and the person must use his or her own moral standards When the decision involves lying and active deception. When managers follow clear guidelines from top management

b. When accepted rules no longer apply, and the person must use his or her own moral standards

What is on-the-job training? Examinations that verify an applicant's ability to perform actual job behaviors identified in job analysis a technique in which the employee learns the job tasks while actually performing the job Techniques that determine the value of an organization's jobs and arrange these jobs in order of pay according to their value The process of instructing employees in their job tasks and socializing them into the organization's values, attitudes, and other aspects of its culture

b. a technique in which the employee learns the job tasks while actually performing the job

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, which of the following is a maintenance factor? Advancement Comfortable working conditions Responsibility Recognition

b. comfortable working conditions

When a performance evaluation is based on favoritism and political opportunity, rather than on merit, an ethical issue has arisen in the area of communications. employee relations. social responsibility. profitability.

b. employee relations

The principle that holds that an employment contract is a legal agreement between free agents in which the government should not interfere, and either party may break the contract at any time, for any reason, is called collective bargaining employment-at-will equal employment oppurtunity termination-at-will

b. employment-at-will

Because of the subjective and comparative nature of the variables involved in equity theory, a person will feel undercompensated and unfairly treated by management. equitably compensated, overcompensated, or undercompensated. fixated at the level of security needs most of the time. the power and anguish of maintenance factors

b. equitably compensated, overcompensated, or undercompensated.

Which of the following supervisor qualities supports motivation? micromanagement. honesty and fairness. task orientation. coercive behavior.

b. honesty and fairness

A set of principles that describe what a person believes is the right way to behave is called immoral philosophy. moral philosophy. ethical formalism. utilitarian philosophy.

b. moral philosophy

The University of Michigan studies of leadership effectiveness found that the most effective leaders are generally much more task-oriented than relationship-oriented. employ both task-oriented and relationship-oriented behaviors. have far more business knowledge than the less-effective leaders. are usually significantly more relationship-oriented than task- oriented.

b.employ both task-oriented and relationship-oriented behaviors.

Which of the following characteristics relates to situational leadership theory? A model concerned with how a leader affects employees' perceptions of their personal and work goals and the paths to goal attainment Aspects of the task, subordinates, or organization that act in place of leader behavior and thus render it unnecessary A leadership model whose premise is that a leader's style should be contingent on subordinates' competence and commitment The suggestion that successful leadership requires matching leaders with primarily stable leadership styles to the demands of the situation

c. A leadership model whose premise is that a leader's style should be contingent on subordinates' competence and commitment

What is path-goal theory? A leadership model whose premise is that a leader's style should be contingent on subordinates' competence and commitment Aspects of the task, subordinates, or organization that act in place of leader behavior and thus render it unnecessary A model concerned with how a leader affects employees' perceptions of their personal and work goals and the paths to goal attainment The suggestion that successful leadership requires matching leaders with primarily stable leadership styles to the demands of the situation

c. A model concerned with how a leader affects employees' perceptions of their personal and work goals and the paths to goal attainment

Which of the following characteristics relates to a social audit? Principles, values, and codes of conduct that define acceptable behavior in business A philosophy where believers seek the greatest satisfaction for the largest number of individuals A systematic examination of the objectives, strategies, organization, and performance of the social responsibility function An identifiable problem, situation, or opportunity that requires a person or organization to choose among several actions that may be evaluated as ethical or unethical

c. A systematic examination of the objectives, strategies, organization, and performance of the social responsibility function

Maslow's hierarchy classifies needs that motivate people in which order, starting with the most basic? Self-actualization, physiological, esteem, security, and social Esteem, social, self-actualization, security, and physiological Physiological, security, social, esteem, and self-actualization Social, self-actualization, physiological, esteem, and security

c. Physiological, security, social, esteem, and self-actualization

____are more concerned with the end results, whereas _____ are concerned with the means to get those results. Deontologists; utilitarians Capitalists; utilitarians Utilitarians; deontologists Humanists; capitalists

c. Utilitarians; deontologists

For businesspersons to be ethical, they must strive for success while making a profit for owners as their sole guide. following the policy caveat emptor. being fair, just, and trustworthy. following government regulations as long as it doesn't cost them.

c. being fair, just, and trustworthy.

What name is given to weakening an undesired behavior by not providing positive consequences? Avoidance Punishment Extinction Expectancy

c. extinction

Managers tend to be more concerned about ethical issues that affect employees at other company locations. have long-term consequences. have immediate consequences. affect the government.

c. immediate consequences

In summarizing the trait and early behavioral approaches to leadership, it can be said that they did not touch on the need employees have to be involved in management. they both assumed that initiating structure was the most vital component of leadership. neither approach addressed contingency factors that are very important in leadership. both approaches showed how vitally important consideration factors are in leadership.

c. neither approach addressed contingency factors that are very important in leadership.

Which of the following is one of the four major types of leadership behaviors recognized in path-goal theory? Task-oriented leadership Employee-oriented leadership Participative leadership Initiating-structure leadership

c. participative leadership

Which of the following refers to a set of theories that try to determine "how" and "why" employees are motivated to perform? Goal-setting theories Social learning theories Process theories Content theories

c. process theories

Flextime allows for all of the following EXCEPT a possible reduction in rush-hour traffic. a potentially better utilization of workstations and facilities. reducing the total number of hours that employees work. choosing starting and ending times around a specified period.

c. reducing the total number of hours that employees work.

What are mechanistic organizations? Structures that are less formal, fairly simple, and decentralized Structures with few departments, arranged by function, headed by an entrepreneur/owner, and with few technical support staff Structures that are highly formal, complex, and centralized Structures with few departments, arranged by function, headed by an entrepreneur/owner, and with few technical support staff

c. structures that are highly formal, complex, and centralized

has become a leading issue in the 21st century as both business and the public acknowledge the damage done to the environment by past generations. Consumerism Deontology Sustainability Utilitarianism

c. sustainability

The birth of the human relations approach to motivation can be traced to Herzberg's factors. scientific management. the Hawthorne studies. Maslow's hierarchy.

c. the Hawthorne studies

The major positive outcome of job rotation appears to be that it reduces absenteeism and tardiness consistently improves worker motivation is useful in cross-training work teams increases worker respect for the jobs of others

c.is useful in cross-training work teams

Which of the following characteristics relates to a servant leader? A person's ability to satisfy or deny satisfaction of another's need, based on a formal contractual relationship between an organization and the individual A person's capacity to influence the behavior and attitudes of others A leader who is passionate about company objectives, models corporate values in the workplace, and forms strong relationships with stakeholders A leader who leads by example and forms strong relationships with employees

d. A leader who leads by example and forms strong relationships with employees

What is business ethics? The obligation a business assumes to maximize its positive impact and minimize its negative impact on society An identifiable problem, situation, or opportunity that requires a person or organization to choose among several actions that may be evaluated as ethical or unethical Formalized rules and standards that describe and delineate what the organization expects of its employees Principles, values, and codes of conduct that define acceptable behavior in business

d. Principles, values, and codes of conduct that define acceptable behavior in business

Which one of the following activities or behaviors is characteristic of a charismatic leader? Uses the threat of punishment to get employees to follow their every order Lacks self-confidence, which motivates unusual risk-taking behaviors Scores very highly on extroversion and has an external locus of control Takes great personal risks and engages in unconventional behavior to achieve change

d. Takes great personal risks and engages in unconventional behavior to achieve change

What is vertical coordination? The degree to which an organization''s procedures, rules, and personnel requirements are written down and enforced The relationships among positions that are not connected by the organizational chart The linking of subunits on the same level The integration of succeeding levels of the organization

d. The integration of succeeding levels of the organization

Which of the following characteristics relates to motivation? The value of each potential outcome which describes its importance The sum total of employees' attitudes toward their jobs, employer, and colleagues A person's expectation that effort will lead to high performance An inner drive that directs behavior toward goals

d. an inner drive that directs behavior toward goals

Transformational leaders generally display which of the following characteristics? A strong emphasis on organizational structure Coercive behaviors Low tolerance of risk and uncertainty Change facilitation and integrity

d. change facilitation and integrity

A corporation that has diversified into a variety of unrelated businesses is known as a adhocracy multinational hybrid conglomerate

d. conglomerate

Questions used in wage and salary surveys usually ask about all of the following EXCEPT direct wages benefits and other forms of compensation number of overtime hours employee traits

d. employee traits

All of the following are basic types of reinforcement EXCEPT extinction. positive reinforcement. punishment. expectancy.

d. expectancy

An employee's confidence that he or she can perform a task or behavior successfully is called self-knowledge. self-motivation. self-reinforcement. self-efficacy.

d. self-efficacy

In Fiedler's leadership contingency theory, the basic concept is that successful leadership requires matching leaders with stable leadership styles to the needs of the organization. the preference of co-workers. the demands of top management. the demands of the situation.

d. the demands of the situation