EXAM 2

which of the following is NOT an example of two organisms in a mutualistic relationship?

humans and the protozoa that cause malaria

Based on the graph above, which of the following years postdisturbance had the greatest species richness? https://o.quizlet.com/lodlq2jr2euoOjrMmlvV4w.png

100 (B) One hundred years after disturbance all 88 species had measurable biomass in the ecosystem, the maximum number of species in the graph.

Based on the graph above, which of the following years postdisturbance did sweetgum experience the greatest biomass? https://o.quizlet.com/lodlq2jr2euoOjrMmlvV4w.png

50 (A)

Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem service that would provide protection from a hurricane storm surge?

An intact coastal wetland (B) An intact coastal wetland or marsh would offer natural protection from a storm surge categorized under regulating ecosystem service.

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following islands would most likely have the highest number of species living on it?

An island 30 hectares in size that is 10 kilometers off the coast of the mainland (B) According to the theory of island biogeography, as the size of an island increases, the number of species living on it should increase. Also, as an island's distance from the mainland increases, the number of species living on it should decrease. This option provides the combination of greatest size and closest distance to the mainland compared to the other options.

Which of the following best describes the trends in atmospheric CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature over the past 800,000 years? https://o.quizlet.com/3mUt32ioqktq6zpXK5Goiw.png

Atmospheric CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature are directly correlated over the past 800,000 years. (C)

Passage 1-1An experiment is set up to determine if wheat grows better when it is planted by itself or together with clover. The setup involves three pans of each treatment. Set-ups A, B, and C contain wheat alone. Set-ups D, E, and F contain clover and wheat planted together, in rows alternating one seed of each type. One hundred seeds are planted in each pan. All treatments contain the same type of soil, are planted in the same size of pan, are exposed to the same amount of sunlight, and are maintained at the same temperature throughout the course of the experiment. Which of the following statements provides a hypothesis for this experiment?

Both A and C -wheat grows taller when plated by itself than when it is altered with clover -wheat grows better when planted together with clover

in the diagram below, in which zone would you find phytoplankton, but not rooted plants? https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/jtDkEnxYdpyBLPjO2Wbv0NOFhrQloYfiHLxz0j0PZEwicSxCOunrkG0R5d6eANkeGzr7mFVT1290usnLsQqSyMRjXVGHACd8q-yLwMidZNAteEY8TH2h-BKbjBzL=w466

C

A team of ecologists are studying four different ecosystems with varying levels of biodiversity. The ecologists categorize the different levels of biodiversity for the four ecosystems as shown in the table below. Based on the information above, which ecosystem most likely experienced a recent population bottleneck?

Ecosystem A, because its low genetic diversity could have resulted from an event that reduced the variation in the gene pool. (A) A population bottleneck occurs when a significant decrease in the population size reduces genetic variation within a population.

A team of ecologists are studying four different ecosystems with varying levels of biodiversity. The ecologists categorize the different levels of biodiversity for the four ecosystems as shown in the table below. Based on the information above, which ecosystem would most likely recover the fastest from a natural disruption?

Ecosystems (B) Ecosystems with more genetic diversity and a larger number of different species are more likely to recover from natural disruptions.

Researchers in the Galápagos Islands measured the average beak size in a population of finches from 1976 to 1984, as shown in the graph below. Birds with smaller beaks are better suited for grasses and soft seeds, while birds with larger beaks are better suited for seeds and nuts. In years with less rainfall, there are fewer grasses to feed on and the finches rely more on seeds for food. In 1977, 1980, and 1982, there were droughts, and the area experienced significantly less rainfall than average. https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH902105.g04.png

Finches with larger beaks were more likely to survive in 1980 because they were able to feed primarily on seeds and nuts during the drought.

A team of ecologists are studying four different ecosystems with varying levels of biodiversity. The ecologists categorize the different levels of biodiversity for the four ecosystems as shown in the table below. Based on the information above, which of the following best describes Ecosystem C?

Its low habitat diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has a low number of specialist species and few species that utilize large territories. (D) Having a limited number of different habitats would inhibit the survival of different types of specialist species and those that control large territories.

Which of the following best describes the pattern in the atmospheric CO2 concentration data over the past 200,000 years?

The concentration of CO2 fluctuated between 150ppm and 250ppm until recently, when the concentration rose exponentially. (B)

Reef fish inherit tolerance to warming oceans In a rapidly changing climate, the decline of animal populations is a very real concern. An international team of researchers reported new evidence of reef fish adjusting to global warming conditions at the genetic level. [R]esearchers . . . have found that reef fish can inherit from their parents the genetic tools to adjust to ocean warming. "When parents are exposed to an increase in water temperature, we found that their offspring improved their performance in these otherwise stressful conditions by selectively modifying their epigenome." Epigenetic change refers to chemical modifications in the DNA that signals genes to be switched on or off. A range of factors, including disease, famine, or in the case of this research, heat stress, can stimulate these subtle changes. In this study, when both parent and offspring experienced the same elevated water temperatures, responsive changes . . . were observed that enhanced the next generation's ability to cope with the new, warmer temperatures. "We reared spiny chromis damselfish . . . for two generations under three different water temperatures, up to 3 degrees Celsius warmer than current-day ocean temperatures. The next generation appeared to be advantaged by parental exposure to elevated temperatures. The offspring's altered gene expression, also referred to as 'acclimation,' allowed them to maximize oxygen consumption and energy use." "Acclimation may buffer populations against the impacts of rapid environmental change and provide time for genetic adaptation to catch up over the longer term." "Reef fish inherit tolerance to warming oceans: Thanks to mom and dad, baby reef fish may have to what it takes to adjust to hotter oceans," Ryu Taewoo, ScienceDaily, April 30, 2018. Which of the following best identifies the author's claim?

Observed adjustments in the ecological tolerance of a species of reef fish is a result of epigenetic changes. (A)

Researchers examined the effect of industrialization and increased pollution (soot) in London on the coloration in a single species of moths. Birds prey on the moths that are easily visible on trees. The researchers observed moths on tree trunks and recorded their body color. The percentage of moths with light colored bodies and the percentage of moths with dark bodies is shown on the graph above. Based on the data in the graph, which of the following best describes the change in the population of moths as a result of industrialization?

The percentage of dark colored moths increased in the population and the percentage of light-colored moths decreased in the population. (A)

Which of the following best describes the change in Antarctic temperature from about 440,000 years ago to about 340,000 years ago?

The temperature increases by about 12°C and then decreases by about 12°C (C)

Based on the graph above, which of the following tree species would be the predominant species found during the intermediate stage of succession?

Tulip Poplar (C) The biomass of the tulip poplar trees peaks at about 125 years, which is the intermediate stage of succession for this ecosystem.

which of the following is NOT and example of two organisms in a parasitic relationship?

a carnivorous plant and the insect it captures and digests

a species that plays a major role in determining the structure of its ecological community is

a keystone species

which of the communities listed in Table 1 has the highest species evenness? https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/9tPHrJDAFANVj_4cMBikM0YmHuYjww2aUCkBM-iwhNDq54jPolecJAj1zDVlLv9vT3qNJPJB53mjcAMHmT880S0LokKPjvv8tK7cKnB5q7wLmwblz-lJrZqmHjwQ=w578

both communities 3 and 4

the organisms that represents all of the different interacting species within an ecosystem make up a

community

Salmon May Lose the Ability to Smell Danger as Carbon Emissions Rise The ability to smell is critical for salmon. They depend on scent to avoid predators, sniff out prey, and find their way home at the end of their lives .... Research from the University of Washington and NOAANOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Fisheries' Northwest Fisheries Science Center shows this ... sense of smell might be in trouble as carbon emissions continue to be absorbed by our ocean. ... The research team set up tanks of salt water with three different pH levels: today's current average Puget Sound pH, the predicted average 5050 years from now, and the predicted average 100100 years in the future. They exposed juvenile coho salmon to these three different pH levels for two weeks. After two weeks, the team ran a series of ... tests to see whether the fishes' sense of smell was affected. Fish were placed in a holding tank and exposed to the smell of salmon-skin extract, which indicates a predator attack and usually prompts the fish to hide or swim away. Fish that were in water with current CO2CO2 levels responded normally to the offending odor, but the fish from tanks with higher CO2CO2 levels didn't seem to mind or detect the smell. ... While this study looked specifically at how an altered sense of smell could affect fishes' response to danger, it's likely that other critical behaviors that depend on smell, such as navigation, reproduction, and hunting for food, would also take a hit if fish aren't able to adequately process smells. ... University of Washington Which of the following best identifies the author's claim?

Acidic water affects the salmon's ability to sense danger from attacking predators by their sense of smell. (A)

Researchers examined the effect of industrialization and increased pollution (soot) in London on the coloration in a single species of moths. Birds prey on the moths that are easily visible on trees. The researchers observed moths on tree trunks and recorded their body color. The percentage of moths with light colored bodies and the percentage of moths with dark bodies is shown on the graph above. In the 1970s, the amount of industrial pollution decreased and the trees began to return to their preindustrial appearance. Which of the following graphs best demonstrates the change in the frequencies of light-colored moths and dark-colored moths in the population from 1950 to 2000? The dark-colored moths are represented with a solid line and the light-colored moths are represented with a dashed line.

Answer C (Criss Cross) https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH904520.g03.png As pollution decreased, the trees will have lighter bark again, making them more suitable for the light-colored moths. Light-colored moths will survive and reproduce better than dark-colored moths, and their relative percentage in the population will increase.

Basking on the Brink: A river in India may be the last, best hope for one of the world's largest and most imperiled crocodilians. Dead gharials began washing up on the banks of India's Chambal River in December 2007. By mid-January, the dead reptiles—some the length of two tall men, lined up end to end—numbered in the dozens. By March, more than 110 of the skinny-snouted creatures had been found dead, most along a 30-kilometer (18-mile) stretch of river. Among the largest crocodilians in the world, gharials have long, heavy bodies and relatively small heads with bulging eyes and skinny snouts. Although their rows of pointy teeth look menacing, they are specialized for catching and holding onto fish, and pose little danger to people. The relatively healthy breeding population on the Chambal is precisely why the massive 2008 die-off here caused such alarm. The Chambal contains nearly 80 percent of all the gharials left on Earth. It is the only population large enough to be stable. Speculation ensued among researchers and government officials about what caused the die-off. Early theories focused on widespread pollution. Based on a variety of clues, however, [researchers suspect] illegal or accidental dumping of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac that was once commonly used on livestock but was banned in India in 2006. A few years earlier, also in South Asia, the drug was responsible for a sharp decline of vultures, which all showed signs of kidney dysfunction like the dead gharials examined in 2008. The die-off . . . illustrates the potentially catastrophic consequences that disruptions to water bodies can have on aquatic species that are close to the brink. For a species that is struggling, the fate of this river will determine its future. Article Information: Sohn, E. (2018, June 5). Basking on the brink: An "unholy" river in India may be the last, best hope for one of the world's largest and most imperiled crocodilians. This is an excerpt of the article originally appearing in bioGraphic, an online magazine about nature and sustainability powered by the California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved August 30, 2018 from: https://www.biographic.com/posts/sto/basking-on-the-brink Which of the following best identifies the author's claim?

Anthropogenic disruptions to Earth's resources can have sudden and severe negative consequences to the health of native species, specifically those whose populations are already threatened. (C)

An island off the coast of Africa contains a larger percentage of specialist species than generalist species. Which of the following describes the most immediate effect if an invasive generalist species is introduced to the island?

As competition for resources increases, the population size of the island's specialist species will decrease. (B) The invasive generalist species would most likely outcompete the island's species for food and other resources, as these are extremely limited on islands and specialists can thrive in a narrow range of conditions.

what factors are used to determine what constitutes a species? I physically distinct from other groups of organisms II can interbreed with others from the same group III shares the same habitat as other groups of organisms

I and II

which of the following are used to measure diversity within an ecosystem? I species wealth II species richness III species eveness

II and III

Which of the following ecosystem services is categorized as regulating?

Pollination, decomposition, and water purification (B) Regulating services are benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes.

Which of the following economic consequences to a provisioning ecosystem service will most likely result from increased global warming?

The collapse of local fisheries, because of the damage to coral reefs from ocean acidification (A) Many fish depend on coral reefs for habitat, and the carbon dioxide that largely causes anthropogenic global warming also causes ocean acidification, which does damage coral reefs.

The image shows two different islands and the relative distance to the nearest mainland. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following best predicts the effect of the introduction of an invasive species on Easter Island compared to Madagascar? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH901664.g03.png

The native species on Madagascar are more likely to survive because the island is larger and provides a greater diversity of habitats and resources. (C) The land with greater area supports more habitats and resources, reducing competition and increasing survival.

when a population suddenly reduces in size either from habitat loss, natural disasters or other changes in the environment, its genetic variation is affected. When this occurs, this is known as:

bottleneck effect

Which of the following is a true statement about the comparison between Communities 1 and 2 shown in Figure 1? https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/tjHlt9fTTSOxzyyLRs3CFY5K2_syYrPfHOuYl8SXwozJ4rLA-yDuGOxVP4h-1Kd4xDL6dXhkcLUxslbntedm7NnQy0y-3NHKlmaouXlLcH93TZwQPmBTKpcvk2-i=w731

communities 1 and 2 have the same species richness

which of the following is the best description of the two communities shown in Figure 1 https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Z-QJefdyjmXpT-FZWR6Gt1kuKoZAemBfe3nMtU44UEkErY9HU_SDFEHApSPQL0jj2Thw76Dexla9VrBawiobAxIF9atOLREH6JhVws6GEGi131YxPk2JF8vP4hHH=w592

community 1 has a higher evenness and equal riches ness to Community 2

which of the communities listed in Table 1 most clearly represent a community with low species evenness? https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/hfDt5y3tfpV9aIY2M0WhMgzQlNM7PgJnlgiPz7K-qVB3YQUnJt1k7y41MGTrEWPzsWc0pYALV0oY7NDh_EyaFFkJimqpYVufx0_E2jOLRIvvsWKdomyck_O2fbW2=w723

community 2

Table 1 lists the number of individuals of each species found within four field communities. Which of the communities listed is most diverse overall?

community 3

which of the communities listed in Table 1 would be least vulnerable to the effects of environmental disturbances? https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/FQ-pST-E5KQIvJ9wzUXKjKpP2Bzfzl_BvDDQUiAREXKRVmHWZz-c8EdKQzq2CjcsYU9naxnlkw38HiAPUdOFsNoqdjiH4k_KTodGDfPf62cqh8P7SFWf-DEZ4512=w740

community 3

two species that have a high degree of niche overlap will

compete intensely

the concept that two species cannot occupy the same ecological niche is called

competitive exclusion

Passage 1-1An experiment is set up to determine if wheat grows better when it is planted by itself or together with clover. The setup involves three pans of each treatment. Set-ups A, B, and C contain wheat alone. Set-ups D, E, and F contain clover and wheat planted together, in rows alternating one seed of each type. One hundred seeds are planted in each pan. All treatments contain the same type of soil, are planted in the same size of pan, are exposed to the same amount of sunlight, and are maintained at the same temperature throughout the course of the experiment. The treatments planted with wheat alone are the

controls

which term refers to the variety of ecosystems within a region?

ecosystem diversity

the variety of genes within a species is called its:

genetic diversity

which of the following does not contribute to the increase in biodiversity of an ecosystem?

habitat loss

Passage 1-1An experiment is set up to determine if wheat grows better when it is planted by itself or together with clover. The setup involves three pans of each treatment. Set-ups A, B, and C contain wheat alone. Set-ups D, E, and F contain clover and wheat planted together, in rows alternating one seed of each type. One hundred seeds are planted in each pan. All treatments contain the same type of soil, are planted in the same size of pan, are exposed to the same amount of sunlight, and are maintained at the same temperature throughout the course of the experiment. The dependent variable in this experiment could be the

height of the wheat

if an insect eats the lettuce seedlings in your yard, it is acting most like a(n)

herbivore

species that serve as early warnings of environmental damage are called

indicator species

habitat size and community distances are the basis for

island biogeography

the first plant community that forms on bare rock often includes organisms such as

lichens and mosses

after a severe drought, the productivity in an ecosystem took many years to return to pre-drought conditions. This observation indicates that the ecosystem has

low resilience

which type of species would be most vulnerable to environmental changes?

niche specialist

predation is similar to _____in that both types of relationship benefit one of the interacting species while the other is harmed

parasitism

if similar species each occupy a smaller niche when they live together than they would if they lived alone, they are said to be

paritoning resources

when all vegetation is removed from a site by human activity of by natural forces such as volcanic activity, _____ species are the first to colonize the site

pioneer

which of these outcomes is likely in a natural situation when two closely related species compete for resources in the same habitat?

population size and distribution of each species may be reduced

________succession begins on bare rock after glaciers have passed, or on newly formed volcanic islands

primary

Passage 1-1An experiment is set up to determine if wheat grows better when it is planted by itself or together with clover. The setup involves three pans of each treatment. Set-ups A, B, and C contain wheat alone. Set-ups D, E, and F contain clover and wheat planted together, in rows alternating one seed of each type. One hundred seeds are planted in each pan. All treatments contain the same type of soil, are planted in the same size of pan, are exposed to the same amount of sunlight, and are maintained at the same temperature throughout the course of the experiment. Several setups of each treatment are prepared to fulfill a very important requirement of scientific experimentation, specifically the need for

replication

which of the following would not be considered when determining the fundamental niche of a species?

reproductive rate

after a forested area such as a national forest is clear-cut, what type of succession occurs?

secondary

which of the following is NOT likely to characterize pioneer plant species involved in primary succession?

slow-growing, long-lived perennial

which of the following statements is correct in reference to species richness?

species richness is greatest at latitudes near the equator

Loblolly pine requires a minimum temperature to grow and thrive. Under certain conditions, it is common in the southeastern region of the United States. If climate changes increase average temperatures, how would you expect the distribution of the loblolly pine to change? The loblolly pine distribution would:

spread further to the north

according to the graph below, what biome would you expect to find in an area with an average temperature of 10 degrees C and 100 cm of precipitation annually? https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/ErCW9c904SRYUd4inHYO5uZZ2sir8ebthhzjqnORAHBJ1eRnrlrvSmLvlLmisvUY6nmLIXeB2nB11dCJ1EDz60hvaz7AtHT6YqC8FZGiwCuq201txaqfYuqMJGhS=w462

temperate seasonal forest

Passage 1-1An experiment is set up to determine if wheat grows better when it is planted by itself or together with clover. The setup involves three pans of each treatment. Set-ups A, B, and C contain wheat alone. Set-ups D, E, and F contain clover and wheat planted together, in rows alternating one seed of each type. One hundred seeds are planted in each pan. All treatments contain the same type of soil, are planted in the same size of pan, are exposed to the same amount of sunlight, and are maintained at the same temperature throughout the course of the experiment. Constants in this experiment are

temperature, number of seeds in each pan, and sunlight.

What is most significant when determining the diversity of an ecosystem?

the number of species present

which of the following is the best description of species evenness?

the relative dominance of each species within an ecosystem

all the following statements about invasive exotic species are true EXCEPT:

they tend to have low reproductive rates

which of the following is NOT true of the general patterns of succession, from a recently distributed terrestrial site to stable, self-sustaining forest community?

total biomass tends to decrease